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Sanjay Patni

Pro RESTful APIs with Micronaut

Build Java-Based Microservices with REST,
JSON, and XML
2nd ed.
Sanjay Patni
Santa Clara, CA, USA

ISBN 978-1-4842-9199-3 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-9200-6

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9200-6

© Sanjay Patni 2017, 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress

Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
I would like to thank everyone at Apress who I’ve worked closely with.
Thanks to the reviewers; their in-depth reviews helped the quality of the
book. A heartfelt thanks goes to my wife, Veena, for her tireless and
unconditional support that helped me work on this book. A huge thanks
goes to my father, Ajit Kumar Patni, and my mother, Late Basantidevi, for
their selfless support that helped me reach where I am today.
Introduction
Databases, websites, and business applications need to exchange data.
This is accomplished by defining standard data formats such as
Extensible Markup Language (XML) or JavaScript Object Notation
(JSON), as well as transfer protocols or web services such as the Simple
Object Access Protocol (SOAP) or the more popular Representational
State Transfer (REST). Developers often have to design their own
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to make applications work
while integrating specific business logic around operating systems or
servers. This book introduces these concepts with a focus on the
RESTful APIs.
This book introduces the data exchange mechanism and common
data formats. For web exchange, you will learn the HTTP protocol,
including how to use XML. This book compares SOAP and REST and
then covers the concepts of stateless transfer. It introduces software
API design and best design practices. The second half of the book
focuses on RESTful APIs design and implementations that follow the
Micronaut and Java API for RESTful Web Services. You will learn how to
build and consume Micronaut services using JSON and XML and
integrate RESTful APIs with different data sources like relational
databases and NoSQL databases through hands-on exercises. You will
apply these best practices to complete a design review of publicly
available APIs with a small-scale software system in order to design
and implement RESTful APIs.
This book is intended for software developers who use data in
projects. It is also useful for data professionals who need to understand
the methods of data exchange and how to interact with business
applications. Java programming experience is required for the
exercises.
Topics include
Data exchange and web services
SOAP vs. REST, state vs. stateless
XML vs. JSON
Introduction to API design: REST and Micronaut
API design practices
Designing RESTful APIs
Building RESTful APIs
Interacting with RDBMS (MySQL)
Consuming RESTful APIs (i.e., JSON, XML)
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the
author in this book is available to readers on the Github repository:
https://github.com/Apress/Pro-RESTful-APIs-with-Micronaut. For
more detailed information, please visit
http://www.apress.com/source-code.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Fundamentals of RESTful APIs
Abstract
SOAP vs.​REST
Web Architectural Style
Client-Server
Uniform Resource Interface
Layered System
Caching
Stateless
Code on Demand
HATEOAS
What Is REST?​
REST Basics
REST Fundamentals
Summary
Chapter 2:​Micronaut
Abstract
Comparison of Micronaut with Spring Boot
Ease of Installation
Natively Cloud Enabled
Serverless Functions
Application Configuration
Messaging System Support
Security
Caching
 Management and Monitoring
API Portfolio
Online Flight
Message
Software
Micronaut
JDK 11
POSTMAN
CURL
IDE
Maven
Setting Up an IDE
Configuring Visual Studio Code
Summary
Chapter 3:​Introduction:​XML and JSON
Abstract
What Is XML?​
XML Comments
Why Is XML Important?​
How Can You Use XML?​
Pros and Cons of XML
What Is JSON?​
JSON Syntax
Why Is JSON Important?​
How Can You Use JSON?​
Pros and Cons of JSON
 XML and JSON Comparison
Implementing APIs to Return XML and JSON Messages
Summary
Chapter 4:​API Design and Modeling
Abstract
API Design Strategies
API Creation Process and Methodology
Process
API Methodology
Domain Analysis or API Description
Architecture Design
Prototyping
Implementation
Publish
API Modeling
Comparison of API Modeling
In summary
Best Practices
Keep Your Base URL Simple and Intuitive
Error Handling
Error Code
Versioning
Partial Response
Pagination
Multiple Formats
API Façade
 API Solution Architecture
Mobile Solutions
Cloud Solutions
Web Solutions
Integration Solutions
Multichannel Solutions
Smart TV Solutions
Internet of Things
Stakeholders in API Solutions
API Providers
API Consumers
End Users
API Modeling
Summary
Chapter 5:​API Portfolio and Framework
Abstract
API Portfolio Architecture
Requirements
Consistency
Reuse
Customization
Discoverability
Longevity
How Do We Enforce These Requirements—Governance?​
Consistency
Reuse
 Customization
Discoverability
Change Management
API Framework
Process APIs:​Services Layer
System APIs:​Data Access Object
Experience APIs:​API Façade
Services Layer Implementation
Summary
Chapter 6:​API Platform and Data Handler
Abstract
API Platform Architecture
Why Do We Need an API Platform?​
So What Is an API Platform?​
So Which Capabilities Does the API Platform Have?​
API Development Platform
API Runtime Platform
API Engagement Platform
How Is an API Platform Organized?​What Is the Architecture of
the API Platform?​
How Does the API Architecture Fit in the Surrounding Technical
Architecture of an Enterprise?​
Data Handler
Data Access Object
Command Query Responsibility Segregation (CQRS)
SQL Development Process
NoSQL Process
 Do I Have to Choose Between SQL and NoSQL?​
Why a Single REST API?​
Summary
Chapter 7:​API Management and CORS
Abstract
Façade
Façade Pattern
API Façade
API Management
API Life Cycle
API Retirement
API Monetization
Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS)
Summary
Index
About the Author
Sanjay Patni
is a results-focused technologist with
extensive experience in aligning
innovative technology solutions with
business needs to optimize manual steps
in the business processes and improving
operational efficiency.
At Oracle, he has worked with the
Fusion Apps Product development team,
where he has identified opportunities for
automation of programs related to
Fusion Apps codeline management. This
involved delivery of GA releases for
patching, as well as codelines for
ongoing demo, development, and testing. He conceptualized and
developed self-service UX for codeline requests and auditing, reducing
manual steps by 80%. He also rolled out 12 sprints of codeline creation,
automating about 100+ manual steps involving integration with other
subsystems using technologies like automation workflow and RESTful
APIs.
Prior to joining Oracle, he spent 15+ years in the software industry,
defining and delivering key initiatives across different industry sectors.
His responsibilities included innovation, requirement, analysis,
technical architecture, design, and agile software development of web-
based enterprise products and solutions. He pioneered innovative
usage of Java in building business applications and received an award
from Sun Microsystems. This helped improve feedback for Java APIs for
Enterprise in building business application software using Java. He has
diverse experience in Application Architecture to include UX,
Distributed Systems, Cloud and DevOps.
He has worked as a visiting technical instructor or mentor and
conducted classes or training on RESTful APIs design and integration.
He has a strong educational background in computer science with a
master’s from IIT, Roorkee, India.
Other documents randomly have
different content
 PLATE CXCV.

HYPOXIS OBLIQUA.

Oblique-leaved Hypoxis.

CLASS VI. ORDER I.

HEXANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Six Chives. One Pointal.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.

Corolla sex-partita, persistens, supera. Capsula basi angustior. Spatha

bivalvis.
Blossom six-parted, remaining, above. Capsule narrower at the base.
Sheath two-valved.
See Hypoxis stellata. Pl. CI. Vol. II.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Hypoxis scapo subtrifloro, piloso, longitudine foliorum; pedunculis flore

triplo longioribus; foliis lineari-lanceolatis, oblique flexis, glabris; radice
fibrosa.
Hypoxis with mostly three flowers on the stem, which is hairy, the length
of the leaves; foot-stalks three times the length of the flower; leaves linearly
lance-shaped, obliquely bent downward, smooth; root fibrous.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. A Petal of the Blossom, with its Chive, as attached to its base.

2. The Seed-bud, on its foot-stalk, with a part of the tube of the
blossom, to which the Chives are fixed.
3. The Seed-bud, Shaft and Summit, magnified.
This species of Hypoxis is from the Cape of Good Hope; and, we believe,
solely in the possession of G. Hibbert, Esq. Clapham; from whose collection
our drawing was made, in June, this year, 1801. It appears to be a hardy
green-house plant; but, is certainly more curious than handsome, and, from
its general character, we should judge the propagation would be from the
root.
Professor Jacquin has given the Hypoxis Obliqua in his Icones Plantarum
Rariorum, 2. t. 371; and in his Supplement to the Collectanea, 54; but, we
must suppose from a more vigorous specimen than ours; as, the appearance
of a woolly character, at the margin of the leaves, was not to be traced in our
plant, although every other part is exact. Wherefore, we have retained his
name, though we have rejected the latter part of his specific character, to
introduce one, which we consider, of more consequence, as opposed to those
with bulbous roots, this being fibrous.
 PLATE CXCVI.

IXIA MACULATA.

Spotted-flowered Ixia.

CLASS III. ORDER I.

TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Three Chives. One Pointal.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.

Corolla 6-petala, patens, æqualis.

Stamina tria, erectiusculo-patula.
Blossom 6 petals, spreading, equal.
Chives three, upright, spreading.
See Ixia Reflexa, Pl. XIV. Vol. I.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Ixia foliis ensiformibus, glabris, scapo duplo brevioribus; floribus

alternis, sub-spicatis; petalis basi obscuris, ovatis, concavis; stigmatibus
bifidis.
Ixia with sword-shaped, smooth leaves, half the length of the flower-
stem; flowers alternate, rather spiked; petals dark at the base, egg-shaped
and concave; summits two-cleft.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. The two valves of the Empalement.

2. A Flower cut and spread open, with the Chives in their natural
station.
3. The Pointal complete, with one of the Summits detached and
magnified.
This Ixia has been long cultivated in Britain, so says Millar, &c. but, till
within these few years, we have not seen it in our gardens; perhaps it has
been (like many others) lost to us, and recently introduced with the multitude
of other species, which now decorate our green-houses; either from the Cape
of Good Hope or Holland. It is one of the most desirable of the genus, from
the length of time it continues in flower; which is, at least a month, from the
first flowers beginning to expand. It increases by the bulb, and is to be
cultivated as other common Ixias. Flowers in May or June.
 PLATE CXCVII.

NYMPHÆA CŒRULEA.

Blue Water-Lily.

CLASS XIII. ORDER I.

POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. Many Chives. One Pointal.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx. Perianthium inferum, tetraphyllum, magnum, supra coloratum,

persistens.
Corolla. Petala numerosa (quindecem sæpe,) germinis lateri insidentia,
serie plus quam simplici.
Stamina. Filamenta numerosa (septuaginta sæpe,) plana, curva, obtusa,
brevia. Antheræ oblongæ, filamentorum margini adnatæ.
Pistillum. Germen ovatum, magnum. Stylus nullus. Stigma orbiculatum,
planum, peltato-sessile, radiis notatum, margine crenatum, persistens.
Pericarpium. Bacca dura, ovata, carnosa, rudis, collo angustata apice
coronata, multilocularis (decem ad quindecem loculis,) pulpa plena.
Semina plurima, subrotunda.
Empalement. Cup beneath, four leaved, large, coloured above,
permanent.
Blossom. Petals numerous (often fifteen,) placed on the side of the seed-
bud, in more than one row.
Chives. Threads numerous (often seventy,) flat, curved, blunt, short. Tips
oblong, fixed to the margin of the threads.
Pointal. Seed-bud egg-shaped, large. Shaft, none. Summit round, flat,
central, sitting, marked in rays, scolloped at the edge, remaining.
Seed-vessel. Berry hard, egg-shaped, fleshy, rough, narrowed at the
neck, crowned at the top, many-celled (from ten to fifteen cells,) full of pulp.
Seeds many, roundish.
 SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Nymphæa foliis cordato-orbiculatis, senioribus crenatis, lobis acutis

imbricatis, acuminatis; petalis acutis, lanceolatis, cæruleis.
Nymphæa with between heart-shaped and round leaves, the old ones
scolloped, lobes sharp, tiled, and tapered; petals sharp, lance-shaped, and
blue.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. A Chive.
2. The Seed-bud and Summit.
3. The Seed-bud, cut transversely, to shew the number of cells.
Amongst aquatic or water plants, the Nymphæas are undoubtedly the
most desirable in cultivation; although, we should agree to the exclusion of
N. Nelumbo, &c. now forming a distinct genus in the Sp. Plant. of
Willdenow; taken from Usteri’s Ed. of Jussieu’s Gen. Plant. classed from the
natural characters, under the title of Nelumbium’s. This plant may be kept in
the green-house, or hot-house, in a large tub filled with water and a small
portion of mud at the bottom. It propagates by the root, and the flowers,
which are extremely fragrant, are produced in August, in which month, this
year, our drawing was made, from a large plant in the Hibbertian collection;
but, from an omission in the figure, we were obliged to finish the plate from
a plant, in the collection of J. Vere, Esq. Kensington Gore, still in flower, the
beginning of October. The leaves of this species are most beautifully
scolloped, and near a foot in diameter; but the indentitions are scarcely to be
perceived in the younger; one of which, as we could not introduce the larger,
is shewn on the plate of the natural size.
It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, and was introduced to the Royal
Gardens, Kew, by Mr. F. Masson, about the year 1792.
 PLATE CXCVIII.

BAUERA RUBIOIDES.

Three-leaved Bauera.

CLASS XIII. ORDER II.

POLYANDRIA DIGYNIA. Many Chives. Two Pointals.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx. Perianthium octophyllum, foliolis persistentibus, acuminatis,

reflexis, dentatis.
Corolla. Petala octo, ovata, concava, patentia, æqualia, calyce majora.
Stamina. Filamenta numerosa, capillaria, corolla breviora, receptaculo
inserta. Antheræ latiusculæ, obtusæ, erectæ.
Pistilla. Germen subovatum, villosum. Styli duo, filiformes, longi, apice
curvati. Stigmata simplicia.
Pericarpium. Capsula subrotunda, pilosa, apice dehiscens, bilocularis,
bivalvis.
Semina plurima, subrotunda.
Empalement. Cup eight-leaved, remaining, leaflets tapered, reflexed, and
toothed.
Blossom. Eight petals, egg-shaped, concave, spreading, equal, larger than
the cup.
Chives. Threads numerous, hair-like, shorter than the blossom, fixed into
the receptacle. Tips broadish, obtuse and erect.
Pointals. Seed-bud nearly egg-shaped, hairy. Shafts two, thread-shaped,
long, curved at the ends. Summits simple.
Seed-vessel. Capsule roundish, hairy, splitting at the top, two cells, two
valves.
Seeds many, roundish.
 SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Bauera foliis ternatis, apice dentatis, sessilibus, oppositis.

Bauera with leaves composed of three leaflets, toothed at the point,
growing close to the stem, and opposite.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. The Empalement, with the Chives and Pointal.

2. The Chives and Pointal magnified.
3. The Empalement, Seed-bud, Shafts, and Summits, magnified.
4. The Seed-bud cut transversely, with the seeds in the cells,
magnified.
This handsome shrub, a native of Port Jackson, New Holland, was first
raised at the seat of the Hon. the Marchioness of Rockingham, Hillingdon,
Middlesex, in the year 1793; and, from a plant, in the conservatory, still in
flower, this present month November, our drawing was made, at the Nursery,
Hammersmith. It is hardy, although delicate in structure, and flourishes in
the green-house. The stem of the plant from which our figure was taken,
although the oldest in the kingdom, and near six feet high, is scarce the
thickness of a quill at the base, therefore must be supported. The young
shoots and leaves are covered with a slight pile; the smaller branches stand
out at right angles, proceeding from the insertion of the leaves, and the
whole plant has, at first sight, much the appearance of a Rubus. It is
propagated by cuttings, made in the month of March, and put under a small
bell-glass on the heat of a hot-bed; the cuttings should be from the extreme
ends of the young shoots. Sir J. Banks, Bart. P. R. S. &c. from whose natural
genius and love for the science, and by whose fostering and liberal hand to
promote it, the study of Botany has become so general a taste; has named
this genus, in honour of two most eminent Botanical painters, of the name of
Bauer, natives of Germany, and brothers. The one, now under the immediate
patronage of Sir Joseph, as Botanical Painter to his Majesty at Kew; well
known for his superb and excellent coloured engravings of Heaths, &c. in
large folio. The younger considered no less able, engaged under the same
influence, with the other artists, &c. who are now upon the last expedition
for discovery to the South Sea; but not equally known to Botanists, as the
person who accompanied the late Dr. Sibthorpe, on his voyages through
Greece; and whose pencil has produced all those drawings, designed to
decorate and illustrate the famous Flora Græca, preparing for the public,
under the auspices of the intelligent Dr. Smith, P. L. S. &c. &c.
 PLATE CXCIX.

CAMELLIA JAPONICA. Var. flo. rubro pleno.

Double red Camellia.

CLASS XVI. ORDER VI. of Schreber’s 6th edit. of Gen.

Plant.
MONADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Threads united. Many Chives.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx imbricatus, polyphyllus; foliolis interioribus majoribus.

Empalement tiled, many-leaved; the inner leaflets the largest.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER OF VARIETY.
Camellia foliis senioribus basi attenuatis, junioribus rubentibus; petalis
interioribus divaricato-erectis; floribus plenis, rubris.
Camellia with the older leaves tapered at the base, the younger ones
reddish; the inner petals stand upright spreading different ways; flowers
double and red.
Again have we to call upon the indulgence of our Botanical friends for
their sufferance, in a third intrusion on the forms of our own prescription.
But, as we had given the two other varieties of this fine plant; and taking it
for granted, by judging from our own feelings, that a figure of this very
scarce variety would be agreeable to most; that they might be (by
comparison) able to decide upon the difference which does exist, but has
been denied by many, between this, and the Striped Var.; see our figure, Vol.
II. Pl. XCI. It has been thought by most, who have not seen this plant; that it
was but the Striped Var. which had lost its variegation. This is certainly not
the case; for, it stands as distinct from the Striped, as from the White variety;
which may be readily traced, either from the plants themselves, or our
figures; by comparing the specific, or rather differing character we have
assigned to each. The Double red Camellia was introduced about the year
1794 from China, by R. Preston, Esq. Woodford, Essex.
The largest plant now in Europe, of this variety, is in the select and most
valuable collection of the Hon. T. Greville, Esq. Paddington, imported, last
year, from China in the highest perfection. It is propagated by cuttings, or
layers; and delights in a light, sandy loam; with about one-third of the pot,
from the bottom, filled with peat earth. It flowers from November, till
February, in the Hothouse; or from January, till April, if kept in the Green-
house. Our figure was taken, in November, this year, at the Hammersmith
Nursery.
 PLATE CC.

MELALEUCA HYPERICIFOLIA.

St. John’s-wort-leaved Melaleuca.

CLASS XVIII. ORDER IV.

POLYADELPHIA POLYANDRIA. Threads in many Sets. Many Chives.

ESSENTIAL GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx quinquefidus, semisuperus. Petals quinque. Filamenta multa,

longissima, connata in quinque corpora. Pistillum unum. Capsula
trilocularis.
Cup five-cleft, half above. Petals five. Threads numerous, very long,
united into five bodies. Pointal one. Capsule three-celled.
See Melaleuca ericæfolia, Pl. CLXXV. Vol. III.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.

Melaleuca foliis oppositis, eliptico-oblongis, uninerviis; floribus

consertis; filamentis longissimis, linearibus, apice radiato-multifidis.
Melaleuca with opposite leaves, eliptic-oblong, one-nerved; flowers
clustered; threads very long, linear, rayed and many-cleft at the top.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. A flower, natural size.

2. One of the five bundles of Chives, with its petal, to which it is
attached at the base, magnified.
3. The cup, seed-bud, shaft and summit, natural size, the summit
detached and magnified.
About the year 1792 this plant was first raised from seeds, by the late Mr.
William Malcolm, Nurseryman, at Stockwell, Surry; and was, from the very
great resemblance it bears to the St. John’s-worts, so denominated, until it
flowered. It has now become one of the commonest, of what are generally
termed, Botany Bay plants; yet unquestionably ranks with the handsomest
whether for its foliage, form of growth, or flowers, which are of a most
beautiful red-purple, scarcely to be imitated in painting. The singular manner
in which the flower-stem is thrown out, as it were, from the old wood, in a
horizontal direction, is common to many other species of the Genus. It grows
to the height of four or five feet, very erect in every part; is easily increased
by cuttings, and thrives best in peat earth. Although it is said to grow in
swampy grounds in New South Wales, see Linnæan Transactions, Vol. III. p.
279, nevertheless, with us, a dry, or damp situation in the green-house,
appears equally congenial to it. In the month of September 1799, our
drawing was taken at the Conservatory of R. James, Esq. Grosvenor Place.
 PLATE CCI.

AIZOON CANARIENSE.

Purslane-leaved Aizoon.

CLASS XII. ORDER IV.

ICOSANDRIA PENTAGYNIA. Twenty Chives. Five Pointals.

GENERIC CHARACTER.

Calyx. Perianthium monophyllum, quinquepartitum; laciniis lanceolatis,

persistentibus.
Corolla nulla.
Stamina. Filamenta plurima, capillaria, sinui calycis per phalanges in
serta. Antheræ simplices.
Pistilla. Germen pentagonum, superum. Stili quinque, simplices.
Stigmata simplicia.
Pericarpium. Capsula ventricosa, retusa, pentagona, quinquelocularis,
quinque valvis.
Semina plura, subrotunda.
Empalement. Cup one leaf, five-parted; segments lance-shaped,
remaining.
Blossom none.
Chives. Threads numerous, hair-like, inserted into the hollow part of the
cup in bunches. Tips simple.
Pointals. Seed-bud five-sided, above. Shafts five, simple. Summits
simple.
Seed-vessel. Capsule bellied, dented, five-sided, five-celled, five-valved.
Seeds many, roundish.

SPECIFIC CHARACTER.
 Aizoon foliis cuneiformi-ovatis; floribus solitariis, subsessilibus,
axillaribus.
Aizoon with leaves between wedge and egg-shaped; flowers solitary,
growing almost close to the stem from the insertion of the leaves.

REFERENCE TO THE PLATE.

1. The Empalement shewn from the inside.

2. The same shewn from the outside.
3. A Chive magnified.
4. The Pointals natural size.
5. The same, magnified.
This plant is herbaceous, and is found near the sea coast, in most parts of the
world, within the tropics. It has a character common to many Genera of the
natural order of succulents, such as Mesembryanthemum, Crassula, &c. that
of an indeterminate number of pointals; which, in this genus, extend from
three, to five, on different plants; this circumstance not having been
sufficiently attended to has unfortunately occasioned some confusion.
Brown in his Natural History of Jamaica has described it as growing on that
Island, and with five pointals, therefore placed it to its right genus. Plumier,
Sloane, &c. treated it as Portulaca, to which, as the genus now stands, it in
no way affines. Læfling in his Iter Hispanicum, published in 1758, having
found the plant in Spain with three pointals, immediately placed it to another
genus, Halimum; upon whose authority, corroborated by Jacquin, (who
acknowledges a variation in the number of pointals, on different plants,
found in the different Caribee Islands,) Linnæus took up the plant, said to
have but three pointals, under the title Sesuvium. As to the plant said to be
cultivated by Miller in the Hort. Kew: under the last named genus, we have
no difficulty in referring that, to the Aizoon canariense of the same work; as
the time of flowering not being noticed, the distinction of character could not
be observed, and the genus introduced, taken upon the gratis dictum of
Miller. Burmann, in his Ed: of Rumphius’s plants of Amboyna, has it as
Halimus; and Plukenet as Portulaca from East Indian specimens; with
numbers of other Botanists from different parts; as Ægypt, the Canary
Islands, &c. &c. under different names.
Seeds received from Spain of our plant were sown by Mr. Anderson in
1798, at the gardens of J. Vere, Esq. Kensington Gore; since which time, it
has annually died to the ground, about November, and re-appeared in Spring;
from this circumstance, the great delicacy of the plant, and having been
treated as an annual, it has been repeatedly lost to this country; though so
constantly introduced, in almost every parcel of seeds which arrives from
either the East or West Indies. It may be increased by cuttings made early in
the year, and put in a hot-bed to accelerate their growth, and should be
planted in rich loamy earth. It flowers from July till September. To preserve
it more than one year, it must be kept in the hot-house.