92 Theme 3 I Thermal Physics Unit 1 | Thermal Properties of Matter 93

1 peratureofasubstacechangesasshownin *17. Thediagram

3.Whenthetem belowshowsthemeltingandboilingpointsof

11 Thermal Properties the graph, four different substances. Which substance has a freezing
temperature / °C point at 40 °C.

of M a t t e r 50 °C
• Melting point • Boiling point

่ ,อ-อ.อเ/อเ0อเ0อ1 อ
3่่ 0-200ี
temperature/°C

10 °C-
Ao-
B
o
For each of the questions, there are four possible choices.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice. 6 7.Whenicechangesint owaterat0ซ. it e /m
m ni
.1 work is done ni breaking the molecular structure of ice
Internal energy of a body consists of ni solid state. A its potential energy decreases.
the potential energy and hte kinetic energy of the object. 2. internal energy si increased.
3. energy si absorbed to raise the temperature.
B its kinetic energy decreases.
C its kinetic energy increases but the potential energy
&18. eofT
hfoduairgarm boelw hsows het mneitlg dna bilng ponist
different substances. Which substance has a
the potential energy and the chemical energy of particles.
the potential energy and the kinetic energy of the object. A 1only 2 only decreases. condensation point at 0C
°.
the potential energy and the kinetic energy of the
particles.
C 1 and 2 only D 1,2 and 3 boht sti kniecit enegry nda potential enegry decrease., • Melting point →Boiling point
temperature/°C
During the process of melting, aterchangesas showninthe
• 14. Whent het emperatureofw อ2อ.อเ3อเ'อเ.งเ อ
อ-60-40-200#อ,
6่
When a solid increases ni temperature, A the melting substance gains thermal energy and therefore graph,
A its potential energy increases. increases its temperature.
temperature /°C
Co
B its kinetic energy increases. the melting substance changes from a liquid ot a solid. (
its potential energy and kinetic energy increase. there si no transfer of thermal energy and therefore the
its eatential enegry decreases but hte kniecit energy temperature of the substance remains constant. 100 °C
19. The diagram below shows hte melting and boilng points
increases.
hesubstance
s stem lbecomes ce bewt een het moelcuels fohte
ecular forweaker. 40 °C
of four different substances. Which substance is a solid at
° and a gas at 120 °C?
4-0 C
When a solid melts,
A its potential energy increases. Which statement si true when a liquid si at its boiling point?
time' m
ni • Melting point &Boilng point
temperature/°C
B its kinetic energy increases. A The heat supplied is converted to an increase ni the A its potential energy increases.
C its potential energy and kinetic energy increase. average kinetic energy of the particles. its kinetic energy increases but the potential energy
B The heat supplied is converted ot an increase ni the
i nincreases.
reatential enegry decreases but hte kniecit enegry average potential energy of the particles.
decreases.
C its kinetic energy increases but the potential energy
C The heat supplied si converted ot an increase ni the remains constant. De
average potential and kinetic energy of the particles.
4. Whne aliquid freezes, The heat energy supplied si converted to the energy ot Dboht sti kniecit enegry dna potential enegry increase.,
A its potential energy increases.
B its kinetic energy increases.
expand the particles.
©20. The daigram beolw shows het melting nad boilng points
of four different substances. Which substance si a solid at
C its potential energy decreases.
D its kinetic energy decreases. • 10. W
hensteel melts, eh daigarm boelw shows hte menitlg nda bonilg ponist fo
15. fT 0 °C and a liguid at 1400 °C?
A the size of the molecules increases.
our different substances. Which substance has a melting • Melting point • Boiling point
point at -20 °C? temperature
the space between molecules increases.
5. W
henagasi sheatedfrom200°C10300°c. the molecules vibrate at higher speed. • Melting point • Boiling point
-400 2-00

1" 020# ่6่#อเอเ'อ(อเือ

the density of each molecules decreases. temperature
A its potential energy increases. Ao
B its kinetic energy increases. Bo
C its kinetic energy increases but the potential energy
decreases. 1 perature,
. Whenst el inereasesitstem B
o
Ао-
D
o
Ce
D its kinetic energy and potential energy increase. ( A the size of the molecules increases. co

฿6.
B the mass of the molecules increases.
C the molecules vibrate at higher speed.
Do
#21. niA
soa boiling placed
idsuosttubeanceaindsheated temperature /C°
A solid substance si placed
ni a boiling tube and heated
temperature the density of each molecule decreases showsthemet ingandboilingpointsof
2 16. Thediagrambelow steadily. The temperature-
four different substances. Which substance has a melting time graph of the substance
steadily. The temperature-time
graph of the substance is as # 12. W
hatcausesthesteeltoexpandwhenitisbei ngheated? point at 2
-0 C° and aboiling point ta 160 °C? si as shown below. A t which
shown below. At which labelled
A The increase ni the size of the molecules. • Melting point • Boiling point portion is the substance
point would the substance be a
m
it e The increase ni the mass of the molecules. absorbing latent heat? m
ite /m
ni
mixture of liquid and gas? The increase ni the speed of the molecules. B RS and ST only
The decrease ni the density of the molecules. ） R and T
D Q S only
-
94 Theme 3 | Thermal Physics Unit 11 | T h e r m a l Properties
o f Matter 95

22. Asolid subsatnce si palced ni aboilng utbe and heaetd # 26. W

hichoft hefollowingi sadiferencebet weenboilingand • 31. W entsis/arecorec?
hichoft hefollowingstatem temperature

steadily. The temperature-time graph of the substance si as evaporation?

shown below. At which portion si the substance increasing
.1 Abody of higher mass has more internal energy than a
kinetic energy?
.1 Evaporation takes place at any temperature but boiling body of lower mass.
does not. 2. Abody of higher temperature has more internal energy
temperature /C° Evaporation takes place only at the surface of the liquid than a body of lower temperature. m
ite m
it e
but boiling takes place throughout the liquid. .3 Abody of higher specific heat capacity has more internal
The temperature of the liquid changes during evaporation energy than a body of lower specific heat capacity. temperature temperature
A
but remains constant during boiling.
2 only 1and 2only Ô3yno B 2 only
D none of the above T.

0
C 2 and 3 only 1,2 and 3

•
m
it e / m
0.5t m
it e 0.25t time
ni
2 7.Whichof thefol low
ingstatem
entsistrue? = 32. Which of the following statements is/are always correct
Q R only
P and Q B R
S and T
S only A Evaporation takes place only at temperature lower than about two objects of the same material in thermal contact?
C PQ and RS only D Q （
# 35. Asolid si heated till ti si completely melted .The temperature-
R and S
T only the boiling point. .1 Thermal energy wil transfer from an object of higher
B Evaporation does not require thermal energy to change temperature ot an object of lower temperature.
!23. A solid substance is placed ni a boiling tube and heated the liquid to gaseous state.
C Evaporation only happens at the surface of the liquid
.2 Thermal energy will transfer from an object at liquid
state to an object at solid state.
time graph si shown below.
temperature
steadily. The temperature-time graph of the substance si as which si exposed to the gas.
shown below. At which portion si the substance increasing
3. Thermal energy will transfer from an object of higher
potential energy? Evaporadayoitn. atkes palce faster noasunny dya htannoa
Dwindy internal energy ot an object of lower internal energy.
temperature / °C Ô11aandny: 3 only B 1 and 2 only
D 1,2 and 3
28. Whne bubbels aer seen formnig rapidlyni waetr nad hte
temperature of the water remains constant,
• 33. Which of hte following si true? time
the particles of the water are moving further apart.
the particles of the water are moving faster. .1 A n object of higher mass wil have higher internal energy
the particles of the water are moving faster and further as compared ot another object of lower mass.
it e / mni
m 2. An object of higher temperature will have higher Which of the following diagrams shows the temperature-time
apart.
internal energy as compared ot another object of lower graph when twice the mass of the solid is heated?
P R only
Q and Q S only
B RS and T t particles fohte waetr ear movnig solwer dna colser
hetogether. temperature. A temperature temperature
S only
P and R
Q D Q S only
R and T 3. Two different solid objects of the same mass and
temperature will have the same internal energy.
What happens ot the liquid alcohol and alcohol vapour during
"24. A liquid substance is placed in a boiling tube and heated evaporation? d 329
1, 2 and 3
B 1 and 2 only
none of the above
steadily ni an oven. The temperature-time graph of the m
it e
substance is as shown below. At which portion is the
A Liquid alcohol gains potential energy and vapour alcohol
gains kinetic energy.
m
ite
substance at thermal equilibrium with the oven? B Liquid alcohol gains kinetic energy and vapour alcohol
temperature temperature
temperature /C° gains potential energy.
C Liquid alcohol loses potential energy and vapour alcohol ฿34. Asolid si heated from temperature T
, ot T
, within time t as
gains kinetic energy. shown.
D Liquid alcohol loses kinetic energy and vapour alcohol
gains potential energy.
m
ite m
ite
m
it e 7mni 3 0. W
hichofthefollowingstatementsis/arecorrect?
A PO Q
R 1. Thermal energy si defined as the energy which
C RS S
T is transferred from one place to another due to a
ti me ฿36. What si the meaning of 400 J/(kg °C)?
temperature difference between them. A 400J of energy si needed ot raise hte temperature of an
Thermal energy wil transfer from one body of higher • object.
energy level to another of lower energy level.
5. hich of the following si NOT a difference between
2 2W boiling 3. When an object has higher temperature, its internal
Which of the following diagrams shows the temperature-time
graph when twice the mass of the solid si heated from T , ot
B 400 J of energy is needed to raise the temperature of an
object by 1 °C
and evaporation? energy si higher than another object of lower temperature. T?, C 400 J of energy si needed ot raise 1kg of an object yb
Evaporation si a slow process but boiling is a fast process. 1only
Evaporation takes place at the surface of the liquid but
boiling takes place throughout the liquid.
Ô2ony B 1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only
1 °C.
D 400J of energy is needed ot raise the mass of an object
by 1kg.
C Evaporation takes place from 0 C ° but boiling
° ot 100 C
takes place only at the boiling point.
D
urinationing, bubbels ear formed but not durnig
evaporation.
96 Theme 3 | Thermal Physics Unit 1 | Thermal esP
iorpter of Matter 9 7
237. W 7
hat isthemeaningof400J °C+ ₴ 44. A5 g bullet travelling at 400 ms' penetrates into a copper 48. Materials Pand Qhave amas ratio fo 2:1respectively. →53. What si the total energy required ot heat 2kg of pure ice
A 400 J of energy si neededot raise hte temperature of an block of mass 2 kg. Given that there si no loss of thermal When heated by the same heater, material P increases its at 5- C° into 10 °C of water. (Specific heat capacity of
object. energy to the surrounding and assuming that all the heat temperature twice as much as material @within the same ice is 2100 J/(kg K,) the specific heat capacity of water si
B 400J of energy si needed ot raise the temperature of an generated during the penetrating process was absorbed by time. 4200 J/(kg K) and hte specific latent heat of fusion of ice si
object by 1 °C. the copper block, what si the increase ni the temperature of 336 000 Jkg-')
the copper block after the bullet has stopped? Which of the following statements about materials P and Q
C 400 J of energy is needed ot raise 1 kg of an object by A 21000 J 84 000 J
1 °C. (Specific heat capacity of copper = 400 Jkg*') is true?
A The specific heat capacity of P is 0.25 times the specific
C 672 000 J D 777 000 J
D 400J of energy is needed ot raise the mass of an object A 0.5 °C 5 C°
by 1 kg. C 50 °C 500 °C heat capacity of Q.
The specific heat capacity of P is 0.5 times the specific
heat capacity of Q.
! 54. What si hte total energy required ot heat 5 kg of pure ice at
45. °, si dropped
Acopper ball with an initial temperature of 25 C The specific heat capacity of Psi 2 times the specific -10 C° into 5 kg of steam at 100 °C?
2 38. A2kgcopperbjectisheatedfrom
30°Cto35°C. W
hat ot the ground from a height of 8 m
. Assuming that the copper heat capacity of Q
. Given:
si the thermal energy required, given that the specific heat ball absorbs al the heat generated when the copper ball The specific heat capacity of P si 4 times hte specific Specific heat capacity of ice = 2100 J/(kg K
)
capacity of copper si 400 J/(kg °C)? strikes the floor, what would be the final temperature of the heat capacity of Q
. Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/(kg K
)
A 40J B 160 J ball? [Given that the gravitational acceleration si 10 m s-2 Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 336 000 J kg~'
C 1000J 4000 J and the specific heat capacity of copper is 400 J/(kg °C).) Specific latent heat fo vaporisation of water =2 260 000 J kg~'
A 25.2 C
C 26.2 C°
° B 25.8 C °
26.8 C° ( )
949. How much thermal energy is required ot melt 2 kg of ice
A 1.79 MJ
C 3.89 MJ
B 2.21 MJ
15.2 MJ
฿39. 4000 J of energy si used ot heat up a copper block from
completely at 0 °C? (Specific latent heat of fusion of ice =
336 000 J kg-')
°. What si the mass of the copper block, given
50 C° ot 70 C
that the specific heat capacity of copper si 400 J/(kg °C)? 8 45. nI an experiment ot find the specific heat capacity of copper, A 0J
C 336 000 J
B 168 000 J
D 672 000J
2 kg of hot water at 90 °C si mixed with 4 kg of warm water
A 0.5 kg B 1.0 kg a 5g
k block of copper si being heated by a heater rated "240 at 40 °C. Assuming that no thermal energy si lost ot the
10 kg D 200 kg V
, 5A" for a period of 3minutes. Given that the temperature surroundings, what si the final temperature of the mixture?
of the copper block increases from 20 °C to 120 °C and A 50.8 C ° B 52.3 °C
assuming that there is no heat si lost to the surrounding, 50. How much thermal energy si required ot boil 2 kg of water С 56.7 C° 65.0 C
°
40. 4000J foenegry si usedot heat pua5gkcopper bolck orm
f what is the specific heat capacity of copper? completely at 100 °C? (Specific latent heat of vaporisation
of water = 2 260 000 J kg*')
an initial temperature of 20 °C. What si the final temperature 380 J/(kg °C) 400 J/(kg °C)
of the copper block, given that the specific heat capacity of
copper si 400 J/(kg °C)?
432 J/(kg °C) 453 J/(kg °C) A 0J
C 2 260 000 J В4530 0 J
4 520 000J （ ）
56. 2 kg of copper ball at 120 C° si thrown into 10 kg of water
at 40 °C. Assuming that no thermal energy si lost ot the
A 2 C° 52 C° surroundings, what is the final temperature of the mixture?
C 30 C° D 40 C
° eh heating curve beolw shows solid materials Pand Abenig
47. T 2 51. Thespeci clat entheatoffus ionofice=336000Jkg" Given:
heated to liquid by the same heater. specific heat capacity of copper =400 J/(kg K
What si the meaning of 336 000 J kg-'? )
specific heat capacity of water = 4000 J/(kg K
)
©41. 24 000 J of energy si required ot increase the temperature
temperature
A 336 000 Jof energy is needed ot raise the temperature
А 41.6 C° 45.0 C°
of 2gk of water by 3 C
°. What si the heat capacity of the of an object. C 52.4 °C D 80.0 C°
water? B 336 000 J of energy is needed ot raise the temperature
6000 J/K of an object by 1 °C.
A 4000 J/K
C 8000 J/K 12 000 J/K 336 000 J of energy is needed ot melt 1 kg of ice into
1 kg of water at its melting point.
! 57. A2 kg copper ° si thrown into 0.5 gk of water
ball at 500 C
time
336 000 J of energy is needed ot heat 1 kg of ice into at 60 °C. Assuming that no thermal energy si lost to the
eh heat capacyti foapeice fo5gk copper bolcksi 200
8 12. T Given that .P and Qhave the same mass, which of the
1kg of steam at its boiling point. surroundings, how much water will vaporise into steam?
Given:
J/K. What si the amount of heat required to increase 2 kg
following statements si correct? specific heat capacity of copper = 400 J/(kg K);
of such copper block by 3 °C?
952. The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = specific heat capacity of water =4000 J/(kg K;) specific latent
A 2400 J
C 30 000 J
B 12000 J
60 000 J
ASolid
Sodil Phahsas aahhigher
giher sspecific
pecifc llatent
atecapheat asoin ithnana
acityofhfusion 2 260 000 J kg"'. What si the meaning of 2 260 000 J kg-"? heat of vaporisation of water =2260 000 J kg*'
solid Q
. A 2260 000J of energy si needed ot raise the temperature A 0.106 k
g B 0.115 kg
C Solid Phas a higher melting point than solid Q. of an object. C 0.125 gk D 0.156 kg ( )
g copper block from
43. 8000 J of energy si used ot heat up a 4 k D Liquid Phas a higher heat capacity than liquid Q(. B 2260 000 J of energy si needed o t raise the temperature
of an object by 1 °C.
15 °C to 20 °C. What are the specific heat capacity of copper
and the heat capacity of the copper block?
C 2260 000 J of energy si needed o t vaporise 1kg of water .
5 8.What si the minimum mass of ice at 0 °C required to cool
into 1 kg of steam at its boiling point. 2 kg of water from 50 °C to 10 °C?
Specific heat Heat capacity 2 260 000 J of energy si needed ot heat 1kg of ice into
1kg of steam. Given:
capacity of of copper Specific heat capacity of copper = 400 J/(kg °C)
copper /J kg-'K-' block /J K-1 Specific heat capacity of water = 4000 J/(kg °C)
400 400 Specific latent heat of vaporisation fo water =2260 000 J kg*'
B 400 1600
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice =300 000 Jkg'
A 0.106 kg B 0.941 kg
1600 400 C 1.067 kg D 8.000 kg
1600 1600
9 8 Theme 3 I Thermal Physics Unit 12 | General eW
va Properties 99

12
EXTENSION QUESTIONS 6 . khas
5.Anclecti cket lecontains1.5kgofwaterat100°C
฿59 Apiece of ice si being heated into water and then into steam.
a 2.0 kW heating element. fI the thermostat of the kettle
fails to switch off the current, how long will the kettle take
General Wa v e
to vaporise 1.0 kg of water? (Take the specific latent heat of

Prope rties
Which of the following statements si true?
vaporisation of water as 2000 kJ kg*')
The molecules expand as ti changes from ice ot steam. A 500 s 1000 s
The molecules move faster as ti changes from ice ot 1500 s 3000 s
steam.
The molecules move closer ot each other as ti changes
For each of the questions, there are four possible choices.
from ice to steam.
eater supplies constant
66. A temperature /°C Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice. Asource produces both a longitudinal wave and a transverse
eh nietsot stealar ofcre foatraction increases sacei
T power to heat a substance wave. The difference between the longitudinal wave and a
" า.
changes to steam.
from solid state. Which of transverse wave is the
the following statements si Awave si caused by a/an
frequency of the source.
$ 60. Agas si benig cooeldot sodil state, sIt temperature wli true about the substance? amplitude.
wavelength.
B vibration.
D frequency. direction of the waves.
remain constant when the substance is speed of the waves.
m
it e / m
ni wavelength of the waves. ( )
condensing. .1 The specific heat capacity of the solid substance si higher
.2 freezing. What is an oscillation of a simple
than the specific heat capacity of the liquid substance.

99
at thermal equilibrium with the environment. pendulum shown ni the diagram A point P si marked on a rope before the rope is set to
2. The heat capacity of the liquid substance is higher than below?
Ô1and 2oynl
1only B 2 only
D 1,2 and 3
the heat capacity of the gaseous substance.
R si ni liquid state.
3. Portion Q A 2→1
B 3→1
→3
oscillate. At the particular instance shown below, what is
the direction ni which point P moves?
A 1only B 2only 1 →2 →1 →3→1 wave direction
6 .Mercurym
elts at-39°Candboilsat357°C
.Alcoholmelts C 1and 2only 1,2 and 3 ( ) 3 →1 →3
at -115 °C and boils at 78 °C. At which temperature are both
substances ni the liquid state?
-49 C
° -15 °C
¥ี
67. Thermal energy si supplied at the same rate ot 400 gof What is an oscillation ni the case of a man walking?
paraffin and 400 g of water ni similar containers. The
100 °C 360 °C temperature of the paraffin rises more rapidly because A Lift up right leg
Lift up right leg →step with right leg
A water has a smaller specific heat capacity than paraffin.
Lift up left leg → lift up right leg
yh does hte temperature fo aliquid dorp durnig
&62. W water has a larger specific heat capacity than paraffin.
water is denser than paraffin.
D Lift up right leg → step with right elg →
lift pu left elg A point P si marked on a rope before the rope is set to
evaporation?
water si less dense than paraffin. = step with left leg oscillate. At the particular instance shown below, what is
A Ari takes away the thermal energy b
y conduction. the direction ni which point Pmoves?
Ari takes away the thermal energy by radiation.
The total energy drops due ot liquid molecules escaping
to the air as vapour.
¥68. Wind si blowing across apuddle of hot water of mass 100 g nI a ripple tank experiment, a vibrator dips into a liquid at a
constant frequency. Which waveforms are not possible?
wave direction

and initial temperature 07 °C. tI si given that the wind si

The average energy drops due ot the escape of the higher blowing at a rate of 20. kg s*' at a temperature of 20 C° and
energy molecules into the air as vapour. becomes 25 C ° after moving across the water. Given that the
specific heat capacity of water and air are 4.0 kJ kg-' K-' and
= 63. Apiece of soft metal of mass msi dropped from a height '- respectively, what si the time required ot cool
200 J kg~' K
the puddle of hot water to 30 °C?
h. The initial temperature of the soft metal before the drop
A 4s 8s
si T, and its final temperature after ti strikes hte floor si T,
Given that the specific heat capacity of the soft metal is c, C 15s D 30 s $ง. Points P and Q are marked on a rope before ti is set ot
which of the following will not affect the value of the final oscillate. At the particular instance shown below, what si
temperature T?, 69. A3W
K heater takes 2mniuets ot raise het temperature fo the direction ni which point P and point Q move?
1and 2 only
B 1,2
2andand3o3nyl
Gn 2 kg of water by 40 °C.
Assuming no thermal energy loss, what is the amount of
1and 3only wave direction

time needed to raise the temperature of 200 kg of water by

$ 64. Waetr inside acertain knid fo pot wli connitueot boli ofr 80 C k heater?
° using a 6 W ©.5 Asingle pulse of wave
is created on a rope as
some time even though the pot si removed from the heat A 16 min 50 min
shown. What are the
source. The reason is because C 200 mni 800 min
possible directions of
A the pot is a good conductor of heat. motion of the wave? Point P Point Q
the pot is an insulator.
the pot has a high heat capacity. 70. nI general, coastal areas experience smaler change ni A 1 and 2 only up down
temperature as compared ot inland areas. This is because 3 and 4 only down up
D the pot has a olw heat capacity. 1, 2 and 3 only up up
of the
1;2 and 4 only down down
A high thermal conductivity of water.
low specific latent heat of vaporisation of water.
C low density of water.
high heat capacity of water.