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6. Memory

It's our neuroscience lecture.We read it in 5th semester.

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alimohsin0907
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3 views

6. Memory

It's our neuroscience lecture.We read it in 5th semester.

Uploaded by

alimohsin0907
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MEMORY

Hira Liaqat
Overview
¨ Definition of memory
¨ Types of memory
¨ Memory process
¨ Stages of memory
Memory
¨ “The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve
information”
¨ Memory refers to the varied processes and
structures involved in putting experiences into
storage and taking them out again

¨ Without memory learning would be impossible.


People could not built the past experiences or
adapt their knowledge to new situations.
Types of memory
¨ Sensory memory
¨ Short term memory
¨ Long term memory
F T Y C

K D N L

Y W B M
Sensory memory
The initial short lived storage of information recorded
as a meaningless stimulus.
Short-term memory
In this phase information is stored in terms of its
meaning rather than mere sensory stimulation.
Long-term memory
The storage of information on a relatively permanent
basis, at times it can be difficult to retrieve.
Information

Loss of information
Sensory memory within about 1
second

Loss of information
Short term memory within about 15-
25 second

Information
Long term memory
remains for days,
weeks, months and
years
Sensory Memory
¨ There are several types of sensory memories each
related to a different source of sensory information

Ionic Memory
it reflects information from
Echoic Memory
our visual system. It seems to
It stores information coming
last less than a second,
from the ears. Echoing fades
however, if the stimulus is
within three or four seconds
very bright, the image may
last a little longer
Short term memory
¨ Sometimes referred to as working memory
¨ It is the memory in which material has meaning
although the maximum length of retention is
relatively short
¨ Short term memory is pictured as selecting what to
retain temporarily
¨ STM is thought to be involved in all fundamental
cognitive activities that are not automatic
¨ Chunk: a meaningful grouping of stimuli that can
be stored as a unit in short term memory
Individual letters
¨ C T N Q M W N

Larger categories
¨ CIAABCUSAMTV

Meaningful
¨ CIA ABC USA MTV
Rehearsal
¤ The repetition of information that has entered short
term memory
¤ The transfer of material from short term memory to
long term memory proceeds largely on the basis of
rehearsal

Rehearsal accomplishes two things


¤ As long as the information is repeated, it is kept alive in
STM
¤ Rehearsal allows the memory to be transferred into
LTM
Maintenance Rehearsal: Repeating information silently to
prolong its presence in STM
Elaborative Rehearsal: Links new information with existing
memories and knowledge in LTM; Good way to transfer STM
information into LTM
It occurs when the material is considered and organized in some
fashion
Recalling Long term memories
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
¨ The inability to recall information that one realizes one
knows—a result of the difficulty of retrieving information from
long-term memory.
Retrieval cue
¨ A stimulus such a word, smell, or sound that allows one to more
easily recall the information located in long term memory
Flashbulb memories
¨ Memories centred on a specific, important, or surprising event
that are so vivid it is as if they represented a snapshot of the
event.
Von Restorff effect
¨ The phenomenon by which distinctive stimuli are recalled more
readily than less distinctive ones
Forgetting
The first attempt to study forgetting was made by German
psychologist Hermann Embbinghaus about a hundred years ago

information

Sensory
memory
Noticing
forgetting Short term
memory
Encoding
Long term
memory
Types of forgetting
¨ Encoding failure
¨ Storage failure
¨ Retrieval failure
Reasons of forgetting

Decay
¨ The loss of information in memory through its non-use.

Interference
¨ The phenomenon by which information in memory disrupts the

recall of other information (For example if a students takes a


Spanish lesson one period and French lesson the next)
• Occurs if previously • Occurs if learning
learned material of new material
interferes with interferes with the
learning of new ability to recall
material previously learned
material
Proactive Retroactive
Interference Interference

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