_ the two frames of reference. CONSERVATION OF LINEA! V THE C. VARIABLE Maa R MOMENTUM IN THE CASE OF i) Single stage rocket : a e, cewation of linear The motion of a rocket is based on the principle of momentum. But in this case, the mass is variable, The hot gases prosluced by the buming of fuel keep on escaping, thereby continuously decreasing its mass Mainly there are two types af rockets Motion of twxhet according tothe fel used, one liquid fel type t and the other solid fuel type. Inthe liguid fel giver type of rockets, the fue in the Form of liquid ——=——— Contin > hydrogen or liquid paraffin and a suitable xiiser like oxygen or hydrogen peroxide or nitric eid are stored up in separate cham and they are injected into a combustion / chamber where the fuel is burnt. In the solid fuel rocket, the fuel like gun powder mixed Lae pit with the solid oxidiser can be burnt in the a separate chamber fr itis not necessary: In either case the ssame chamber and hene allowed to eseape through a es the pressure very high invide the ¢ a combustion gases heat of combustion produced 1 result the burnt up gases escape through the nozzle with very high exhaust velocities nentum to the rocket. The rocket will move in the direction apyyrste W imparting the the dircetion of ese Fy © scanned with OKEN Scanner“Linear Momentum as oxidiser and V be its velocity at any given instant of tim nce I's the mass ofthe hot gases escaping OW per SeEONM With eh -¥ with respect to the rocket The rate of ehange of mass of the rocket {t= —a the velocity of jahoratony frame = ~ (¥ ~ V) Rate of change of momentum, o¢ exhaust gases in ‘he gases issuing out of the rocket or the foree acting on the gases ~a(v-Y) “Bow According to Newton's third law of motion, an equal and opposite force must be imparted to the rocket, Due to this force, the rocket will move in the direction ‘opposite to the exhaust gases with certain acceleration. So, neglecting the weigh (Mg) of the rocket or the force of attraction on the rocket due to the earth in Comparison to the imparted force by exhaust gases, the force acting on the rocket Propelling it forwards = =4M y _ yy -Ma-y According to Newton’s second law of motion, the force acting on the rocket is ‘equal to rate of change of its linear momentum (MY) ie any AM vy aM V _ dM v or AM va A = AM ya yo This equation gives the instantaneous force on the racket in the laboratory frame. yay From eq, (1), we can write Ghote Integrating this equation with respect to t, [aa =f Bae V=—y {dM fav vf Z @ ie V=~-v log, M+C OO ee esr _ OO © scanned with OKEN Scanner- - Cimean Mow where C is a instant of integration eq 2 Ifthe initial mass of the rocket is M, and its initial velocity is V,, then from eq (2) Vv, V log, My + € or Cv tog, Mav, Dn bstituting this value of C in ey V =~ log.M + v log, M+ V, M or Va, +y tog, (Ay © scanned with OKEN ScannerMultistage rockets : For attaining high velocity multistage (two stage, three stage and sy gp) a combination of rockets cither joineg inside the nozzle of the rockets are used. A multistage rocket is just in series or one inside the other or with rear part of ene avier and upper stages are of other. In multistage rockets lower stage is he! continuously decreasing mass. ge of the rocket is used completely burnt up, its The first s first. When its fuel container is automatically detached and thus stage still less. Then Second stage i Fel Fea First stage wi makes the mass afier onc the second stage begins its task of producing further acceleration. This too is discarded when its fuel is burnt up and the third stage takes over. The velocity goes on increasing at Fuel each stage by the same amount as it does in a Liquid single stage rocket. In this way much higher O78 velocity of last stage can be attained. Fuel pu Stabilizing wings © scanned with OKEN Scanner