Aesthetics

Appreciating Art is designed for Filipino students who love to understand

the beauty of all things that surround them. The desire to explore the natural world more
and it is significant changes and idealism, with emphasis visual, on the experience of
everything; emotional and visual impact. Aesthetic was taken from the Greek word
“aisthetikos” meaning “communication to the senses,” which is
the study of beauty and taste, whether in the form of the comic, the tragic, or the sublime.
It is concerned with how we perceive things relating to ideas of beauty and judgements of
taste. It can be applied to an artist’s overall style. Aesthetics has traditionally been part of
philosophical pursuits like epistemology or ethics, but it started to come into its own and
become a more independent pursuit under Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher who
saw aesthetics as a unitary and self-sufficient type of human experience. Originally, art as a
term, is used to describe almost any human activity which involved the achievement of a
predetermined result through the systematic application of skill or knowledge.

Basic human needs stand at the center of the art experience. The book Psychology of
Clothes has concluded that “the three basic motives for clothing ourselves are for protection,
for modesty and for decoration.” Art is experience, because all art demands experience; but
probably it is clearer to say that all art involves experience, that there can be no
appreciation of art without experience. (Dudley & Faricry, 2000)

Generally, art is not nature because art is made by human beings. The environment
is already beautiful since it has its own natural beauty, the creation of it is part of nature’s
endless wonders. The idea is, art should be a product of man’s creativity, all intelligence and
passion goes side by side in creating a masterpiece. Our tools in understanding and
appreciating the arts intimately and to have informed judgments about them are our senses.
Our sensitivities and observational acuity are best cultivated by giving attention to art
objects themselves.
Art Appreciation

While Art as a creative act enjoyed the amplitude of freedom, it is also submitted to
the discipline of training. A good artist should undergo in a training, for him to produce an
artwork, he should be knowledgeable in that certain form. Trainings, workshops, seminars
are good avenues for an artist to hone his talent through his mentor.

Beauty and goodness are inseparable and non-dualistic. Anything which is beautiful
will always evoke positive feelings toward a person who experiences art. Most literary
scholars believe that a beautiful artwork connotes a pleasant character, similar to a beautiful
person should have a good character. The artist and his art: Humility, Respect, Intelligence
and Identity.

The artist should be humble. Being humble doesn't mean being modest. It means
constantly re-evaluating your strengths and being conscious of your incompetence. It means
being confident in your product and your ability to execute, while questioning assumptions
you've made

Respect is also a character that the artist should possess. Artist must be able to
interact or respect their mentors as well their fans to create a more meaningful work. As
Instructing Artists we spend many, many hours developing content for workshops to share
new and exciting techniques and projects with other creative people. We share freely, giving
away the things we've learned to not only make a living doing what we love, but because by
sharing we ourselves grow. Sharing causes us to continually push forward and break new
grounds.

Artists’ intelligence is similar to people who are smart in

different ways. Some people can create a catchy song at the
drop of a hat. Others can memorize everything in a book, paint
a masterpiece, or be the center of attention.

The identity of the artist is by being unique, meaning the

ability to stand out amongst the other artists. In many cases
innovating and bringing something new to one’s creative
endeavour. Much like the development of a new genre of music
or the pushing of the boundaries of a particular genre by taking
it in a new creative direction.

Arts introduce both aesthetic and good behavior but it is still marginalized in the
educational system. Humanities or “pagaaral sa ating pagkatao” has to struggle to revive a
consciousness that learning needs to be interdisciplinary and dedicated to the good of
humanity. Basically, the Philippine educational system has a curriculum collapsed Music, Art,
Physical Education, Sibika at Kultura, Home Economics and Homeroom into just one subject.
This just goes to show that the Philippine education does not prioritize art and culture as much
as science, math and language. Most of the Filipinos were taught that art and culture is a
peripheral need. But it makes sense for a third world status – would you think about art if
you can’t even have a decent meal for the day? A low-income country such as ours would
rather go for the basic needs than to beautify the surroundings. The educational system and
cultural agencies must be able to strengthen the arts appreciation for it can lift the aesthetic
sense of everyone.It is our culture, since culture is a way of life being reshaped to why, way
and tools of humans.
 During 13c Indo_European root “skill as a result of
learning practice” 10c Latin (ars, artem) “a craft.”
Sanskrit (rtih) “manner, mode.” In Filipino, art is
translated as “sining” which was derived from a Balinese
word “pensar” meaning to think. Similar enough to greek
word arte which means to fit and in latin “skill.”

Balinese Art

Art can be appreciated in many different ways. The pleasure of art’s visual impact or
its aesthetic qualities can begin an exploration into:
1. Style and technique
2. Subject matter or hidden meaning
3. Cultural significance
4. Artistic appeal
Erwin Panofsky, an art historian, proposed a three-stage approach or trichotomy to
analyze art. First is the pre-iconographic stage, in which formal qualities are studied : basic
forms, composition, color, tone, line etc. second is the iconographic stage, in which symbols
are explored. Third is the study of iconology or broader social context. Below is the suggested
approach to perceive art.
1. Skill of artist and choice of colors (What is the style, What colors are used, Which parts
are light and dark)
2. Shape, line of a figure (How are lines used, Has the paint medium affected the style)
3. Naturalism of the Form (How has the scene composed, How have the figures been
defined)
4. Over-all impact of the composition (Is the scene active, Are there any symbols)
Humanities is man’s quest for answers. The humanities are the stories, the ideas, and
the words that help us make sense of men’s lives and world. The humanities introduce
everyone to people they have never met, places never visited, and ideas that may have never
crossed their minds. By showing how others have lived and thought about life, the humanities
help man decide what is important in life and what make them better. By connecting men
with other people, they point the way to answers about what is right or wrong, or what is true
to heritage and history. The humanities help address the challenges men face together with
families, communities, and as a nation.

As fields of study, the humanities emphasize analysis and exchange of ideas rather
than the creative expression of the arts or the quantitative explanation of the sciences.
1. History, Anthropology, and Archaeology study human social, political, and cultural
development.
2. Literature, Languages, and Linguistics explore how we communicate with each other,
and how our ideas and thoughts on the human experience are expressed and
interpreted.
3. Philosophy, Ethics, and Comparative Religion consider ideas about the meaning of life
and the reasons for our thoughts and actions.
4. Jurisprudence examines the values and principles which inform our laws.
5. Historical, Critical, and Theoretical Approaches to the Arts reflect upon and analyze the
creative process.
 Humanities was first applied to writings of Ancient Latin authors through literary style
and moral teachings. Shaped into metaphysics and spiritual life during the Medieval
period. While it was more human, cultured and refined during the Renaissance period since
it deals with man’s internal world.
Art History

1. PREHISTORIC ART
As long as there have been people, there has been art. The need to
create has always been a driving force among people. In this lesson you will
look at prehistoric art. This is art dating back to the time before people kept
written records. By studying this art you will find out about the civilizations of early times.
You will learn about their culture, or ideas, beliefs, and living customs.

ART OF THE OLD STONE AGE

The earliest works modern experts have uncovered
date back to the Old Stone Age. Also known as the
Paleolithic (pay-lee-uh-lith-ik) period, the Old Stone
Age lasted from around 30,000 until about 10,000
B.C. The lives of people during the Old Stone Age
were filled with danger, hunger, and fear. Each day
meant a new struggle just to survive. In the winter
they searched for shelter against the snow and cold.
In the summer they battled the heat and the sudden
rains that floated their caves. Those lucky enough to
survive were old boy by age 40. Few lived past their
fiftieth year.
Prehistoric Painting

1.1 PAINTING
Many of the Old Stone Age art works that have lasted into recent times are
paintings. Paintings were discovered on the wall of a cave in France. Others like it have been
found in Spain and elsewhere in Western Europe. Examples of cave art have been found on
every continent, from the Sahara desert to the Arctic. No one knows the real reason behind
the creation of paintings like this one. Such works have always been found deep within
caves, far from entrances and daylight. Their location has led experts to think they were not
created merely as decoration. Some think paintings played a part in hunting rituals.

2. ART OF THE NEW STONE AGE

People gradually began to change as civilizations
moved into the New Stone Age. Prehistoric peoples stopped
wandering and formed villages. They learned to raise
livestock and started growing their own food. Ways of making
art changed, too.

Neolithic Tools

2.1 Crafts
In the area of crafts, people learned to spin fibers, weave, and making pottery. A
vase made about 6000 B.C. Note the potter’s use of formal balance in this piece. Notice how
the geometric design and balance combine to give the work a sense of unity.

Check Your Understanding

 1. Define the term culture?
2. Describe life during the Old Stone Age.
3. What is a possible explanation for the creation of cave paintings?
4. What changes in the way people lived took place in the New Stone Age?
5. What is a megalith? What is the name of the famous megalith? Where is it found?

3. Art of Ancient Greece

Why study events that happened over 3000 years ago in a country the size of
Arizona? Why bother learning the names of other artists whose works no longer exist? The
reason in both cases is that the country - Greece - was the birthplace of western civilization.
The influences of Ancient Greek Culture and art can still be felt and seen today. In this
lesson you will learn about that culture and art.

THE BEGINNING OF GREEK CULTURE

The story of ancient Greece begun around 1500 B.C. It was around this time that
different groups from the north settled in the region bordering the Aegean (ih-jee-uhn) Sea.
Greece never became a nation. Instead, the tribes that formed it remained small separately
ruled powers called city-states. Part of the reason for this was geography. High Rocky
Mountains and miles of sea divided the different city-states. Two other, and more important
factors were self-pride and jealousy. It was loyalty to their own and distrust of others that
prevented the city-states from banding together to form a nation. One of the largest and
most powerful of the city-states was Athens. Athens was also the most important in the
history of the art.

3.1 Painting and Crafts

Even more famous than the sculptors of ancient Greece were its painters. Like the
sculptors, the painters sought to make their picture as realistic as possible. None of the
works of the great Greek painters have survived, however. As with the sculpture of Phidias,
these works exist for us only in the words of ancient writers.

4. Art of Ancient Rome

The Greek city-states were not only unable to band together to form a nation, they
were also unable to keep the peace among themselves for long. Frequent outbreaks of
fighting over a 1300-year period weakened the country. It made Greece helpless against
attack from outside forces. Finally in 197 B.C., Greece fell to the Romans.
Although the Greek empire was defeated, Greek influence continued. The Romans
were influenced by Greek ideas about art and used them in their own works.

ANCIENT ROMAN CULTURE

By the time of its takeover of Greece, Rome was the greatest power in the civilized
world. At its peak, the city had a population of over one million people.
Rome was a city of contrasts. There were magnificent public buildings, baths, and
parks, but there were also narrow streets crammed with shabby dwellings.
The Romans were a practical-minded people. They were more interested in such
things as engineering, law, and government than in art. Romans did, however, make some
very important contributions to the world of art.

5. ART OF THE ROMANESQUE PERIOD

History teaches many meaningful lessons. One is that even the most powerful
empires, in time, weaken and crumble. Rome was no exception. The Roman Empire fell to
invading armies around A.D. 400. Both the style of life as well as the art of this period were
affected by these historical changes. Temples and palaces were torn down and stone was
used to build fortresses to keep out the invaders.

Shortly before Rome fell, the practice of Christianity became widely accepted. The
Catholic Church stood as the single most important influence in western Europe. Its
influence on people and events was widespread throughout the span of history now called
the Middle Ages. The art and architecture at the end of the Middle Ages is divided into two
periods: the Romanesque (rohmuh-nesk), from around 150 to around 1150, and Gothic
from around 1150 to about 1500. In this lesson you will learn about the art of the
Romanesque period.

LIFE IN ROMANESQUE TIMES

Warfare was common during the Romanesque period. Since land was the main
source of power and wealth, kings and rich landowners were forever fighting among
themselves to protect or add to their holdings.
5.1 PAINTING
In addition to being portrayed in sculpture, the teachings of the Church were spread
through hand-lettered books, which contained illum
inations. Illuminations are hand-painted book illustrations. For nearly a thousand years,
these illustrations were the most important paintings created in Europe. Art of the Gothic
Period
Throughout history an important part of creating art has been solving problem. A key
problem facing artist during Romanesque period was mentioned in the ancient period. This
was figuring out how to build walls that could both contain windows and support a heavy
roof.
Romanesque builders never solved this problem. Architect of the gothic period did,
however. In this lesson you will learn about this and other contributions of artists of the
Gothic period.

Life in Gothic Times

Toward the end of the Romanesque period, Europe began to change. With the growth
of trade, money replaced land as the measure of wealth. Castles became unpopular as cities
grew and thrived. Many of these cities developed into large population centers by the year
1200. The church continued to have a great effect on the people as well as on the art of
these new Europe cities

6.1 Crafts
The pointed arch and flying buttress did away
with the need for solid walls. They also opened up the
possibility of having many windows in churches and
cathedrals. This created yet another outlet for
expression by artists and craftspeople of the day.
Brilliantly colored stained glass windows like those in
Europe began gracing the walls of cathedrals. Stained
glass is made of colored glass pieces held in place
with lead strips. These windows filled the cathedrals with softly tinted light. The pictures in
these windows, focusing on religious figures and events, also helped teach the Bible.

6.2 Painting
The Gothic style of building cathedrals never fully caught on in Italy. Their churches
continued to be built in the Romanesque manner with large, unbroken walls. Instead of
stained glass, religious decoration was added within a form of painting fresco. Fresco
(fres-koh) is a painting created when pigment is applied to a section of wall spread with
fresh plaster. Fresco is the Italian word for ‘fresh’. This technique required the artist to work
quickly before the plaster dried. The pigment was
absorbed and the painting was permanently
preserved.
All were done by a gifted artist named Giotto who
wished to do more than Bible stories. His goal was to
make the people in his pictures come alive. His genius
was such that a century would pass before an artist of
equal skill would appear.

Italian Fresco

If you look up to the highest point of a Gothic cathedral, you will see creatures
known as gargoyles. A gargoyle is a projecting ornament on a building carved in the shape
of a fantastic animal or grotesque creature. Gargoyles were made of carved stone and
metal. They were meant to look like spirits fleeing, or being driven, from the holy building.
However, these strange creations actually served a very particular purpose. They are really
rain spouts that carried rainwater from the roof of the cathedral.

6. Art of the Italian Renaissance

During the Middle Ages the teachings of the Catholic Church were the focus of much
of the art work. By the beginnings of the 1400s, however, artists gradually began to change
their style. After centuries of creating religious works, artists began to paint pictures to look
as realistic as possible. The emphasis was not always on religious subjects. This time is
known as the Renaissance (ren-uh-sahns), a period of great awakening. The word
renaissance means “rebirth.”

The Renaissance in Italy

The shift in interests that took place during the Renaissance was especially
noticeable in Italy. There, a number of cities grew in trading and business centers. One of
these, Florence, became the capital of Europe’s cloth trade and home to its richest bank.
Florence also became a center for art during the Renaissance. In this lesson you will read
about the contributions of its artists.

7.1 Painting
Among the people living in Florence during the early 1400s was a young artist
named Masaccio (muh-zahch-ee-oh). Masaccio continued where Giotto had left off a century
earlier. He made the figures in his works seem solid and real.
Masaccio also sought to add a true-to-life, three-dimensional quality using a
technique called linear perspective (puhr-spek-tiv). Linear perspective is the use of
slanted lines to make objects appear to extend back into space. The technique was
discovered by an architect and friend of Masaccio named Filippo Brunelleschi
(fi-leep-oh-broon-uhl-ess-kee).

Linear Perspective
 The artist adds to his realistic appearance by giving the subject an expression of
genuine grief. This combination of three-dimensional form and emotion became a trademark
of Renaissance art.
Masaccio died suddenly at the age of 27. Some believe that he may have been
poisoned by a jealous rival. Luckily, there were other artists with the talent to build upon
Masaccio’s discoveries. One of these was a man whose talents were not limited to art. He
was also skilled in science, literature, and music. The name of this gifted man was Leonardo
da Vinci (lee-uh-nard-oh duh vin-chee).

Leonardo Da Vinci Last supper

Leonardo’s most famous work is a portrait, the Mona Lisa. In this painting, Leonardo
uses light and dark values in the mannered developed by Giotto and Masaccio. The blending
is so precise, however, that it is impossible to tell where one value ends and the next
begins. Notice how these gently changing values help make the sad face seem three
dimensional. Notice how the figure of the woman stands out dramatically against the dark
background.
Leonardo was recognized as agreat artist
even in his own day. Artists from all over flocked to
Florence in the hopes of learning from him. One of
these was a young painter named Raphael
(raf-ee-el). Religious paintings are one of over 300
Madonnas that Raphael painted. A Madonna is a
work showing the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child.
In this one, Leonardo’s influence can be seen in the
soft change from light to dark values.

Raphael Sanzio Virgin of the Rocks

7. Arts of the 1600s

When Rome collapsed, the Catholic Church became more
influential. It remained this way until the early 1500s, when the
Church’s power began to slip. A group of Christians led by a man
named Martin Luther splintered off from the Church in revolt to
form their own religion.
The Protestant Reformation, as this movement was called,
drew many people away from the Catholic Church. In an effort to
win them back, the Church started its own reform movement in the 1600s. This movement,
which began in Italy, is known as the Counter-Reformation.
Martin Luther

Mannerism (from Italian word maniera), “manner”

or “style” a term applied retrospectively and usually
associated with exaggerated foreshortening, unusual
compositions and elongated figures.

Art was an
important
part of the Counter- Reformation. Artists were
called upon to create works that would renew
religious spirit. A sence of flowing movement is
one feature of a new art style of the day, Baroque
(buhrohk), or an art style emphasizing movement,
contrast, and variety. Its style was florid and
decorative, with dramatic poses and passionate
expressions.

In Italy the leader of the Baroque style was

a young painter named Michelangelo Merisi da
Caravaggio (kar-uh-vahj-yo). One of his key
contributions was the use of light in a daring new way. In this way, Caravaggio makes you
feel that you are a part of the drama.

Caravaggio’s style influenced the work of many Italian painters of the day. Among
them was a woman named Artemisia Gentileschi (ahr-tuh-meez-ee-uh jent-uhl-ess-kee).
Like Caravaggio, Gentileschi used light and shadow to add excitement to her paintings.

In Spain, not all Baroque paintings showed such tense, dramatic movement.
Movement of another sort is found in the works of Spanish painter Diego Velasquez
(dee-ay-goh vuh-las-kuhs).

8. Art of the 1700s

Just as events of the 1500s brought in the Baroque style, so events of the 1600s
brought its end. The most important of these was the crowning of one of the history’s most
colorful, pleasure-loving rulers. Because this king chose the sun as his emblem, he became
known as the Sun King.

EUROPE IN THE LATE 1600s

During the 1600s France emerged as Europe’s strongest
and wealthiest nation. Its capital, Paris, became the center of
art.
The force behind these changes was a powerful king
with very rich tastes. He was Louis XIV, who ruled France for
over 70 years. Louis’ tastes were to help chart the course Western art would follow over the
next 100 years.

King Louis XIV

9.1 PAINTING
Life for the king and his friends at Versailles was happy and carefree. This mood gave
rise to a new style of art in the early 1700s. This style, which has come to be called Rococo
(ruh-koh-koh), is an art style stressing free, graceful movement; a playful use of line; and
bright colors.
The first artist to create works in the Rococo style was a painter named Antoine
Watteau (an-twahn wah-toh). Watteau’s pictures show a make-believe world peopled by
untroubled members of France’s ruling class. Like the figures in Watteau’s other works, the
people in this one appear to have not a care in the world.

ROCOCO ART IN SPAIN

The Rococo style in painting was not limited to France. In

Spain the style was picked by a free-thinking artist named Francisco
Goya. In His early forties, Goya painted softly lighted portraits of
people from Spanish high society. A glimpse of the horrors and
suffering of war, however, changed all that.
In 1808 French troops attacked Spain. The bloody scenes Goya
witnessed prompted a series of etchings. An etching is an intaglio
print made by scratching an image onto a specially treated copper
plate. Goya’s view of war is stripped of brave warriors and glorious
victories. It is a shocking vision of death and destruction.
Rococo came after the French “rocaille”, meaning shell or rock
work. Most prominent in the decorative arts, it was characterised by s
and C shapes. It was first used in derogatory way, signifying frivolity.
French Etching

9. Neoclassic and Romantic Art

The late 1700s and early 1800s were stormy times in France.
Outraged by the shameless greed of wealthy ruling class, the
poor people rose up in revolt. This uprising, known as the
French Revolution, began with a bloody reign of terror.
Thousands lost their heads on the guillotine. The following 20
years, marked by war and struggle, were no less bitter. Finally,
the troubled French government was turned over to a popular
young general. His name was Napoleon Bonaparte
(nuh-pol-yuhn boh-nuh-part ).

Napoleon Bonaparte
NEOCLASSIC ART
Artists of the day believed these events were equal and
importance to the rise and fall of ancient Greece and Rome. They
even chose to show the events using an updated version of the
styles of ancient Greece and Rome. As a result, their work
became known as Neoclassic (nee-oh-klas-ik), meaning “new
classic”, an art style that borrowed from the early classical period
of ancient Greece and Rome.
One of the most successful of the Neoclassic artists was
Jacques Louis David (zhahk loo-ee dah-veed). Even though he
later took part in the revolt against the French King, David was
Louis XVI’s painter. It was the King who asked David to paint
what would become one of his most famous pictures. His use of
light adds drama to the picture.

10. ROMANTIC ART

As the 1800s wore on, people became weary of
the political unrest and fighting. They looked for
things that would take their minds off the upsetting
events around them. Some artists shared this same
desire. These artists were responsible for developing
a new style of art called Romanticism
(roh-mant-uh-siz-uhm). This is a style of art that
found its subjects in the world of the dramatic and
exotic. It is a style of art and literature that drew on
the imagination rather than rationalism

To French Romanticists, nothing stirred the imagination better than

far-off places and colorful, action-filled adventures. The two are combined
in the paintings of Eugene Delacroix (oo-zhen del-uh-kwah), a leader of
the romantic shool. Delacroix refuse to allow his taste for action to
interfere with his sense of design. He planned his painting so the viewer
would miss none of its exciting details.

In England, another artist who turned to his imagination for ideas

was the English painter Joseph M.W. Turner. Unlike other Romanticists, Turner expected his
viewers to use their imaginations as well. His glowing colors and blurred images allowed
viewers to interpret his pictures in their own eyes.

11. European Art- Late 1800s

Each age has its customs and fashions. One custom and common in
Paris and London during the 1800s was a yearly art show. The Salon
(suh-lahn), an annual exhibition of art, was a major social event. An
artist’s reputation often depended upon whether or not his or her
work was selected for showing at the Salon. In this lesson you will
read how the Salon led to the formation of an art movement, a
trend formed when a group of artist band together to create works
of a single style.
Realism is the style adopted by a group of artists in France who
chose to represent contemporary subjects in realistic ways.
 Trompe L’oeil is a French word for something that fools the eye. The technique was
used extensively in wall paintings from the 15th century to create imitation architectural
details.
Sample Trompe L’oeil
12. Impressionist Painting
In 1874 a group of discouraged young artists
decided to hold an exhibition of their own. They
found an empty studio in Paris. There they hung
pictures that had been rejected by the Salon. The
people who came to view the exhibition reacted in
different ways. Some were confused. Others
laughed. Still others were angry. On one point
most viewers agreed: the paintings looked more
like sketches than like finished art works. One
angry critic, after viewing a painting titled
Impression: Sunrise, referred to all the paintings
as “impressionistic.” The name stuck and
continued to be used to identify paintings done in this new style. It came from a French
word En Plein Air which is a method of painting a scene directly onto the canvas in the open
air and strongly associated with the impressionists.
This style, Impressionism, is a style that attempted to capture the rapidly changing
effects of light on objects. Members of the Impressionist movement left their studios to
paint outdoors. They looked at life around them and found subjects everywhere they looked.
They painted landscapes and street scenes; they even set up their easels in cafes.

13.1 Claude Monet

The painting that gave Impressionism its name was
the work of one of the movement’s founders, Claude Monet
(klohd moh-nay). Each stroke of paint is a little different
from the next hue, value, and intensity. Monet knows the
yellows and blues he is using will play against each other in
viewer’s eyes. They will give the painting a sparkle and
brilliance to match that of the sun.

13.2 Auguste Renoir

One of the most productive of the Impressionists
was a man named Pierre Auguste Renoir (pee-her oh-goost
ren-warhr). Another of the movement’s founders, Renoir’s painted
right up to the day he died.
An area of painting Renoir explored using the Impressionist
styles were portraits. He was especially attracted to the eyes of his
subject and often made these focus of attention. The eyes, you will
notice, are painted in sharp focus. The rest of the figure, meanwhile,
is blurred. Renoir knew that when we look at a person or object, not
all parts appear in focus at once. Only the part where our eyes rest at
a given moment is seen sharply. Everything else appear fuzzy and
slightly out of focus.

13.3 The Art of the Post-Impressionists

 Have you ever created something that pleased you at first but didn’t seem right
later? This was the case with several artists working toward the close of 1800s. These
artists worked as impressionist but came to feel that there were problems with this style.
The more they studied their art, the more dissatisfied they became. Art, they believed,
should do more than just show the changing effects of light on objects. Post
–Impressionism is the name given to an art movement that appeared after the
Impressionist movement. The word post means “after”.
In this lesson you will learn about the key artist of the Post-Impressionist movement.
You will also look at the important contributions they made to the history of art.

Self portrait of Vincent Van Gogh

13.4 Post-Impressionist Art

While the Post-Impressionist agreed that there were problems with Impressionism,
their solutions to these problems differed. Some argued that art should be more carefully
designed “that composition should not be forgotten. Others claimed feelings and emotion
should be emphasized” that content deserved its rightful place. Still others championed
design and mood, both composition and content, as important features.

13.5 Composition
One of the Post-Impressionists was also, interestingly, an original member of the
Impressionist movement. This artist’s name was Paul Cézanne (say-zan). Cézanne objected
to the loss of composition arising from the Impressionist blurring of shapes. His solution was
use to patches of color. These he joined together like pieces of a puzzle to create
solid-looking forms.

13. American Painting in the Late 1800s

The 1800s was a period of great change and growth in the United States. The
country grew in size as pioneer and the railroad pushed westward. It grew in wealth as
trade and industry boomed. By the end of the century. America had taken its place as a
world power. It had also emerged as a force to be reckoned with in the world of art. In this
lesson you will read about the artists who helped put America on the map.

AMERICAN REALIST ART

During the 1800s many American artists journeyed to the centers of Europe to study.
Some were greatly influenced by the art styles they encountered. Others were mainly
unaffected by European art movements. They came home to develop styles that were
unmistakably American. One of these was an artist named Thomas Eakins (ay-kuhnz).
Eakins, who painted only what he saw, is held to be one of American’s realists.
Realism was a movement that had its start in France in the mid-1800s. Realism is a style of
art in which everyday scenes and events are painted as they actually look. Eakins, for
example, stubbornly refused to show his subjects in a flattering light. As a result, he was
scorned throughout his life time.
Another artist who, like Eakins, painted exactly what he saw was Winslow Homer.
Unlike Eakins, homer painted pictures that often told stories, usually in the midst of some
outdoor activity, such as hunting, fishing, or sailing.
Late in the 1800s, homer set up a studio on the rocky stretch of the marine coast.
There he painted scenes of the sea . At first his pictures were action filled struggles between
nature and seafaring people. As time went on the people in his works shrank in importance.
His paintings began to focus instead on the power of the sea in its many moods. How would
you describe the mood of the sea in this painting? What element and principles of art help
communicate this mood?

14. Art of the Early Twentieth Century in Europe

Every age, it has been said, learns from and builds on the one before it. The truth of
these words is clear from developments in art in the early 1900s. Several new styles came
along, each borrowing in a different way from Post-Impressionism. These styles, which
stunned the art world, continue to affect art through the present day. In this lesson, you will
learn about the pioneers behind these innovative ways of making art.

Fauvism
In 1905 a showing by a group of French artists started the art community buzzing.
The most striking features of the works in the show was their raw, sizzling colors. No effort
had been made to paint realistic pictures. The artist’s goal was to express their feelings
through sharply contrasting colors and heavy outlines. One angry critic wrote that the
paintings looked as though they had been done by fauves (fohvs). This term, which is
French for “wild beasts,” gave the movement its name: Fauvism (fohv-iz-uhm). Fauvism is
an art movement in which artists used wild, intense color combinations in their paintings.
The leader of the Fauves was a law student who chose to become an artist. His name
was Henri Matisse (ahnh-ree mah-tees). For his paintings, Matisse chose colors that
communicated a joyous or happy mood. He then combined them to create rich, decorative
patterns. To understand the importance of color in Matisse’s works, try to imagine The Red
Studio in black and white. In what way would the painting be different? How would its mood
change?

Expressionism
Matisse and the Fauves wanted to show feelings in their art. In Germany the same
goal was shared by another group of artists, who developed a movement known as
Expressionism. Artists using expressionism worked in a style that emphasized the
expression of innermost feelings. They ignored the contemporary rules of art. They had the
strength to experiment with, to exaggerate, and in other ways to change, the proportions of
figures and objects.

Painting
An early leader of the Expressionist movement was an artist named Ernst Ludwig
Kirchner. Kirchner’s inner view of the street scene in Berlin shows brilliant, clashing colors
and sharp, twisted shapes. The people in Kirchner’s world are crammed together in a small
pace. Yet they manage not to notice one another.

Printmaking
The power of expressionism can also be seen in the prints and drawings of Kathe
Kollwitz. At a time when most artists were exploring color, Kollwitz created works mainly in
black and white.
Cubism
Paul Cezanne, you will remember, was interested in showing objects as soild-looking
forms. A guiding idea behind cubism was Cezanne’s notion that all forms in nature are made
up of three shapes. Those three are the sphere, cone, and cylinder. This idea led to the
development of Cubism, a style in which objects are shown from several different angles at
once.

European Art Today

The Impressionists went outdoors to find ideas. The Expressionists looked to their
own hearts. The second decade of the twentieth century found artists exploring still another
source for art ideas. That was the inner workings of mind.

FANTASY ART
Imagine yourself a visitor at a showing of new art. Suddenly your eye falls upon a
work that is at once familiar and shocking. It is familiar because it is a photograph of the
Mona Lisa. It is shocking because someone has drawn a mustache on Leonardo da Vinci’s
world-famous portrait.
It was this very experience that outraged members of Europe’s art community in
1916. The artist behind the work was a one-time Cubist named Marcel Duchamp (mar-sel
doo-shahnh). The movement he belonged to Dada (dahd-ah) was founded on the belief that
Western culture had lost its meaning. For Dadaists (dahd-uah-ists), the beauty of art was in
the mind, not the eye, of the beholder. Art, in other words, did not have to be beautiful or
express important ideas. Usually the point was driven home, as in Duchamp’s photograph,
by poking fun at art of the past.

Dadaism
Was founded as an anarchistic reaction to avant-garde
idealism and the horror of war. The title itself is a made-up word
with no meaning. Dada became a loose group of anti-art artists
and writers.

Surrealism
Although Dada lasted only six years, it paved the way for
other art explorations of the mind. The most important of these
was Surrealism (suh-ree-uh-liz-uhm). This movement proved the
unconscious world of dreams for ideas, and was touched off by the works of a Greek-born
Italian artist named Giorgio de Chirico (jor-joh duh
kir-ih-koh). Like the artists who followed him, de Chirico
created mysterious, nightmarish landscapes where time
had no meaning. Notice the two small figures seen as
silhouettes at the center of the work. Their importance
seems to shrink before the huge tower looming behind
them. In the stillness a sudden breeze begins whipping at
some flags atop the tower. Who are these people? What is
the meaning of the tower and the flags? Like a dream, the
painting raises many unanswerable questions. Attempts to
answer these questions only add to the feeling that the viewers are experiencing a
nightmare from which they cannot awaken.
By the end of the 1920s the Surrealist movement had spread to many countries. One
artist who seemed comfortable with the movement was the Spanish painter Joan Miro
(zhoo-ahn mee-roh). Miro created fantasy worlds that were free not only of rhyme and
reason but also of realism. He brings the viewer face-to-face with a scene depicting strange,
imaginary creatures. See how the subjects whirl and twist in a playful ballet.

Expressionism
The first new form of expression was a bold style that was influenced by several past
styles. Its name is Abstract Expressionism. In this art style, paint was dribbled, spilled,
or splashed onto huge canvases to express painting as an action. Abstract Expressionist
artists rejected the use of subject matter in their work. They dripped, spilled, and splashed
rich colors on canvas to create their paintings. The act of painting was so tied to their work
that the Abstract Expressionists became labeled “action painters.”
One of the first members of the Abstract Expressionists movement was an
Armenian-born artist named Arshile Gorky (ar-shuhl gor-kee). Gorky’s early works show
strong traces of Surrealism. By the mid-1940s, however, he was showing real objects as
doodle like lines and shapes in his paintings.. To appreciate such works demands that
viewers open themselves to the artist’s one-of-a-kind blending of colors, shapes, and lines.
The Elements of Art

Art is a powerful language. Through it, artists communicate thoughts,

ideas ad feelings. Like most languages, the language of arts has its own special
vocabulary. Unlike other vocabularies, however, the vocabulary of art is not
made of words. Rather, it is made up of visual elements. The visual elements
include color, line, shape, form, space, and texture.

COLOR
Have you ever noticed it is harder to see colors when the light is dim? Color relies on
light. In fact, color is what the eyes see when light is reflected off an object. Color has three
properties or traits. These are:
● Hue. Hue is the name of a color, such as red, blue, or yellow. Hues are arranged in a
circular format on a color wheel. Red, yellow and blue are the primary hues. They are
equally spaced on the color wheel.
● Value. Value is the lightness or darkness of a hue. The value of a hue can be changed
by adding white or black.
● Intensity. Intensity is the brightness or dullness of a hue. Pure hues are high
intensity colors.

Colors can be combined to produce many interesting and striking results. Artists make use
of different types of color schemes to create different effects. Following are some of the color
schemes that trained artists use:

● Monochromatic (mahn-uh-kroh-mat-ik) color scheme. This scheme uses different

values of a single hue. For example, dark green, medium green, and light green make
a monochromatic scheme.
● Analogous (uh-nal-uh-gus) color scheme. This scheme uses colors that are side by
side on the color wheel and share a hue.
● Warm or cool color scheme. Warm color schemes—with red, yellow and orange
colors—remind us of the sun and warmth. Artists use blue, green, and violet--- cool
color schemes—to make us think of cool items such as ice or grass.

LINE
An element of art that can be used to send different message to viewers is a line. Line
is defined as the path of a moving point through space. You can draw lines on paper or scratch
a line in wet clay with a tool. Lines can be seen in your environment, such as the web of a
spider or the railing on a stair.

There are five main kinds of lines:

● Horizontal lines, which run parallel to the ground, appear to be at rest.
 ● Vertical lines—lines that run up and down—seem to show dignity, formality, and
strength.
● Diagonal, or slanting, lines signal action and excitement.
● Zigzag lines, which are made from combined diagonal lines, can create feeling of
confusion or suggest action.
● Curved lines express movement in a graceful, flowing way.
In art, line quality and line variation influence the viewer’s reaction to a work of art.
Line quality is the unique character of the line. It can be affected by the tool or medium used
to produce the mark or by the particular motion of the artist’s hand. Line variation describes
the thickness or thinness, lightness or darkness of a line.

SHAPE AND FORM

Every object- a cloud, a house, a pebble-has a shape. Shape is an element of art that
refers to an area clearly set off by one or more of the other elements of art. Shapes are limited
to two dimensions- length and width.

All shapes belong to one of two classes:

● Geometric (jee-uh-meh-trik). Geometric
shapes
look as though they were made with a ruler or
drawing tool. The square, the circle, the
triangle,
the rectangle, and the oval are the five basic
geometric shapes. Look at the painting in
Figure
1-3. Can you find any geometric shapes?
● Organic. Also called free-form, organic shapes
are
not regular or even. Their outlines may be curved or
angular, or they may be combination of both, to
make free-form shapes. Organic shapes, such as
clouds and pebbles are usually found in nature.
Like shapes, forms have length and width. Forms also
have a third dimension, depth. Form is an element of art that refers to an object with three
dimensions. With the forms found in works of art, such as sculpture and architecture, you can
actually experience the three dimensions by walking around or into the works.

SPACE
All objects take up space. Space is an element of art that refers to the distance
between, around, above, below, and within things. In both two-and three-dimensional works
of art, the shapes or forms are called the positive area. The empty spaces between the shapes
are called negative spaces. The relationship between the positive and negative space will
affect how the art work is interpreted.

TEXTURE
Run your fingers over the top of your desk or work table. You are feeling the surface’s
texture. Texture is an element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as though they
might feel it touched.
The Principles of Art

If you want to use a language, knowing

the vocabulary is not enough. You must
also know how the words go together. You
must also know the rules of grammar for
that language. The same is true of art.
Instead of rules
of grammar, the language of art has art
principles. These
principles, or guidelines, govern how artists organize the
visual elements to create a work of art.
The principles of art include balance, variety,
harmony, emphasis, proportion, movement and rhythm.

BALANCE
If you have ever carried a stack of dishes or books, you know the importance of
balance. In art, balance is also important. Balance is a principle of art concerned with
arranging elements so no one part of a work overpowers, or seems heavier than, any other
part. In art, balance is seen or felt by the viewer.
In works of art, three kinds of balance are possible. They are formal balance, informal
balance, and radial balance. In works of art with formal, or symmetrical (suh-meh-trih-kuhl),
balance the two halves are mirror images. In works, with informal, or asymmetrical (ay-suh-
meh-trih-kuhl, balance two unlike elements seem to carry equal weight. For example, a small
shape painted bright red will balance several larger items painted in duller reds.

VARIETY
The same routine day after day can become dull. The same color or shape repeated
over and over in an art work can become equally dull. To avoid dullness, artists used the
principle of variety in their works. Variety is a principle of art concerned with combining one
or more elements to create interest by adding slight changes. By giving a work variety, the
artist heightens the visual appeal of the work.

HARMONY
If two little variety can become boring, too much variety can create chaos. Artists avoid
chaos in their works by using the principle of harmony. Harmony is a principle of art
concerned with blending elements to create a more calm, restful appearance.

EMPHASIS
To attract a viewer’s attention to important part of a work, artist use the principles of
emphasis. Emphasis is making an element in a work stand out. Emphasis can be created by
contrast or by extreme change in an element.

PROPORTION
Have you ever tasted the food that was so salty you couldn’t eat it? The problem is
one of proportion. Proportion is the principles of art concern with the relationship of one
part to another and to the whole. The principle proportion is not limited to size. Elements
such as color can be use in different proportion to create emphasis.
MOVEMENT
You may not realize it, but when you look at the work of art your eye moves from part
to part. Artist use the principles of movement to lead the viewers eye’s throughout the work.
Movement is the principles of art are used to create the look and feeling of action and to
guide a viewer’s eye throughout the work of art.

RHYTHM
Often artist seek to make their works seems active. When they do, they call upon the
principles of rhythm. Rhythm is the principles of art with repeating an element to make work
seem active or the suggest vibration. Sometimes to create rhythm, an artist will repeat not
just element but also the same exact object over and over. When this is done a pattern is
formed.

UNITY
When you look at works of art, it may be difficult to determine when one parts end
and other begins. Instead, the piece of art works together as a whole. It has
unity. Unity is the arrangement of element and principles with media to
create a feeling of completeness or wholeness. You will sense this unity as
you look at works of art in which artist use the elements and principles with
skill, imagination, and sensitivity.

Timeline of the Arts

 Prehistoric

Paleolithic and Neolithic

Ancient Greece/ Rome

Middle Age

1050-1150 Romanesque

1150-1400 Gothic (Limbourg Brothers, Pisanello, Bellini, Giotto)

1400-1475 Early Renaissance (Massacio, Boticelli)

1475-1525 High Renaissance (Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Corregio)

1525-1575 Mannerism (Pieter Bruegel, Caravaggio)

1575-1725 Baroque (El Greco, Rembrandt)

1725-1750 Rococo (Canaletto)

1800’s

1775-1825 Neo-Classicism (William Blake)

1828 Romanticism (De Goya)

1850 Realism (Eugene Delacroix)

1900’s

1875-1900 Impressionism (Van Gogh, Renoir)

1925 Cubism “Fauvism, Expressionism, Futurism” (Picasso) 1950

Abstract “Dadaism, Surrealism, Symbolism” 1975 Minimalism

Nature of Art

Art is Everywhere, the buildings, the landscapes, cars, clothes and many more. All of
that is art in some way. As long as man lives, any product of his intelligent is always
considered art form. The statement “art is everywhere” is true. From the simplest to the
most complicated things that surround us, there is some element of art that is present.

Expression, emotional or aesthetic responses to art have previously been viewed as

basic stimulus response. The real art work is not the material object but an original emotion
experienced by the artist which the work serves to communicate to its audience. The
audience successfully experience the work when they recover the artist’s original experience
in their own imagination. Sad music does not so much make us really sad as it enables us to
experience the original sadness as experienced by the artist. If the art works exists as the
artist’s original emotion it will be successful, if it allows me direct access to this emotion.

Creation, art is man-made which means it is a creation. Nature is not art, but an
artist can duplicate or create the replica of the environment, making nature or everything as
just merely an imitation of life.

Experience. Immanuel Kant’s theory on the Deduction on Beuty, is an attempt to shift

the understandings of what is important and characteristic about the art process from its
physical manifestations in the ‘expressive object’ to the process in its entirety, a process
whose fundamental element is no longer the material ‘work of art’ but rather the
development of an ‘experience’. An experience is something that personally affects your life.

Art throughout the ages has served as a catalyst for action and served as a coping
mechanism by which colonized Filipinos poured out their frustrations.

Subjects of Art

In art, the subject is important in each form. It could be representational or objective

by means of Realism, Abstraction or Distortion. The subject is not the only attribute of art,
but it is the fundamental one, it is the end to which all the others are the means. The subject
of an art work expresses a view of man’s existence, while the style expresses a view of man’s
consciousness.

Subject as Realistic, anything which seen and

represented on its original form is always realistic. Realism
depicts the world, its events, and people as they really are.
There is no personification of people as mythological beings,
no one is glorified, romanticizing anyone or anything is out.
Realism is a social commentary on the world in which we
live. Artists took the common and ordinary, and elevated
them to a higher status. The focus of Realism is on the
common man.
Abstraction in art is common definition of "abstract art" is "not realistic." Yet many
artists who call their work abstract, actually do have a subject
in mind when they pain t. They take a figure or landscape and
simplify it, exaggerate it, or stylize it in some way. They are
not trying to imitate nature, but to use nature as a starting off
point. Color, line, and form are more important to them than
the details of the actual subject matter. They want to give a
sense or feel for the subject rather than an exact replication.
 Art as distorted is a notion that the subject is in
misshaped condition. Art functions on so many levels and the human figure has always
provoked the greatest response, positive and negative. Some art is always a challenge and
the best deserves more than a glancing look. An element of mystery, the terror in one's soul,
the unanswered question only provides more reason to look longer

Identifying other Subjects of Art

Subjects could be: Landscapes, Still Lifes, Animals, Portrait, Figures, Everday Life,
History/ Legend, Religion/ Myth, Dreams/ Fantasies.

The Figures such as nude does not simply represent the body,
but relates it by analogy to all structures that have become part of
man’s imaginative experience. Representing the human body has been
central to art for millennia. The distinction between naked and nude is
that the former is the state of being unclothed, whereas in the latter,
the human body is displayed for the pleasure of the typically male
viewer.

The portrait is perhaps the genre that most closely signifies social and cultural values.
A portrait is the visual expression of a patron’s self-perception or aspirations within the
society in which he or she lives. Portrait is the medium used by the elites to preserve their
looks. The rise of merchant classes, portraits became a popular way of expressing wealth,
status and piety.

The religious art serves a framework based on theology. It

may operate on many levels, but its role is determined by religious
doctrine. Over time, original functions may become obscured, but
the place occupied by art within religious dogma can never be
taken for granted. Periods of iconoclasm, demonstrate its
centrality to religion. Christian art has a long history in which its
function has been periodically questioned by church leaders.
 Myths are narratives that reinforce a society’s cultural
values. Mythical and allegorical subjects alluded to a wide
range of
values, good and bad, designed to encourage virtous
behaviour. Mythical characters provided allegories for
contemporary
human interests, such as love, virtue and moral values.

Historical painting was the highest in the hierarchy of genres. In painting could include
contemporary events, often wars or battles; critical moments in time. Paintings of historical
events provided patrons with the means to represent their achievements and status for their
own ends.

Still Life was the lowest-rated genre of the academy, it can represent domestic
interiors with casually or formally arranged objects, often on a table. For example, a dying
flower might allude to the transcience of life, or an oyster, to fertility. Still life painting is also
concerned with the representation of “reality.”
 Landscape reflects our relationship with the land, nature and place. In a landscape
painting we see a constructed view which carries a deeper narrative or significance. All
landscapes are created by humans, whether through the invention of an ideal pastoral scene
or the framing of a vista.

Everyday life is depicted in domestic settings or out amongst the community, at

markets or festivals. Debates on the mechanisms used to paint “realistic” genre scenes
revolve around whether artists used the camera obscura to capture precise details of
perspective.
Functions of Art

Art function for Personal, social, and Physical needs.

The personal functions of art may vary from person to person. An artist may create
out of a need for self-expression, or gratification. S/he might have wanted to communicate a
thought or point to the viewer. Perhaps the artist was trying to provide an aesthetic
experience, both for self and viewers. A piece might have been meant to "merely" entertain
others. Sometimes a piece isn't meant to have any meaning at all.

Art has social functions when it addresses aspects of (collective) life, as opposed to
one person's point of view or experience. Art that depicts social conditions performs social
functions. Social functions of art are those that go beyond personal intrinsic value to art's
social benefits. Individuals and their society are dynamically related. Art communicates. Most
often it is constructed with the intention of sharing responses to and opinions about life with
others. Art enriches, informs, and questions our world. When highly valued it can be both a
social and financial asset. Art can have powerful transformative and restorative effects within
a society as well.

The physical functions of art are most easily dealt with. Works of art that are created
to perform some service have physical functions. Architecture, any of the crafts and industrial
design are all types of art that have physical functions.
Art Criticism and Aesthetics

You have heard the saying “Don’t judge a book by its cover.” What this saying means
is that to judge something fairly, you need to have all the facts. It is not enough to look at
the surface of the object. You need to dig beneath the surface-to understand as much as you
can about the object.
In this lesson you will learn ways of looking at art that will help increase your
understanding and appreciation of it.

ART CRITICISM
Have you ever looked at a work of art and wondered if there was more to the painting
than you understand? Works of art are sometimes like mysteries. Solving art mysteries is one

of the jobs of people in the field called art criticism. Art criticism is studying, understanding,
and judging works of art.
In carrying out their work, art critics often use a four-step system. The four steps are
describing, analyzing, interpreting, and judging.

Describing an Art Work

In describing an art work, the critic notes certain key facts. These includes the
following :
• The size of the work, the medium, and the process used. The credit line gives the
viewer information about the size of the work and the medium used. It also list the
process, such as serigraph or woodcut.
• The subject, object and details. The subject is the image viewers can easily identify
in an art work. The subject answer the question “what do I see when I look at this
work?”.
• The elements used in the work. Line and color are two of the elements of art that
play an important part in this work.
Notice that while every work of art uses elements, not all have subjects.. Because such
works are not “about” something, some viewer are uncertain how to describe them. These
viewers should learn to focus attention on the elements of art. This is what the critic – or
anyone else - will see in this work. This is called describing the formal aspects of the work.
Analyzing an Artwork
In analyzing an artwork,the critic focuses on the works composition.Composition is the way
the art principle are used to organize the art elements of color,line,shape,form,space and
texture. Find the long loaf of bread in the lower left and the chair in the lower right. Notice
how the diagonal lines of these and other objects lead your eye to the center of the picture.
There you find a small child grinning and looking out at you. The child is one of the most
important figures in the work.

Interpreting an Artwork
In interpreting an artwork the critic focuses on the work's content. This is the message, idea
or feeling expressed by artwork. Each art critic may interpret an artwork differently,
according to individual feelings. Your interpretation of an artwork will be based on your
opinion and experiences.

Judging an Artwork
In judging an artwork, the critic tells whether the work succeeds. He or she answers
the question “Is this a successful work of art?”
How exactly, the critic answers this question depends on his or her particular
aesthetic (ess-thet-ik) view. An aesthetic view is an idea, or school of thought, on what is
important in a work of art. Such views help critics better understand and explain the
meaning of art to others.

AESTHETICS AND ART

Through the ages, scholars have put forth many different aesthetic views. The following
are three common ones:
• The subject view. In this aesthetic view, a successful work of art is one with a lifelike
subject.
• The composition view. In this view, what is most important in an artwork is its
composition critics taking this view would praise the artist’s use of the elements and
principles of art to create a visually pleasing design.
• The content view. In this view, what counts most is the content, or the mood or
feeling, an art work communicates. Keep in mind that few critics limit themselves to a
single aesthetic view.
Multiple Choice. Encircle your best answer.

(Sestona, Sienna) B 1. Emotional or aesthetic responses to art have previously been viewed as basic
stimulus response.

a. Creation b. Expression c. Art d. none of the choices

(Fajardo, Julie Ann M.) A 2. It is a social commentary on the world in which we live.

a. Realism b. Expressionism c. Cubism d. none of the choices

(Robinson, Danica Mae) D 3. Some _____ is always a challenge and the best deserves more than a
glancing look.

a. Abstract b. Realistic c. Distorted d. none of the choices

(Ganate, Shane Denise) D 4. Which of the following is not element of art?

a. Creation b. Experience c. Expression d. Myths

(Hechanova, Marco A.) C 5. The audience successfully experiences the work when they recover the
artist’s original experience in their own imagination.

a. Creation b. Experience c. Expression d. Distorted

(Hechanova, Marco A.) A. 6. It deals with the objects that are usually seen inside a house, often
arranged on a table.

a. Still b. Everyday life life c. Myth d. Portrait

(Hechanova, Marco A.) B 7. It was used by the elites back then as a medium to preserve their looks
visually.

a. Historical b. Portrait c. Everyday Life d. still life

(Sestona Sienna) D 8. It often includes such characters mythical gods, creatures and etc.

a. Religious b. Historical c. Portrait d. Myth

(Ruado, Almeda) A 9. Uses human as a subject but usually unclothed.

a. Naked b. Portrait c. Nude d. Still life

(Arañez, Bobby James) C 10. Uses the land, nature and place as its subject for his art.

a. Portrait b. still life c. Landscape d. History

Enumeration.

A. Give the three basic motives for clothing ourselves.

• (Clamonte, Manolo Jr.) modesty

• (Clamonte, Manolo Jr.) adornment

 • (Lozares, Gyle Andrei) Protection/utility

“The three basic motives for clothing ourselves are for protection, for modesty and for decoration.”

B. Give the four pleasures of art's visual impact or its aesthetic qualities.

Art can be appreciated in many different ways. The pleasure of art’s visual impact or its aesthetic
qualities can begin an exploration into:

(Fajardo, Julie Ann M.) 1. Style and technique

(Robinson, Danica Mae) 2. Subject matter or hidden meaning

(Fajardo, Julie Ann M.) 3. Cultural significance

(Robinson, Danica Mae) 4. Artistic appeal

C. Give the four characters that the artist should hold.

• (Arañez, Bobby James) Passion

• (Arañez, Bobby James) Creativity

• (Lozares, Gyle Andrei) Risk-taking

• (Ruado, Almeda) Ability to perceive and interact with the world in a unique way

Most literary scholars believe that a beautiful artwork connotes a pleasant character, similar to a
beautiful person should have a good character. The artist and his art:

(Ganate, Shane Denise) Humility

(Lozares, Gyle Andrei) Respect

(Ganate, Shane Denise) Intelligence

(Ruado, Almeda) Identity

True or False. Write T if the statement is correct and F is the statement is
incorrect. Write your answer on the space before each sentence.

Calantas, Kent
1. T Art throughout the ages has served as a catalyst for action and served as a
coping mechanism by which colonized Filipinos poured out their frustrations.
Abrique, Ian
2. F Expression, art is man-made which means it is a creation.
Lara, Angelika
3. T Nature is not art.
Salariosa, Jeremiah
4. T The focus of realism is on the common man.
Alvarado, Lester
5. F The subject of an art work expresses a view of audience’s existence.
Torralba, Altea
6. T Personal function of art may vary from person to person.
Garcia, Lenard
7. T Pieces seen in an art always meant to have meaning.
Datuon, Nathaniel
8. F Art is said to function for social if it tackles about aspects about greatest
individuals ever lived.
Rivera, Karl
9. T An art that is created to perform service falls under the physical function of art.
Florendo, Noel
10. T When artist makes his/her craft they always try to provide aesthetic experience for
the sake of the viewer.

Identification. Write your answer on the space before each number.

Florendo, Noel
Aesthetics 1. It is the study of beauty and taste, whether in the form of the comic, the
tragic, or sublime.
Immanuel Kant 2. Who was the German philosopher who saw aesthetics as a unitary
and self sufficient type of human experience?
Rivera, Karl
Experience 3. It is clearer to state that all arts involve.
Humble 4. It is a character that the artist should possess which is being confident in his
product and his ability to execute while questioning assumptions he has created.
Datuon, Nathaniel
Identity 5. It is the ability to stand out among the other artists.
Culture 6. It is a way of life being reshaped to why, way and tools of humans.
Abrique, Ian
Sining 7. It was derived from a Balinese word "pensar" meaning to think.
Garcia, Lenard
Erwin Panofsky 8. An art historian who proposed a three stage approach or trichotomy to
analyze art.
Torralba, Altea
Humanities 9. These are the stories, the ideas; the words that help us make sense of
men's lives and world.
Jurisprudence 10. It examines the values and principles which inform
our laws.
Alvarado, Lester
Distorted 11. It is a notion that the subject is in misshaped condition.
Abstract 12. Art is common definition is “not realistic”.
Calantas, Kent
Art 13. It is everywhere, the buildings, the landscapes, cars, clothes and many more.
Salariosa, Jeremiah
Experience 14. It is something that personally affects your life.
Lara, Angelika
Subject 15. It is the important in each form of art.
Multiple Choice. Encircle your best answer.

(Sestona, Sienna) B 1. Emotional or aesthetic responses to art have previously been viewed as basic
stimulus response.

a. Creation b. Expression c. Art d. none of the choices

(Fajardo, Julie Ann M.) A 2. It is a social commentary on the world in which we live.

a. Realism b. Expressionism c. Cubism d. none of the choices

(Robinson, Danica Mae) D 3. Some _____ is always a challenge and the best deserves more than a
glancing look.

a. Abstract b. Realistic c. Distorted d. none of the choices

(Ganate, Shane Denise) D 4. Which of the following is not element of art?

a. Creation b. Experience c. Expression d. Myths

(Hechanova, Marco A.) C 5. The audience successfully experiences the work when they recover the
artist’s original experience in their own imagination.

a. Creation b. Experience c. Expression d. Distorted

(Hechanova, Marco A.) A. 6. It deals with the objects that are usually seen inside a house, often
arranged on a table.

a. Still b. Everyday life life c. Myth d. Portrait

(Hechanova, Marco A.) B 7. It was used by the elites back then as a medium to preserve their looks
visually.

a. Historical b. Portrait c. Everyday Life d. still life

(Sestona Sienna) D 8. It often includes such characters mythical gods, creatures and etc.

a. Religious b. Historical c. Portrait d. Myth

(Ruado, Almeda) A 9. Uses human as a subject but usually unclothed.

a. Naked b. Portrait c. Nude d. Still life

(Arañez, Bobby James) C 10. Uses the land, nature and place as its subject for his art.

a. Portrait b. still life c. Landscape d. History

Enumeration.

A. Give the three basic motives for clothing ourselves.

• (Clamonte, Manolo Jr.) modesty

• (Clamonte, Manolo Jr.) adornment

 • (Lozares, Gyle Andrei) Protection/utility

“The three basic motives for clothing ourselves are for protection, for modesty and for decoration.”

B. Give the four pleasures of art's visual impact or its aesthetic qualities.

Art can be appreciated in many different ways. The pleasure of art’s visual impact or its aesthetic
qualities can begin an exploration into:

(Fajardo, Julie Ann M.) 1. Style and technique

(Robinson, Danica Mae) 2. Subject matter or hidden meaning

(Fajardo, Julie Ann M.) 3. Cultural significance

(Robinson, Danica Mae) 4. Artistic appeal

C. Give the four characters that the artist should hold.

• (Arañez, Bobby James) Passion

• (Arañez, Bobby James) Creativity

• (Lozares, Gyle Andrei) Risk-taking

• (Ruado, Almeda) Ability to perceive and interact with the world in a unique way

Most literary scholars believe that a beautiful artwork connotes a pleasant character, similar to a
beautiful person should have a good character. The artist and his art:

(Ganate, Shane Denise) Humility

(Lozares, Gyle Andrei) Respect

(Ganate, Shane Denise) Intelligence

(Ruado, Almeda) Identity

 I. Multiple Choice. Choose your best answer from the words given below. Write your
answer on the space after each sentence.

Greece France Parthenon Frieze Old Stone Age City states unity painters Sulpture
and crafts New Stone Age Athens Acropolis Megaliths Phidias Romans Animal teeth
vase stone England Athena

1. It also known as the paleolithic period and lasted from around 30,000 until 10,000 B.C. Old
Stone Age .
2. Many of the Old Stone Age artworks that have lasted into recent times are paintings.
Paintings were discovered on the wall of cave in France .
3. Old Stone Age artists were skilled not only at painting, but equally talented at Sculpture and
crafts.
4. From what material does necklace found in an ancient grave was made? Animal teeth .
5. What other media except ivory and bone does early sculptors and crafts people were using
during Old Stone Age? Stone .
6. It was made about 6,000 B.C. Note the potter's use of formal balance in this piece. Vase .
7. Geometric design and balance combine to give the work a sense of unity .
8. It also known as Neolithic period. New Stone Age .
9. Large stone monuments. Megaliths .
10. The most famous of large stone monuments is Stonehenge found in England .
11. It was the birthplace of western civilization. Greece .
12. Greece never became a nation. Instead, the tribes that formed it remained small
separately ruled powers called city-states .
13. It was one of the largest and most powerful of the city-states. Athens .
14. It was a temple built in honor of the Greek goddess. Parthenon .
15. A statue of a goddess created for the Parthenon made of gold and ivory and was built
in honor to Athena .
16. Temples on a sacred hill. It means "high-city". Acropolis .
17. It is a decorative band running across the upper part of a wall. Frieze .
18. He was among the greatest of all Greek sculptors. One of his most famous works was
a magnificent statue of the goddess Athena. Phidias .
19. Like the sculptors, the painters sought to make their picture as realistic as possible.
20. It made Greece helpless against attack from outside forces. In 197 B.C., Greece fell to
the Romans.

Abad, Jeart 1&2 Dela Torre, Romer 11 & 12

Baraquiel, Red 3&4 Fabul, Ace 13 & 14
Bumanlag, Patrick Eomer 5&6 Marzan, Ronn Miles 15 & 16

Canaria, Erick Jay 7&8 Tolentino, Lhiam 17 & 18

Cristobal, Alexis 9 & 10 Sibal, Andrei Christian 19 & 20
Team: The Irregulars
Identification. Write your answer on the space before each number.

Aesthetics1. It is the study of beauty and taste, whether in the form of the comic, the
tragic, or sublime.
Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten 2. Who was the German philosopher who saw
aesthetics as a unitary and self-sufficient type of human experience?
Creativity and Expression 3. It is clearer to state that all arts involve.
Humility 4. It is a character that the artist should possess which is being confident in
his product and his ability to execute while questioning assumptions he has created.
Uniqueness 5. It is the ability to stand out among the other artists.
Technology 6. It is a way of life being reshaped to why, way and tools of humans.
Art 7. It was derived from a Balinese word "pensar" meaning to think.
Erwin Panofsky8. An art historian who proposed a three stage approach or trichotomy to
analyze art.
Humanities 9. These are the stories, the ideas; the words that help us make sense of
men's lives and world.
Jurisprudence10. It examines the values and principles which inform our
laws. Distortion 11. It is a notion that the subject is in a misshaped
condition.
Abstract12. Art's common definition is “not realistic”.
Design 13. It is everywhere, the buildings, the landscapes, cars, clothes and many more.
Personality 14. It is something that personally affects your life.
Form 15. It is important in each form of art.

Identification: Write your answers on the blank space in each sentence.

1. What are the primary colors?

Red, yellow, blue

2. What are the secondary colors?

Green, Violet, Orange

3. This is the oldest medium in painting and has a lasting color.

Tempera

4. A waterbased medium in painting and mostly used for commercial buildings and wide spaces.
LATEX AND ACRYLIC

5. Egg yolk and water are the main ingredients of this medium. It has a cartoonish effect in its
subject. EGG TEMPERA

6. Application of colored pigments to a flat surface. Painting

 7. It has a cartoonish effect on its subject and in the entire canvas. TEMPERA PAINTING

8. The basic tool for drawing and sketching. _Pencil________

9. He uses backlighting effect in most of his works during the American

occupation. __Fernando Amorsolo__

10 . He brought western painting methods to the Philippines and was a former governor general
in the country. _Diego Silang__________

Mendiola, Joepear D. Lapasa, Paul Henrich Ramos, Ryan Christian

Part 1 # #11 & #13 Part 1- #10 Part 2: #4 #5

Part 2 #10 Part 2- #8

Aviles, Nyle

Tejida, Christine Mae

Galarde, Mark Joseph part 2: #2 #3

part 1 - #3 & 5
Part 1-#8
Railan, John
Yape, Von Vincent
Part 2-#7
Part 1: #4 & #9
Part 1 - #1 & #2

Encinas, Mary Ann

Part 2- #1

Part 1 - #12
Butalon, Neeson

Part 2 - #9
Part 1- #6 & #7

Part 2- #6