2nd Quarter – Science Formation of Philippines – Pacific Plate in

east and Eurasian Plate in west results to

Earthquakes and Faults
islands and mountains’ formation.
Earthquake – vibrations or tremors produce
West Valley Fault – one of the most active
within Earth's outermost layer or crust,
faults that can trigger a strong earthquake in
associated with faults, it causes earthquake
Philippines.
when fault moves, sudden and violent
shaking of the ground, and sometimes Fault Types – normal fault, reverse fault, and
causing great destruction. strike-slip.
Ring of Fire – found in Pacific, and most Normal Faults – this occurs at divergent
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occurs. boundaries.
During an Earthquake – as tectonic plates Reverse Faults – occurs at convergent
grind together at a fault line, the rocks on boundaries.
either side stretch to absorb a certain
Strike-Slip Faults – occurs at transform plate
amount of pressure. If the pressure becomes
boundaries.
too great, the rocks shatter, releasing shock
waves that shake the surface.
Recent Study – on the west valley fault in
Metro Manila predicts a 7.2 magnitude
earthquake that can result in 34, 800
casualties and 118, 200 injured people. Tectonic – faulting, crack in the Earth's crust
Fault – break in the Earth’s crust, along the resulting from displacement of one side with
break, significant movement taken place, and respect to the other, and earthquakes
fracture in the rocks that make up the Earth’s produced by sudden movement along faults
crust. and plate boundaries.

Break – cracking in the ground. Volcanic – caused by movement of magma

beneath the surface of the Earth, movement
Crust – outermost layer of the Earth. results in pressure changes where the rock
Parts of a Fault – fault plane, foot wall, and around the magma has experienced stress,
hanging wall. and earthquakes produced by movement of
magma beneath volcanoes.
Fault Plane – surface that movement has
taken place. Epicenter – point at the surface of the Earth
above the focus.
Foot Wall – the rock mass beneath the fault
plane. Plates – massive rocks that make up outer
layer of the Earth’s surface and whose
Hanging Wall – rock mass resting on the fault movement along faults triggers earthquakes.
plane.
Seismic Waves – waves that transmit the Seismometers – device used to measure and
energy released by an earthquake. record earthquakes.
Focus – hypocenter, point within the Earth Intensity – measured according to geological
where an earthquake rupture starts. effects and general damage it brings or the
intensity of shaking, strength of an
Seismologist – experts on this field.
earthquake perceived and felt by people in a
Magnitude – energy released by an certain locality, and generally higher near the
earthquake at the focus, measured according epicenter.
to Richter Scale, energy released by an
earthquake at the focus, and calculated by a
seismograph.
Earthquake Be Measured – the magnitude is
a measure of the total energy released at the
earthquakes point of origin.
Richter Magnitude Scale – used to measure
the strength of an earthquake.
Not Felt – detected only by sensitive
seismographs under favorable condition.
Hardly Perceptive – detected only with
seismographs.
Very Feeble – felt only near the epicenter.
Feeble – generally felt but don't usually cause
the damage.
Moderate Earthquake – may cause local
damages. PHILVOLCS or Philippine Institute of
Strong Earthquake – usually causes local Volcanology and Seismology – service
damages. institute of the DOST or Department of
Science and Technology that is principally
Major Earthquake – causes considerable mandated to mitigate disasters that may
widespread damages, maybe accompanied arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes,
by tsunami. tsunami, and other related geotectonic
Great Earthquake – potentially devastating. phenomena.

Rare Earthquake – only 5 recorded since Techniques to Determine if Fault is Active or

1900. Not – review past records, analyzing the
oscillations, and inspecting the fault and its
Seismology – study of earthquakes. surroundings.
Before Earthquake – supply checklist of the Types of Seismographs – Horizontal and
things needed such as canned food, first aid Vertical Seismograph.
kit, flashlight, dust mask, operated radio, and
Body Waves – P Waves and S Waves.
3 gallons of water. Hold a periodic family drill,
do an annual hazard hunt, find a place in each P Waves – primary and fastest waves, travel
room of the house that can hide in, know through solids, liquids, gases, compressional
your emergency route, secure objects that wave, and material movement is in the same
could fall, and prepare fire extinguishing direction as wave movement.
equipment.
S Waves – secondary or transverse waves,
During Earthquake – move away from slower than primary waves, travel through
windows, lass, and heavy objects, extinguish solids only, and shear waves move material
any fire immediately, ensure exit doors are perpendicular to wave movement.
open, stay where you are and make sure to
Surface Waves – Love Wave and Rayleigh
protect your head during shaking, Duck,
Wave. shana ol love, chor! HAHA
Cover, and Hold, wait until the shaking stops
then get out, and don’t panic. Love Wave – rolling or swaying effect on
surface, moves the ground from side to side,
and fastest surface wave.
Rayleigh Wave – rolls along ground like an
ocean wave, and most often felt during
earthquakes in up and down, side to side.
Waves Gives Information about the Earth’s
Interior – as body waves travel deeper into
the crust, they speed up which means at
certain depth rocks are denser. In upper part
of mantle, the waves slowdown which means
rock there are partially molten. As waves
reaches the core, the S Waves disappears
which means outer core is liquid. At certain
depths, waves are reflected and refracted
After Earthquake – grab emergency kits, making us conclude that earth is layered.
don't use elevator, Duck, Cover, and Hold if
Earthquake Hazards – Ground Shaking,
aftershock occurs, stay away from damaged
Ground Rupture, Liquefaction, Ground
buildings, and don’t go back to an affected
Subsidence, and Tsunami.
area unless advised by professionals.
Ground Shaking – passage of seismic waves
Seismograph – device measuring and
beneath structures causing movement of
recording the Seismic Waves.
trees and building to sway violently from side
to side.
Ground Rupture – displacement of the Far-Field or Distant Tsunamis – can take
ground due to the violent shaking of the several hours to do the same as they may be
surface that can cause a building to collapse, generated from other countries.
roads can be divided, and it destroys
irrigation system.
Typhoons
Horizontal Displacement – happens when
there is lateral movement from side to side, Typhoon – tropical storm in the region of the
one side goes to the left or right, or both Indian or western Pacific oceans and in
move sideways in different directions. northwest Pacific Ocean.
Vertical Displacement – happens when one Hurricane – north Atlantic Ocean and
side of the ground goes up or down or both northeast pacific.
sides moved with one side going up and the
Cyclone – south pacific and Indian ocean.
other going down.
Effect of the Super Typhoon Yolanda – 11.5
Liquefaction – process where soil become
million people affected, 2.5 million people in
more compact because of the increase in
need of food aid, 544,606, people displaced,
water pressure, decreasing the ground's
130,074, houses destroyed, and 1,215
ability to support structures, and occurs
evacuation centers set up.
mostly near the coast, water saturated, and
low-lying areas are prone to this hazard. Coriolis Effect – result of Earth's rotation
causes moving particles such as air to be
Ground Subsidence – lowering of the land
deflected to the right in the northern
surface due to liquefaction leading to
hemisphere and to the left in the southern
structures can tilt or collapse due to
hemisphere.
weakened foundation, and occurs for many
reasons, extraction of ground water and French Mathematician – Gaspard Gustave de
natural gas, mining, and earthquakes. Coriolis.
Tsunami – series of large waves resulting Reasons Why Typhoons Have Name –
from the disturbance of sea water due to typhoons last long time so that it can be
earthquake. identified quickly and strong typhoon names
which cause too much damage won’t be used
Tsunamis Signs – earthquake, extreme
again.
lowering of the sea level, noticeable rise and
fall of coastal water, and rumbling sound of Areas Prone to Typhoon – Cagayan, Albay,
approaching waves. Ifugao, Sorsogon, Kalinga, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos
Norte, Camarines Norte, Mountain Province,
Force of Tsunamis – can be enormous as
and Camarines Sur.
large rocks, boats and other debris can move
inland and, hurt or kill people.
Near-Field or Local Tsunamis – can reach the
shoreline within minutes.
Typhoon Forms – this starts as tropical During Typhoon – never panic, turn off the
thunderstorms, strong winds pull in moisture main power switch, stay inside gather
from the ocean, thunderstorms convert the appliances and personal belongings on
moisture into heat, heat causes more air to higher ground, beware of electrocutions,
flow to the center of the storm, causing don't go outdoors, don't go through
evaporation of water, and all the heat and air floodwaters, and avoid the river.
flows towards the eye creating typhoon.
After Typhoon – check your loved ones,
Typhoon Formation Basins missing individuals must be reported to the
authority, check injuries, if there is no clean
Eastern Pacific Ocean – hurricanes, May to
water then find clear water and boil it before
November.
consuming, don’t go to your house unless
North Atlantic Ocean – hurricanes, June to advised by authority, damaged cables and
November. posts to authority, and containers with
stagnant water.
Northern Indian Ocean – least active, tropical
cyclones, April to December. PAR or Philippine Area of Responsibility – it is
around Western North Pacific.
Western Pacific Ocean – most active,
typhoons, April to January. PAGASA or Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Services
South-Western Indian Ocean – tropical
Administration – is the National
cyclones, rare in the South Atlanta.
Meteorological and Hydrological Services
South-Eastern Indian Ocean – tropical agency of the Philippines, national institution
cyclones, October to May. dedicated to providing flood and typhoon
warnings, public weather forecasts and
South-Western Pacific Ocean – tropical
advisories, meteorological, astronomical,
cyclones, October to May.
climatological and other specialized
Philippines – Pacific belt and an estimate of information, and services primarily for the
20 average typhoons every year. protection of life and property.

Sierra Madre – acts as typhoon barrier, and

weakens the typhoon before going mainland.
Before Typhoon – inspect the house and if
house can withstand the typhoon just stay
while if can't then go to nearest evacuation
center, and prepare emergency kits.
 Coma – halo of gas, ice and rock bursting
forth from the nucleus
Tail – may include both the dust and ion tail.

Reasons How Comets Get Their Names – it

can be complicated, generally named for
their discoverer either person or spacecraft.
Meteors – falling or shotting star, a space
rock or meteoroid that enters Earth's
atmosphere, as the space rock falls toward
Earth becoming incandescent because of
friction and appearing as a streak of light,
streak of light in the sky, and a space rock that
Asteroids, Comets, and Meteors is crashing through Earth’s atmosphere.

Comets – are cosmic snowballs of frozen

gases, rock, and dust, small body orbiting he
sun with a substantial fraction of Its
composition made up of volatile ices, from
the Greek “kometes” that means long-
haired, and when it comes close to the Sun,
the ices sublimate and form along with
entrained dust particles.
Theory for Meteors – there are million of
As Comet Gets Closer to the Sun – it becomes meteors in the Earth’s atmosphere every day
visible because the heat of the sun melts the and usually size of pebbles and no larger than
ice of the comet and turns it to the gas and a baseball.
that gas is called Coma.
Sonic Boom – if meteor produces sound.
As Solar Wind Blows More – gas from coma,
Asteroids – rocky or metallic objects that
it will form a tail.
orbit the sun, hard to see, they are reflecting
Nucleus – center of the comet, it’s a dark little light, always on the move, too small to
snowball, and composed of ice, dirt, rock and be called planets, and also known as
gas. planetoids or minor planets.
Asteroid Belt – between orbits of Mars and
Jupiter, contains many solid, and irregularly
shaped bodies of many sizes that is smaller
than the planets.

Disclaimer – based on the PowerPoint

References provided by the Science Teacher
and just made for students’ review analysis
only. Credits to the summary review makers,
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