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Uploaded by

Abdulrehman Nizamani
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Entomology

The scientific study of insects is called Entomology.

(from greek, entomos, "that which is cut in pieces or


segmented", hence "insect"; and logia is the scientific study).

The field of entomology may be divided in to two major


aspects, as

General entomology or Fundamental entomology

Applied entomology or Economic entomology.

General entomology deals with the basic or academic


aspects of the science of entomology. It includes
morphology, anatomy, physiology and taxonomy of the
insects.

Applied entomology deals with the usefulness of the science


of entomology for the benefit of mankind.
Insect Morphology
and
Anatomy
Exoskeleton Segmentation Appendages
The defining characteristic Insects are divided into From the delicate
of insects is their three distinct body antennae to the powerful
hardened exoskeleton, segments: the head, mandibles and intricate
which serves as both a thorax, and abdomen. legs, an insect's
protective barrier and a Each segment plays a appendages are vital for a
framework for their crucial role in the insect's wide range of activities,
internal structures. This overall function, housing including sensory
intricate shell is composed specialized organs and perception, locomotion,
of chitin and provides appendages essential for and even feeding and
insects with remarkable survival. reproduction.
strength and flexibility.
Insect Ecology and Behavior

1 Habitat Adaptation
Insects live in just about every habitat on Earth,
from the sands of hot deserts to cold snowy
mountain streams. Most insects live on land, in
fact about 97% do. Many insects spend all of their
life on land, such as bees and caterpillars
2 Social Interactions
Social insects are the ants, bees, wasps, and
termites that have organized societies.
females responsible for all the egg laying, while
other members of the colony gather food and do
other tasks
3 Survival Strategies
Insects have developed a remarkable array of
survival strategies, from coverup and mimicry to
chemical defenses, allowing them to evade
predators and thrive in the face of environmental
challenges.
BENEFICIAL AND HARMFUL INSECTS

beneficial insects Harmful insects


beneficial insects are pollinating our Harmful insects are hard at work eating
plants and aerating our soil, predators and killing our plants, destroying our
and parasites lawns and invading our homes

Productive insects. Honeybee, Silkworm Aphids, Jassids, Whitefly, Borers, fruit fly
etc.
Beneficial Insects
Pollinators
Insects such as bees, butterflies, and moths play a vital role in
the pollination of plants, ensuring the reproduction and genetic
diversity of countless plant species that are essential to healthy
ecosystems and human food production.

Biological Control Agents


Many insect species act as natural predators or parasites of
agricultural pests, helping to maintain the balance of ecosystems
and reducing the need for harmful chemical pesticides.

Decomposers
Insects like beetles and flies contribute to the decomposition of
organic matter, recycling nutrients and supporting the healthy
functioning of soils and habitats.

Ecosystem Engineers
From ants and termites to dragonflies and damselflies, insects
play critical roles in shaping and maintaining the environments
in which they live, making them indispensable components of
healthy, thriving ecosystems.
Harmful Insect
Sucking and Chewing Pests

Sucking insect pests


The mouthparts of sucking insects are specialized for
piercing and sucking. These pests damage plants by
inserting their mouthparts into plant tissue and removing
the juices.
White fly, Thrips, Aphids, Jassids etc.

Chewing insect pests


Chewing/rasping insects have mouthparts that are able to chew
holes into leaves, buds, roots, seeds, fruits or woody parts of
plants.
caterpillars, sawfly larvae, leafrollers, cutworms, flea beetles, and
cucumber beetles etc.
Insect Pest Management Strategies
1 Biological Control 2 Chemical Control
Releasing the natural enemies of The judicious use of insecticides and
insect pests, such as predators, other chemical agents to target specific
parasites, and pathogens, to pest species, while minimizing impacts
suppress their populations in an on beneficial insects and the
environmentally friendly manner. environment.
3 Cultural Control 4 Integrated Approach
Implementing agricultural practices Combining multiple pest management
that create unfavorable conditions strategies, known as Integrated Pest
for pests, such as crop rotation, Management (IPM), to achieve effective
habitat manipulation, and sanitation and sustainable control of insect pests.
measures.
Entomological Research Methods

Field Observation Studying insects in their natural habitats,


documenting their behaviors and
interactions.

Laboratory Experiments Controlled experiments to investigate specific


aspects of insect biology, ecology, and
physiology.
Specimen Collection Gathering and preserving insect specimens
for taxonomic identification and further
analysis.

Data Analysis Using statistical methods and computational


tools to interpret and draw insights from
entomological data.

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