Part 1: Star and Deep Sky Objects list: HD 95086: This is a Pre-Main-Sequence-Star which has a gas giant exoplanet

orbiting it, and is in the constellation Carina. This has an Absolute Magnitude of 2.6 and an
apparent magnitude of 7.4. A red star so it is in the heat spectrum of 2500-3500K with K standing for a Kelvin. This is in the spectral class type A. You can find more information here
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_95086; NGC 3324: this is a DSO: Open Cluster. NGC 3324 has an apparent magnitude of +6.7 and an absolute magnitude of -5.1. It's located in the Carina constellation,
at right ascension 10 hours and 37 minutes and 20 seconds, and declination -58 degrees and 38 minutes and 30 seconds. NGC 3324 is an open cluster of 20 O- and B-type stars, and is about 10,200
light years away. It is a V1057 Cygni: It is an FU Orionis Variable that is in the constellation Cygnius and it is in a suspected binary star system. It has a Magnitude of 11.66. Its distance is 3000 ± 100
light-years (920 ± 30 parsecs). The right ascension is 20hours 58 minutes 53.73367 seconds and the declination is −58° 38′ 30″. The color is blue-white star so it is about 30000K. This is in the spectral
class type O. You can find more information here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V1057_Cygni. 30 Doradus also known as the Tarantula Nebula. It is found in the H II region and is in the constellation Dorado.
Its magnitude is 8. Its distance is 160 ± 10 kly. It is at right ascension of 20h 58m 53.73367s and at declination of −69° 05.7′. This does not have a specific color because it is a DSO. You can find more
specific information here at these three sites. [1] [2] [3]. HD 141569 is a Herberg Ae/Be Star but it is basically a Type-A-Pre-Main-Sequence -Star. It is located in the constellation Libra. It has a magnitude of
7.12. Its distance is 320 light years. It is in the spectral class b9-A0 or in better terms A2Ve. It is at right ascension of 15h 49m 57.7483s and is at a declination of −03° 55′ 16.342″. It is the color red due
to it being about 6.5 to 7k kelvins. You can find more specific information about this DSO at this site. HD 100546 is a Herbig Ae/Be star. This is located in the constellation Musca. It has a magnitude of 6.698.
It is located about 9,750 ± 250 K away from us. Its spectral class is B8-A0. It is at right ascension of 11h 33m 25.441s and at a declination of −70° 11′ 41.24″. The color of this DSO is a whitish-blue star due
to its temperature being 10,500 kelvin. There is also information about a protoplanet forming around it. You can find more information at this site. Barnard 68: This is a Molecular cloud dark absorption
nebula, or Bok globule. This is extremely cold with temperatures of about 16k. This is located in the Ophiuchus constellation or about 0.25 ly’s away. This does not have a magnitude since this is a DSO. Its
right ascension is at 17h 22m and 38.2s and a dissension of −23° 49′ 34″. This does not have a specific color due to it being a DSO. You can find more information at this site. FU Orionis is a variable and
binary star system and thus being a FU Orionis Variable. It is located at the Orion constellation. This has a magnitude of 9.84. It is 1400 ly (420 pc). This has a right ascension of 5h 45m 22.362s and a
declination of +09° 04′ 12.31″. The color is a bluish-white due to the fact that its temperature is 7000k. You can find more information at this site. HOPS 383 is a first class-0 protostar discovered to have an
outburst; youngest protostar known to have an outburst. Its magnitude is 24 μm. It is located in the constellation Orion and it is about 1400 ly away or about 420 pc. Its right ascension is 5h 35m 17.3s
and its declination of −4° 59′ 51.1″. Its color is pink but it can also be blue or cyan. You can find more information at this site. Messier 42 is a diffuse nebula. It contains a very young open cluster known as
the trapezium. It is located in the constellation Orion which is about 1344+20 ly away or about 412 pc away. Its magnitude is 4. Its right ascension is 5h 35m 17.3s and its declination is +33° 57′ 36″. It
does not have a specific color since it is a DSO. You can find more information at this site. Stephan’s Quintet is a galaxy group which is a visual group of five galaxies. Four of which are the first compact
galaxy group to ever be discovered. It is located in the constellation Pegasus which is about 290 million light years away or about 90 million pc. Its magnitude is 13.9 - 16.7. It has a right ascension of
22h 35m 57.5s and has a declination of +33° 57′ 36″. This does not have a specific color due to the fact that it is a DSO. You can find more information at this site. NGC 1333 is a reflection nebula, where
starlight is reflected by interstellar dust. It currently contains hundreds of stars less than a million years old. It is located in the constellation Perseus which is about 967 ly away or about 296.5 pc. Its
magnitude is 5.6. Its right ascension is 3h 29m 11.3s and its declination is +31° 18′ 36″. This does not have a specific color due to the fact that it is a DSO. You can find more information at these 3 sites:
site 1, site 2, site 3,site 4. Baby Boom Galaxy is the record-holder for the brightest starburst galaxy (rapidly star-forming galaxy). It is forming stars at a rate of 4000 new stars per year (in comparison to the
Milky Way’s ~ 10 per year), and is thought to be a result of colliding galaxies. It is located in the constellation Sextans which is about 12.477 billion lys away. Its right ascension is 10h 00m 54.52s and its
declination is +2° 34′ 35.17″. Its magnitude is 28.872. This does not have a specific color due to the fact that it is a DSO. You can find more information at these sites: site 1,site 2. HL Tauri is a young T Tauri
star in the Taurus Molecular Cloud. This is located in the constellation Taurus which is about 450 ly away or about 140 pc. The right ascension is 4h 31m 38.437s and its declination is +18° 13′ 57.65″.
Its magnitude is 15.1. Its color is an orangish - yellow color due to it being less than 100,000 years old. You can find more information on this site. L1527: CONTINUE ON THIS LATER DUE TO NO
INFORMATION. NGC 1555 Aka Hind’s Variable Nebula or Sh2-238 or HH 155; variable nebula 4 ly across, illuminated by T Tauri. This is located in the constellation Taurus which is about 400ly away. Its
right ascension is 4h 21m 57.1s and its descension is +19° 32′ 7″. Its magnitude is 9.98. Its color is a dusty yellow due to it being near a Molecular Cloud. You can find more information at this site. T
Tauri is the prototype of all T Tauri variable stars. It was discovered in October 1852 by John Russell Hind. T Tauri appears from Earth amongst the Hyades cluster, but is actually 420 ly behind it and
was not formed with the rest of them. T-Tauri stars have similar temperature compared to the main sequence star they will become, but are larger and therefore more luminous. They will follow the
Hayashi Track onto the main sequence. This is located in the constellation Taurus which is about 600 ly away. Its right ascension is 5h 21m 59.43s and its dissension is +19° 32′ 06.42″. Its magnitude is
10.27. There is not a specific color due to the fact that it changes colors on the light spectrum very often but one of its most apparent colors is yellow. You can find more information at this site. HH 46/47
Herbig-Haro objective in a Bok Globule near Gum nebula. Discovered in 1977. Jets of partially ionized emerging from a young star produce visual shocks upon impact with the ambient medium. It is
located in the constellation Vela which is about 1470 ly away or about 450 pc. Its right ascension is 8h 25m 43.6s and its declination is −51° 00′ 36″. Its magnitude is undiscovered right now.Its color is
an orangish white splotch. You can find more information at this site. RCW 38: HII region with massive star cluster. Stars were very recently formed, surrounded within dark clouds. Star blister surrounded by
clouds of brightly glowing gas. Has several short-lived massive stars, young stars, and many protostars. Several O-type stars with masses much larger than the sun's. Will explode as supernovae. RCW 38
includes Gum 22/23/24. It is located in the HII region or the constellation Vela which is about 5500 ly away. Its right ascension is 8h 59m and 5.50s and its declination is −47° 30′ 39.4″. Its magnitude is NA. Its
main colors are red and brown since it is a cluster of stars. You can find more information at this site. J122051+491255 CONTINUE LATER DUE TO NO INFORMATION. Part 2: Identification Tips. One good
way of identification is to just go outside and look at this night sky. It is such a great way to learn about these constellations. Even doing this a few times a month can really pay off. But if your city has
HORRIBLE light pollution then that is another story. How you can combat this disadvantage is to make flashcards and study them. If you can’t go outside due to there being light pollution, this is a good
alternative. Another tip is to use Quizlet, which is great for studying constellations, stars, and DSO, and may show images that could be seen on a test. When working with star charts or looking at the night
sky, many have found it very helpful to relate easy-to-find constellations such as Orion or Ursa Major (Big Dipper) to the constellations around them. This guides you to the constellation via others,
rather than having to rely only on the shape. It may be helpful to include a section on the reference sheet about finding constellations you have trouble with on a sky chart. Common “pathways” include:
using the handle of the Big dipper asterism to find Bootes and Arcturus, virgo and spica, and using the cup to find ursa minor and polaris, using Orion to find Taurus, then Auriga, and then Gemini,
Perseus, and Andromeda. Cassiopeia is also good for finding Perseus and Andromeda. Looking for the Winter Triangle(Betelgeuse, Sirius, Procyon) and Summer Triangle(Vega, Altair, Deneb) to find
those stars and constellations. Using the Zodiac constellations, which are close to each other around the Ecliptic. This helps with Leo, Virgo, Scorpius, Sagittarius, and Ophiuchus (along with Serpens)
especially, but also Gemini and Taurus. Sometimes, the test will use a StarLab or planetarium for the identification portion. Put some time in to familiarize yourself with how the skies look on it. This will
help reduce confusion on the identifications and reduce the amount of time spent on those questions. There is always a chance that a bad star map may be used, so make sure to get accustomed to
using less-than-clear maps and images. In general, the brightest star (lowest apparent magnitude) in a constellation is denoted Alpha, and second brightest Beta, and so on. After the Greek alphabet
has been used up, numbers are used - 1 is dimmer than Omega but brighter than 2. However, there are exceptions: Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis) usually appears dimmer than RIgel (Beta Orionis), and
Castor (Alpha Geminorum) appears to be dimmer than Pollux (Beta Geminorum). While identification is not the only part of this event, it is a good way to begin preparing. A good resource is
Astronomy Today. Part 3. In this part you are supposed to know the general knowledge of characteristics of stars, galaxies, star clusters, etc. Furthermore, students should be able to find a star’s
spectral class, surface temperature, and evolutionary stage (protostar, main sequence, giant, supergiant, white dwarf) given its position on the HR diagram, or place the star on the diagram given
this information. Also you should be able to answer basic astrophysic questions, if you want to learn a more in-depth knowledge of astrophysics then check out the Astronomy page, but Reach for the
Stars is unlikely to reach the level of complexity of the C Division event. Stellar Evolution: This section gives a brief overview of what may be found on the Astronomy/Stellar Evolution site: Basic Star
Formation: Formation: Star formation starts in a dark dust cloud/molecular cloud. After some time the cloud will start to get unstable and collapse under its own gravity, leading to it forming clumps of matter. As
time continues it will get heavier and its temperature will increase, the clump will later become a protostar. This little protostar will continue further in the Hayashi scale. After this nuclear fusion starts. Main
Sequence: This is the stage where most stars spend most of their lives. Heavier stars don’t spend a lot of time on the main sequence because their rate of fusion is much higher than the rest. The radiation
pressure from fusion balances out with gravity, thus being in a hydrostatic equilibrium. Lower-mass stars fuse Hydrogen into Helium mostly using the proton-proton (pp) chain. This process starts at around
4000000 Kelvins. Higher-mass stars fuse Hydrogen into helium mostly using the CNO Cycle. This cycle's definition is basically in its name CNO Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen, it uses these as catalysts, and is
dominant in temperatures higher than 17000000 Kelvins. Post-Main Sequence, Low Mass When the core of a low-mass star is basically finished of Hydrogen, nuclear fusion subsides because Helium fusion
occurs at a much higher temperature. Due to this the core contracts, and the heat generated by the contraction heats up the outer layers, creating a Hydrogen-burning shell. The star also expands and becomes a
red giant. Once the core reaches a high enough temperature for helium fusion. For a moment, helium is fused rapidly in a runaway condition known as helium flash, but then subsides as the star enters the
horizontal branch. Post-Main Sequence, High Mass: When the core of a high-mass star is depleted of Hydrogen, the star expands into a red supergiant. Its luminosity stays about the same because the
temperature of the outer shell decreases. Due to this Helium starts fusing into carbon without a runaway process, meaning there is no helium flash. A high-mass star is able to fuse elements up to iron, at which
point further fusion consumes energy instead. The iron core contracts further. The star explodes in a bright core-collapse supernova. Then, either electrons combine with protons and the core is made of neutron
degenerate matter - a neutron star - or the core contracts further into a black hole. Neutron stars rotate very rapidly and have very strong magnetic fields. Some neutron stars are called pulsars and magnetars for
their additional features. Spectral Classification: Harvard Spectral Classification: There are 7 spectral Classes (O,B,A,F,G,K,M). This order is based on decreasing surface temperature. A Class stars have the
strongest Hydrogen lines, while M-Class stars have the weakest hydrogen lines. Each class is then subdivided into 10 subdivisions (0-9). The following is a category with the properties of each of the spectral
classes. Type O; temperature 30,000-60,000;color Blue;Hydrogen Weak;Type B;temperature 10,000-30,000; color Blue-White; Hydrogen Mid; Type A; Temperature 7,500-10,000;color white; hydrogen strong;
Type F; Temperature 6000-7500; color white; hydrogen mid; Type G; Temperature 5,000-6,000; color yellow; hydrogen weak; Type K; Temperature 3500-5000; color Yellow-Orange; hydrogen Very Weak; Type
M; temperature 2000-3500; color red; hydrogen Very Weak. Note that the temperature is measured in Kelvins. Here are some examples of stars in these spectral classes: Class O; Zeta Ophiuchi; Class B;
Regel, Spica, Regulus, and Algol; Class A; Vega, Sirius A, Deneb, Altair, Castor, Mizar, and Alcor; Class F Procyon and Polaris; Class G; Capella; Class K; Arcturus, Aldebaran, and Pollux; Class M; Betelgeuse
and Antares. There are also other classes for brown dwarfs (L, T, and Y), but they are not generally considered stars. They can fuse Deuterium and Lithium, but are not hot enough to fuse Hydrogen into Helium
via the pp chain. Type Ia; Bright Supergiants; Type Ib; Normal Supergiants; Type II; Bright Giant; Type III; Normal Giant; Type IV; Sub-Giants; Type V; Main Sequence; Type VI; Sub - Dwarf; Type VII; White
Dwarf; There is also Type 0 for hypergiants but they are exceedingly rare; some examples include VY Canis Majorois, the Pistol star, and R136a1. Radiation Laws. Note; this and the following contain some
algebra; The radiation laws show relationships between stellar temperature, radius, and luminosity. All three laws are regarding black bodies, ideal objects that absorb all incoming radiation. Stars, with little
incoming radiation, are often approximated as black bodies to simplify calculations. Note that Wien’s Law and Stefan’s law are both proportionality statements, that a change in one quantity is always accompanied
by a change in the other. These can be turned into equations by introducing a constant known as a proportionality constant. The proportionality statement (I literally cannot copy paste that) denotes that if x
changes by a factor k (k just means an arbitrary variable), y also changes by k. However, it does not mean that the values are equal to each other: a proportionality constant needs to be added. At this level
questions will not be likely to be asked to perform these calculations, but instead the characteristics of the two. Wien’s Law, also known as Wien’s displacement law states that the wavelength where a black-body
emits most of its radiation is inversely proportional to the temperature. In other words, as the temperature of a star increases, the wavelength at which the star emits most of its radiation decreases. Leading to this
formula: Y^max=b/t. Y^max standing for the wavelength peak, b standing for Wien’s constant or the constant of proportionality, and t standing for the absolute temperature. Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law states that
the total energy emitted from a black-body per unit surface area is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature, making the equation: j*=oT^4. j* meaning the black-bodies radiant emission, o meaning
stefan’s constant or just the constant, and T^4 meaning the thermodynamic temperature. This law basically means that the magnitude of the radiation output of an object is directly proportional to the fourth power
of its surface temperature. Planck’s Law states that a hotter blackbody emits more energy at every frequency than a cooler blackbody. The equation form of the law is complicated, while on a radiance vs.
temperature graph the law states that the curve for a hotter blackbody never dips below that of a cooler one. Magnitude & Luminosity Scales: The luminosity of an object refers to how much radiation (visible
light, infrared, x-ray, etc.) it emits per unit time. Luminosity is measured in Joules per second or Watts. The luminosity. For example the luminosity of the sun is 3.846 x 10^26 watts. Magnitude scales are different
methods to express luminosity. Apparent Magnitude: The apparent magnitude, denoted by m, denotes the brightness of a celestial object as seen by an observer on Earth. The brighter an object appears, the
lower its apparent magnitude. It is a logarithmic scale, not a linear scale, which means that a small decrease in magnitude results in a much greater increase in luminosity. For example, an object with apparent
magnitude 5 less than that of another would seem 100 times more luminous. For example, the sun has an apparent magnitude of -26.74, while Deneb has an apparent magnitude of 1.2. Because of this, the sun
seems 100^(1.2+26.74)/5 or equivalent to 150 billion times brighter than Dendb! Apparent magnitude depends on both the luminosity of the object and its distance from Earth: while Deneb is more luminous than
the sun, to an observer on Earth it is dimmer because it is farther away. The system of apparent magnitude originated from Greece, where the brightest stars in the night sky were of first magnitude (m = 1), while
the faintest to the naked eye were of sixth magnitude (m=6). The system was formalized and extended beyond 1 to 6 in 1856 by N.R. Pogson. Absolute Magnitude, denoted by M, denotes the brightness of a
celestial object as seen by an observer 10 parsecs (about 32.6 light years) away from the object. Similarly, an object with absolute magnitude 5 less that of another would be 100 times more luminous. The
absolute magnitude is basically another way of expressing the luminosity of the object. Scientists often consider the absolute bolometric magnitude M^b of an object, meaning that its radiation is being measured
across all wavelengths. For example, the sun has absolute magnitude 4.83, while Deneb has absolute magnitude -8.38. This means Deneb is 100^(4.83+8.38)/5 or approximately 192 thousand times more
luminous than the sun. A typical Type Ia supernova has an absolute magnitude of about -19.3. There are 3 main types of supernova: Type I supernovae: No hydrogen lines. Type II supernovae: Shows hydrogen
lines. Type III supernovae: Electron-capture. Inverse Square Law: The inverse square law says that a certain quantity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance relating to that quantity. In this case,
“inversely proportionally” means that an increase of one number causes a decrease in the other number. For example, suppose an astronomer measures a star of some intensity (I^1) at a certain distance (D) from
the source. By the inverse square law, we have the following proportion: I ∝ (1/d2) This also applies to Newton’s Law of Gravitation The law states that: where m1 and m2 are the masses of two objects, r is
the distance between the two objects, and G is a special constant called Newtons’s gravitational constant. Since most objects in space are very far away from each other, the bottom part of the fraction is much
larger than the top part of the fraction, so the law can be approximated for most far-apart objects by f=1/r^2 the law also applies to the electrostatic force and the intensity of sound wave in a gas.