J Eng Math (2011) 69:91–100

DOI 10.1007/s10665-010-9376-x

Hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer of a second-grade

viscoelastic fluid in a channel with oscillatory stretching walls:
application to the dynamics of blood flow
J. C. Misra · G. C. Shit · S. Chandra ·
P. K. Kundu

Received: 6 November 2009 / Accepted: 4 May 2010 / Published online: 29 May 2010
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010

Abstract The characteristics of flow and heat transfer of a fluid in a channel with oscillatory stretching walls in
the presence of an externally applied magnetic field are investigated. The fluid considered is a second-grade visco-
elastic electrically conducting fluid. The partial differential equations that govern the flow are solved by developing
a suitable numerical technique. The computational results for the velocity, temperature and the wall shear stress
are presented graphically. The study reveals that flow reversal takes place near the central line of the channel. This
flow reversal can be reduced to a considerable extent by applying a strong external magnetic field. The results are
found to be in good agreement with those of earlier investigations.

Keywords Heat transfer · MHD flow · Oscillatory stretching walls · Viscoelastic fluid

1 Introduction

The flow of blood through elastic arteries in the presence of an external magnetic field is an important physiological
phenomenon in the field of biomedical engineering, particularly, in bio-fluid dynamics. In recent years, the study
of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of non-Newtonian viscoelastic fluids in a channel over a stretching sheet
has attracted attention of researchers because of its many applications in engineering and industry. For example,
in the extrusion of a polymer sheet from a die, the sheet is stretched. The properties of the end product depend
considerably on the rate of cooling. By drawing such a sheet in a viscoelastic electrically conducting fluid subjected
to the action of a magnetic field, the rate of cooling can be controlled and the final product can be obtained in a
desired manner.
Crane [1] investigated the flow caused by the stretching of an elastic flat sheet that moves in its own plane with
a velocity that varies linearly with the distance from the origin. Rajagopal et al. [2], in a separate study, examined a
special class of non-Newtonian fluids known as second-order fluids which are viscoelastic in nature. Dandapat and
Gupta [3] and Cortell [4,5] studied the heat transfer in an incompressible second-order fluid caused by a stretching
sheet with a view to studying the influence of the viscoelastic parameter on heat transfer characteristics.
J. C. Misra (B)
SOA University, Bhubaneswar, India
e-mail: [email protected]

G. C. Shit · S. Chandra · P. K. Kundu

Department of Mathematics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India

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92 J. C. Misra et al.

Several investigations [6–11] have been carried out in the recent past that deal with studies on the effects of
electrically conducting fluids on applications in industrial and biomedical engineering, such as blood flow in arter-
ies, flows in rocket tubes and in polymer processes, particularly in a melt-spinning process. Since blood is electrically
conducting due to the presence of its red cells, its flow in a cardiovascular system is likely to be influenced by the
application of an external magnetic field. The potential use of MHD principles in rational therapy of arterial hyper-
tension was explored by Vardanyan [6] in a study wherein he showed that, for steady flow of blood in an artery, a
uniform transverse magnetic field alters the flow rate of blood. The effects of a uniform transverse magnetic field
on the motion of an electrically conducting fluid past a stretching sheet were investigated by Pavlov [7], Andersson
[8], Datti et al. [9] and Abbas et al. [10]. Andersson et al. [11] studied the boundary-layer flow of an electrically
conducting fluid obeying the Ostwald-de-Waele power-law model in the presence of a transverse magnetic field
due to stretching of a plane sheet.
The study of hydromagnetic flow of blood through an artery with stretching walls of the vessel is a relatively
new aspect of the problem. Misra et al. [12,13] investigated the steady flow of an incompressible viscoelastic and
electrically conducting fluid in a parallel-plate channel in the presence of a uniform transverse magnetic field. It was
observed by Fukuda and Kaibara [14], Thurston [15] and Stoltz and Lucius [16] that, under certain conditions, blood
exhibits viscoelastic behavior which may be attributed to the viscoelastic properties of the individual erythrocytes
and the internal structures formed by cellular interactions. With this motivation Misra and Shit [17] investigated the
problem of flow and heat transfer of a MHD viscoelastic fluid obeying Walters liquid B’ fluid in a channel whose
walls are linearly stretchable and concluded that flow reversal takes place near the central line of the channel due to
stretching of the channel walls. However, these studies are valid only for the linear variation of the stretching walls.
Dewhirst and Sumulski [18] made an observation that blood flow affects the thermal response of living tissues.
The heat exchange between living tissues and the circulatory-system network that passes through it depends on the
geometry of the blood vessels and the flow variation of blood. Craciunescu and Clegg [19] studied the effect of
oscillatory flow upon the resulting temperature distribution of blood and convective heat transfer in rigid vessels.
Misra et al. [20] investigated the oscillatory flow of an incompressible viscous Newtonian fluid in a channel whose
walls pulsate in a prescribed manner.
In the present investigation, we consider the unsteady flow and heat transfer of a MHD viscoelastic fluid in a
channel, assuming the channel walls to be oscillatory and stretchable. The flow is taken to be governed by the
non-Newtonian equations applicable for the study of a second-grade viscoelastic fluid. The motivation behind this
study is to analyze the flow of blood in arteries where the surface velocity of the stretching walls is of oscillatory
nature. The effect of viscoelasticity of the fluid on heat transfer is also investigated. The study explores the very
important observation that flow reversal that takes place in the core region of the channel can be strongly reduced
by applying an external magnetic field of sufficient strength.

2 Theoretical analysis of the unsteady flow under the action of a magnetic field

Let us consider the unsteady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) laminar flow of an incompressible
visco-elastic fluid (obeying the second-grade fluid model) over an oscillatory stretching sheet bounded by the planes
y = ±h (cf. Fig. 1).
The flow is considered to be generated due to linearly stretching of an adjacent boundary sheet with the application
of two equal and opposite forces (along the x-axis, keeping the origin fixed) such that the velocity of each wall is
periodic in nature. We take
y
u = bx eiωt f  (η), v = −hb eiωt f (η) and η = , (1)
h
where b is the stretching rate, u and v are the fluid velocity components along the x- and y-directions, respectively,
ω is the angular frequency and t denotes time.
The flow is considered to be symmetric about the center line y = 0 of the channel and thus our study can be con-
fined to the region 0 ≤ y ≤ h only. A uniform magnetic field of strength B0 is applied in a direction perpendicular

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Hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer of a second-grade viscoelastic fluid 93

Fig. 1 A physical sketch of Y

B0
the problem B0

v
h
u
X
O

to the stretching surface. The effect of the induced magnetic field can be neglected, if the magnetic Reynolds
number is considered to be very small, the electrical conductivity σ being assumed constant. Using boundary-layer
approximations, in the absence of a pressure gradient the unsteady boundary-layer equations governing the MHD
flow of a viscoelastic fluid can be written as
 3 
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂ 2u σ B02 k0 ∂ u ∂ 3u ∂ ∂ 2u ∂u ∂ 2 v
+u +v =γ 2 − u+ + v + (u ) + , (2)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y ρ ρ ∂t∂ y 2 ∂ y3 ∂ x ∂ y2 ∂ y ∂ y2

while the equation of continuity is given by

∂u ∂v
+ = 0. (3)
∂x ∂y
In the foregoing equations, u and v represent the velocity components along the x- and y-directions respectively,
while ρ, γ , B0 , σ, and k0 denote, respectively, the density, kinematic viscosity, applied magnetic field, electrical
conductivity and coefficient of visco-elasticity.
The appropriate boundary conditions in this case can be written as
u = bx eiwt , v = 0 at y = h (4)
∂u
= 0, v = 0 at y = 0 (5)
∂y
with b > 0 and t > 0. Equations 2 and 3 admit a self-similar solution of the form given in (1).
Now we introduce the following non-dimensional variables
x y u v
x ∗ = , η = , u∗ = , v∗ = , τ = ωt. (6)
h h hb hb
In terms of these dimensionless variables, Eq. 1 can be put in the form
u ∗ = x ∗ eiwt f  (η), v ∗ = −eiwt f (η). (7)
Clearly u and v satisfy the continuity equation (3) identically. Introducing these new variables in (2), we have
   
eiτ f  − f f  + i s f  = f  − M f  + K {i s f  − eiτ f f iv − 2 f  f  + f  },
2 2
(8)
σ B2 w
where K = kγ0 b is the viscoelastic parameter and M = ρb0 is the magnetic parameter, γ = bh 2 and s = b is the
ratio between the oscillation and the rate at which the walls are stretched.
Using the transformation formula given by (7), the boundary conditions (4) and (5) can be written as
f  (η) = 1, f (η) = 0 at η = 1 (9)

f (η) = f (η) = 0 at η = 0 (10)
A quantity of physical interest is the skin-friction coefficient C f , which is defined as
τw
Cf = ,
ρU 2

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94 J. C. Misra et al.

in which τw is the wall skin-friction defined by

   
∂u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂u ∂u ∂ 2u
τw = μ + k0 u +v 2 +2 +
∂ y y=h ∂ x∂ y ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂t∂ y y=h
(considering the real part only). Thus
C f Re1/2 = (1 + 3K cos τ ) f  (1).

3 Perturbation analysis

Treating the visco-elastic parameter K as a small quantity, we now proceed to solve (8) by employing a perturbation
technique and write
f = f 0 (η) + K f 1 (η) + K 2 f 2 (η) + · · · . (11)
Substituting this in (8), equating coefficients of like powers of K and ignoring terms containing K2 and higher
powers, we obtain
 
f 0 − M f 0 = cos τ f 02 − f 0 f 0 (12)
and
 
f 1 − M f 1 = cos τ f 02 + 2 f 0 f 1 − 2 f 0 f 0 − f 0 f 1 − f 1 f 0 + f 0 f 0iv . (13)
Similarly, using (11) in (9) and (10), we can write the boundary conditions for f 0 and f 1 as
f 0 (0) = f 0 (0) = 0, f 0 (1) = 1, f 0 (1) = 0, (14)
f 1 (0) = f 1 (0) = f 1 (1) = f 1 (1) = 0. (15)
Since it is not possible to find an exact analytical solution of (12) and (13) because of their nonlinearity, a numerical
method is developed in Sect. 5 for solving these equations.

4 Heat-transfer analysis

In order to study the associated heat-transfer problem, we can use the heat-transfer equation for an unsteady flow
in the boundary layer, which can be approximated as
∂T ∂T ∂T ∂2T
+u +v =k 2, (16)
∂t ∂x ∂y ∂y
by neglecting viscous and ohmic dissipation. In Eq. 16, T = T (x, y) represents the temperature at any point and k
the thermal diffusivity of the fluid. The boundary conditions for heat transfer are taken to be
T = Tw at y = h, (17)
∂T
= 0 at y = 0, (18)
∂y
where Tw is a constant that stands for the temperature at the channel wall.
Let us introduce the non-dimensional temperature variable as
T
θ= . (19)
Tw
Using (6), (7) and (19) in (16–18), we can derive the following set of equations:
∂θ
θ  + Pr f cos τ θ  = Pr s , (20)
∂τ
θ  (η) = 0 at η = 0 (21)

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Hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer of a second-grade viscoelastic fluid 95

and
θ (η) = 1 at η = 1, (22)
γ
where Pr = is the Prandtl number.
k
By using a finite-difference technique, we can determine f (η) on solving (12) and (13) and then Eq. 20 is solved
numerically subject to the boundary conditions (21) and (22). The temperature distribution θ (η) thus involves the
non-dimensional parameters M, K and Pr.

5 Computational scheme

For better stability characteristics and accuracy, the finite-difference technique has been employed in the present
study. The finite-difference scheme that has been developed here makes use of an iterative procedure and reduces
the system to a tridiagonal matrix. Since the differential equations under consideration are not so sensitive to the
choice of the initial value, the method provides excellent results.
The finite-difference scheme that we have developed for solving the (12) and (13) subject to the boundary
conditions (14) and (15) is briefly described below. Writing F = f 0 in (12) and (13), we have
F  + f 0 F  cos τ − F 2 cos τ − M F = 0, (23)

F (0) = 0, F(1) = 1, f 0 (0) = 0, f 0 (1) = 0. (24)
Similarly, writing G = f 1 in (13) and (15), we obtain
 
G  + f 0 G  cos τ − 2 f 0 G cos τ − M G = cos τ f 0 f 0iv + f 02 − f 1 f 0 − 2 f 0 f 0 (25)

and
G  (0) = G(1) = 0, f 1 (0) = f 1 (1) = 0. (26)
Using a central-difference scheme for derivatives with respect to η, we can write
Vi+1 − Vi−1
(V  )i = + O((δη)2 ), (27)
2δη
Vi+1 − 2Vi + Vi−1
(V  )i = + O((δη)2 ), (28)
(δη)2
where V stands for F, G or θ, i is the grid-index in the η-direction with ηi = i ∗ δη; i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , m and δη is the
increment along the η-axis. Newton’s linearization method has been applied to linearize the discretized equations
as follows. By knowing the values of the dependent variables at the n th iteration, the corresponding values of these
variables at the next iteration are obtained using the iteration scheme,
Vin+1 = Vin + ( Vi )n , (29)
where ( Vi )n represents the error at the n th iteration, i = 0, 1, 2, . . . , m.

6 Numerical results and discussion

In this section, we want to find a quantitative estimate of the various quantities of physical interest and thereby
put forward some theoretical predictions on the magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer of a second-grade
viscoelastic fluid in a channel with stretching walls. For this purpose, we first solve numerically the system of
nonlinear differential equations (12), (13) and (20) subject to the boundary conditions (14), (15), (21) and (22).
While the analysis presented here is applicable to a variety of fluids, as an illustrative example we consider
here the case of blood. We find that the value of the magnetic parameter M is approximately 500, when the fluid

123
96 J. C. Misra et al.

(blood) is under the influence of a sufficiently strong magnetic field of strength B0 = 8T(tesla); the blood density is
ρ = 1,050 kg/m3 and the electrical conductivity of blood, σ = 0.8 s/m. As in [17,21,22], we consider M = 0–600
and K = 0.0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and for a human body temperature, T = 310◦ K, the value of Pr = 21 is considered
for blood. In order to study the effect of the Prandtl number on the flow characteristics, we have also examined
the cases where Pr = 1, 7, 14. In order to test the accuracy of the present numerical methods, we have considered
M = 100, K = 0.005, Pr = 7, τ = 0 and compared the results for the present study with those reported in [17]
for the axial velocity f  (η) as well as transverse velocity f (η) (cf. Figs. 2 and 3). We find an excellent agreement
of the results of the present study with those reported in [17].
Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 illustrate the variation of f  (η) and f (η). These figures indicate the nature of the variation of
the axial and transverse velocities along the height of the channel for a given cross-section of the channel. Figures 4
and 6 show that the axial velocity decreases with the increase of the strength of the magnetic field in the vicinity
of the channel wall, while an opposite trend is observed near the central line of the channel. However, the axial
velocity increases with the increase of blood viscoelasticity near the channel wall, whereas it decreases with the
increase of the viscoelastic parameter K for a particular time τ = 0.5π . It is interesting to note from Fig. 4 that

0
Present result
−0.01
* * * * * Results of Misra et al. [17]
1 −0.02

0.8 Present study

−0.03
0.6 * * * * * * Results of Misra et al. [17]
−0.04
0.4
f −0.05
0.2

0 −0.06

−0.2 −0.07
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 2 Variation of f  (η) with η for M = 100 and K = 0.005 Fig. 3 Variation of f (η) with η for M = 100 and K = 0.005

0
1

0.8
-0.05
0.6
M=100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600
0.4 -0.1

0.2

-0.15
0
M=0
f
-0.2
-0.2

-0.4
M=0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600

-0.6 -0.25
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 4 Variation of f  (η) with η for different values of M and Fig. 5 Variation of f (η) with η for different values of M and
K = 0.005, τ = 0.5π K = 0.001, τ = 0.5π

123
Hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer of a second-grade viscoelastic fluid 97

1 0

M=100
0.8 K=0.0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.1
-0.05
0.6

0.4 M=0
-0.1
K=0.0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.1
0.2
M=100
K=0.0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.1 -0.15
0

K=0.0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.1

-0.2
-0.2

-0.4 K=0.0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.1

M=0
-0.6 -0.25
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 6 Variation of f  (η) with η for different values of M and Fig. 7 Variation of f (η) with η for different values of M and
K = 0.001, when τ = 0.5π K = 0.005, when τ = 0.5π

1 1
M=0
0.9 0.9

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7
M=25
0.6 0.6
K=0.0
0.5 M=50 0.5 =0.005
=0.05
=0.1
0.4 0.4 =0.5

0.3 M=100 0.3

0.2 0.2
M=105, 200, 400, 600
0.1 0.1

0 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Fig. 8 Variation of dimensionless temperature θ(η) with η for Fig. 9 Variation of dimensionless temperature θ(η) with η for
different values of M, when K = 0.1, Pr = 7, τ = 0.5π different values of K when M = 100, Pr = 7, τ = 0.5π

flow reversal takes place near the central line of the channel and this flow reversal can be strongly suppressed by
applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field.
It is clear from Fig. 6 that, in the absence of magnetic field, there is a reduction in axial velocity away from the
wall the value of the viscoelastic parameter K is increased. It is also observed from this figure that the effect of
viscoelasticity is at a minimum when the magnetic field is strong enough.
The variation of transverse velocity components are shown in Figs. 5 and 7. These two figures show that the
transverse velocity decreases monotonically as the magnetic field strength increases, while it increases with the
increase of the viscoelastic parameter K .
Figures 8, 9 and 10 give the spatial variation of dimensionless temperature for different values of the magnetic
parameter M, viscoelastic parameter K and the Prandtl number Pr for a particular time period. From Fig. 8 it
is observed that the temperature θ (η) decreases when the increase in the value of the magnetic parameter M is

123
98 J. C. Misra et al.

1 26.2

K=0.01
0.9 26

0.8 K=0.005
25.8
0.7
Pr=1, 7, 14, 21 25.6 K=0.0
0.6

0.5 25.4
1/2
CfRe
0.4 25.2

0.3
25
0.2
24.8
0.1

24.6 2π 4π 6π 8π 10π
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t

Fig. 10 Variation of dimensionless temperature θ(η) with η Fig. 11 Variation of skin-friction with time τ for different
for different values Pr when K = 0.005, M = 500, τ = 0.5π values of K , when M = 100, Pr = 7

below 100; when M exceeds 100, the temperature increases gradually. Moreover, it is interesting to note that,
when M ≤ 100, the rate of change of temperature increases with the increase in the magnetic field strength; when
M > 100, the rate of change decreases with increasing M. From Fig. 9 it is seen that, for a particular value of M, the
temperature gradually increases with the increase in the viscoelastic parameter K , while Fig. 10 shows that, under
the action of a strong magnetic field, the temperature of blood decreases with the increase in Prandtl number Pr.
The most interesting feature that deserves special mention is that the skin-friction coefficient C f increases with the
increase in the value of the viscoelastic parameter K . The results reveal that blood viscoelasticity bears the potential
to enhance the temperature of the fluid as well as the skin-friction of the wall. It is known that, when the shear stress
generated on the wall is high, the vessel wall may be damaged, leading to intimal thickening. Thus, due to some
reason or other when blood viscoelasticity is considerably high, damage to the wall can take place. If, however, the
wall shear stress is low, mass transportation takes place, giving rise to an accumulation of the erythrocytes in the
vicinity of the wall. Finally, Fig. 11 shows that, as time progresses, change in the skin-friction follows a periodic
pattern.

7 Conclusions

The flow of a hydromagnetic fluid and heat transfer in a channel with oscillatory stretching walls have been the
main concern of the present paper. The study is particularly motivated with a view to the hemodynamical flow
of blood in the cardiovascular system, in which the blood vessels are stretchable and are of oscillatory type. The
present analysis bears the potential to examine the complex flow behavior of blood, with the variation in the three
physical parameters M, K and Pr. The present study reveals that the flow reversal can be reduced to a considerable
extent and the temperature of the vessel wall can be controlled by applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field and
further that the temperature decreases with the increase in the value of the magnetic parameter when M ≤ 100,
but for M > 100 it gradually increases with the increase in the magnetic field strength. Moreover, the skin-friction
varies periodically with time and the skin-friction increases with the increase of the viscoelastic parameter. The
observations of the study are of significant clinical importance, when hyperthermia is used as a therapeutic in the
treatment of cancer.

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Hydromagnetic flow and heat transfer of a second-grade viscoelastic fluid 99

Table 1 List of symbols

η Non-dimensional distance
σ Electrical conductivity
ρ Density of the fluid
γ Kinematic viscosity
B0 Applied magnetic field
Cf Skin-friction co-efficient
k0 Coefficient of visco-elasticity
θ Dimensionless temperature
h Half-width of the channel
(u, v) Velocity components along horizontal and vertical directions, respectively
b A constant of proportionality
τ Non-dimensional time
T Temperature variable
Pr Prandtl number
M Magnetic number
K Visco-elastic parameter
k Thermal diffusivity
ω Angular frequency
ω
s The ratio b, which is set to 1

Acknowledgements The authors sincerely thank the referees for their very useful suggestions based upon which the original manu-
script has been revised to the present form. The authors G. C. Shit and S. Chandra are thankful to UGC, New Delhi for the financial
support during this investigation.

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