Database Systems

Chapter 5
T-SQL Programming
Session 1:
Introduction, Variables, Control-Flow
statements
 Outline

1 Introduction to T-SQL Programming

2 Using Variables

3 Control-Flow statements

2
 Introduction to T-SQL
Programming
qT-SQL
§ Stands for Transact-SQL
§ It is an extension to SQL
§ It is a procedural language used on both Microsoft SQL
Server and Sybase SQL Server systems.
qIt is a full-featured programming language that
dramatically extends the power of SQL.

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 Introduction to T-SQL
Programming
qThe language provides programmers with a broad
range of features, including:
§ A rich set of data types, including specialized types for
identifiers, timestamps, images, and long text fields
§ Local and global variables
§ Fully programmable server objects like views, triggers,
stored procedures, and batch command files
§ Conditional processing
§ Exception and error handling
§ Full transaction control

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 Introduction to T-SQL
Programming
qSQL and T-SQL are the query languages used to
manipulate the database and are an important part
of the DBMS.

qWhat are the differences between SQL and T-SQL?

5
 Using Variables
qVariables are the object which acts as a placeholder
to a memory location. Variable hold single data value.
qIn MS SQL, there are 2 types of variables:
§ Local variable
• A user declares the local variable.
• A local variable starts with @.
• Every local variable scope has the restriction to the current
batch or procedure within any given session.
§ Global variable
• The system maintains the global variable. A user cannot
declare them.
• The global variable starts with @@
• It stores session related information.
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 Using Variables
qBefore using any variables, they must be declared
variable using DECLARE statement.
qSyntax
DECLARE @variable_name [AS] datatype
qExample
DECLARE @Product_name NVARCHAR(30)
DECLARE @Product_Id int = 7

qYou can declare multiple variables in one statement,

separated by commas
DECLARE @Product_name NVARCHAR(30), @Product_Id int
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 Using Variables
qBy default, variables are initially set to Null
qYou can assign a value to a variable
§ DECLARE statement
§ Using SET
• Must declare a variable first.
• Each variable requires a separate SET statement.
§ Using SELECT
• Must declare a variable first.
• Can assign a value to multiple variables separated by the
comma

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 Using Variables
qExample to assign value to a variable
§ By DECLARE
DECLARE @Product_name NVARCHAR(30) = N'Bút chì', @Product_Id int = 7
PRINT @Product_name
PRINT @Product_Id

§ By SET/SELECT
DECLARE @Product_name NVARCHAR(30), @Product_Id int
SET @Product_name = N'Bút chì' SELECT @Product_name = N'Bút
SET @Product_Id = 7 chì', @Product_Id = 7
PRINT @Product_name + N' với id =' + CAST(@Product_Id AS
NVARCHAR(30))

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The contents of Products table

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 Using Variables
qGet value from a subquery by SET/SELECT
§ A subquery must return one value
§ When subquery returns zero row as a result, the variable
is assigned NULL value
DECLARE @Product_name NVARCHAR(30)
SET @Product_name = (SELECT product_name FROM products WHERE
product_id = 1)
PRINT @Product_name

You can replace SET by SELECT

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 Using Variables
qUsing variables in a query
DECLARE @Product_id INT
SET @Product_id = 1
SELECT product_name, model_year, list_price
FROM products
WHERE product_id = @Product_id
ORDER BY product_name

qResult

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 Using Variables
qUsing variables in a query
§ Storing query result in a variable
DECLARE @product_count int
SET @product_count = (
SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM
products
)
SELECT @product_count AS 'Number of Products'

qResult

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 Using Variables
qUsing variables in a query
§ Selecting a record into variables
DECLARE @product_name VARCHAR(MAX), @list_price DECIMAL(10,2)
SELECT @product_name = product_name,@list_price = list_price
FROM products
WHERE product_id = 1
SELECT @product_name AS product_name,
@list_price AS list_price

§ Result

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 Using Global variables
qGlobal variables are pre-defined system functions.
Their names begin with an @@ prefix
qSome common global variables
§ @@IDENTITY
§ @@ERROR
§ @@ROWCOUNT
§ @@TOTAL_ERRORS
§ @@SERVERNAME

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 Using Global variables
example
qExample
§ @@IDENTITY is used to get the last value inserted into
an IDENTITY column by an insert statement.
§ Example: get the last inserted product_id which is the
identity column in previous product table

INSERT INTO products

VALUES('Electra - 2020', 1, 3, 2020, 2000)
GO
SELECT @@IDENTITY AS NewProductId

SELECT @@rowcount as 'Number of Rows

affected'
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 Control-Flow statements
qIF/ IF…ELSE statement
qCASE statement
qWHILE statement

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 IF/IF…ELSE statement
qIF statement
IF boolean_expression
BEGIN statement_block
END

qIF…ELSE statement
IF Boolean_expression
BEGIN Statement block
END
ELSE
BEGIN Statement block
END

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 IF/IF…ELSE statement
qExample
DECLARE @product_count int
SET @product_count = (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products
WHERE list_price >1000)
IF @product_count > 0
BEGIN
PRINT 'The products have price are greater than 100'
SELECT product_id, product_name, list_price
FROM products
WHERE list_price >1000
END
ELSE
BEGIN
PRINT 'There is no product that has price is less than
or equal to 1000'
END

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 CASE statement
qSyntax
CASE
WHEN condition1 THEN result1
WHEN condition2 THEN result2
WHEN conditionN THEN resultN
ELSE result
END

§ The CASE statement always goes in the SELECT clause

§ CASE must include the following components: WHEN,
THEN, and END. ELSE is an optional component.

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 CASE statement
qExample
SELECT product_id, list_price,
CASE
WHEN list_price > 1000 THEN 'The price is greater than 1000'
WHEN list_price = 1000 THEN 'The price is 1000'
ELSE 'The price is under 1000'
END AS PriceText
FROM products
WHERE model_year = 2016

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 WHILE statement
qSyntax
WHILE Boolean_expression
BEGIN
statement_block
END

qIn WHILE, you can use

§ BREAK statement to exit from the WHILE LOOP
§ CONTINUE to restart the WHILE LOOP from the
beginning

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 WHILE statement
qExample
DECLARE @Counter INT , @MaxId INT,
@ProductName NVARCHAR(100)
SELECT @Counter = min(product_id) , @MaxId = max(product_id)
FROM products
WHERE model_year= 2016
WHILE(@Counter IS NOT NULL
AND @Counter <= @MaxId)
BEGIN
SELECT @ProductName = product_name
FROM products WHERE product_id = @Counter

PRINT CONVERT(VARCHAR(MAX),@Counter) + '. product name is '

+ @ProductName
SET @Counter = @Counter + 1
END

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 WHILE statement
qResult

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