0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views13 pages

Statistics

Uploaded by

rajarizwan2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
16 views13 pages

Statistics

Uploaded by

rajarizwan2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 13

STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
What is Statistics?

The study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data is
called statistics.

TYPES OF STATISTICS

There are two broad categories of statistics. They are descriptive and inferential
statistics and are depicted in the following image.

Descriptive statistics summarize population data numerically or graphically by


deriving
o statistics pertaining to central tendency such as the mean, median, or mode

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
o statistics pertaining to dispersion around the central tendency such as the range or
standard deviation

o statistics or graphs depicting the shape of a distribution


Inferential statistics allow one to infer population parameters based upon sample
statistics and to model relationships within the data. The categories of inferential
statistics are
o Estimation is the group of statistics which allow for the estimation about population
values based upon sample data. The two types of statistics in this category are
population parameter estimates and confidence intervals.

o Modeling allows us to develop mathematical equations which describe the


interrelationships between two or more variables.
o Hypothesis testing allows us to test for whether a particular hypothesis we’ve
developed is supported by a systematic analysis of the data.

Data Types and Measures

Developing a good understanding of the kinds of data and data measurement is


necessary because the kind of data you are analyzing essentially dictates the type of
statistical analysis you perform. Data can be classified as either numerical (quantitative)
or categorical (qualitative) and is presented below

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Categorical data is data that can be sorted according to a category and each value
is from a set of non-overlapping values. Examples of categorical data would include eye
color (green, brown, blue, etc.) and managerial level (supervisor, mid-level, executive).

o Categorical variables are typically measured on a nominal scale. Nominal level


variables are those that can simply be grouped; there’s no underlying numeric order to
them and any ordering is arbitrary or artificial. Our examples above of eye color and
managerial level are both measured at a nominal level. Other examples of categorical
data that’s measured on a nominal scale include type of industry, state of residence,
marital status, and favorite food. Please note that you might have responses “dummy-
coded” with numbers to represent a response such as 0s representing male and 1s
representing female, but even though there are numbers it’s still a nominal scale

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
because the ordering is completely arbitrary; we could have had 0s representing female
and 1s representing male.

Numerical data is data that is on a numerical scale of some sort.


o Discrete data is typically when there’s a limited number of response values and not an
infinite number of response values. For example responses on a five-point scale can be
any of the five values but cannot be 3.1 or 3.6 or 4.2, etc.

o Continuous data is when the response can take on any value within the range of
variable. For example responses to the question of “what’s your GPA on a 4.0 scale?”
could take on not just 1, 2, 3, or 4 but also 3.17, 3.83, 2.94, etc.

o Numerical data is measured on an ordinal, interval, or ratio scale.


An ordinal scale is a measure where higher numbers do represent more of a
characteristic than a lower level number but the distance between adjacent response
choices may not be equal and there’s no fixed zero.

An interval scale, like an ordinal scale, is where higher numbers represent more or a
greater amount of the phenomena being measure, and where the distance between
adjacent response choices are equal but there’s still no fixed and non-arbitrary zero.
Temperature, in Celsius or Fahrenheit, is the typical example of an interval scale in
which the distance between 5 and 6 is the same as the distance between -22 and -21
and is the same as the distance between 102 and 103. But, it doesn’t make sense to say
that 50 is twice as hot as 25 because 0 degrees, for both scales, is arbitrary.

A ratio scale has the same properties as an interval scale, except that there is a true
zero and calculating ratios makes sense. For example, to say that someone has twice
the income of another person is correct, at least mathematically. Sales for a particular
retailer can be compared with ratios or percentages from same time last year, etc.

What is Mean , Mode and Median and Range?

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Mean

The average of all numbers or add together all of the numbers in a set and then divide
the sum by the total count of numbers.

Median

The middle number in a sequence of numbers is called Median

Mode

The number that occurs most often within a set of numbers is called Mode.

Range

The difference between the highest and lowest values within a set of numbers is called
Range.

 Find the mean, median, mode, and range for the following list of values:

13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13

The mean is the usual average, so:

(13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 + 13) ÷ 9 = 15

Note that the mean isn't a value from the original list. This is a common result. You should not
assume that your mean will be one of your original numbers.

The median is the middle value, so I'll have to rewrite the list in order:

13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21

There are nine numbers in the list, so the middle one will be the (9 + 1) ÷ 2 = 10 ÷ 2 = 5th
number:

13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 16, 18, 21

So the median is 14. Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2004-2011 All Rights Reserved

The mode is the number that is repeated more often than any other, so 13 is the mode.

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
The largest value in the list is 21, and the smallest is 13, so the range is 21 – 13 = 8.

mean: 15
median: 14
mode: 13
range: 8

Note: The formula for the place to find the


ADVERTISEMENT
median is "( [the number of data points] + 1) ÷
2", but you don't have to use this formula. You
can just count in from both ends of the list until
you meet in the middle, if you prefer. Either
way will work.

 Find the mean, median, mode, and


range for the following list of
values:

1, 2, 4, 7

The mean is the usual average:

(1 + 2 + 4 + 7) ÷ 4 = 14 ÷ 4 = 3.5

The median is the middle number. In this example, the numbers are already listed in
numerical order, so I don't have to rewrite the list. But there is no "middle" number, because
there are an even number of numbers. In this case, the median is the mean (the usual
average) of the middle two values:

(2 + 4) ÷ 2 = 6 ÷ 2 = 3

The mode is the number that is repeated most often, but all the numbers in this list appear
only once, so there is no mode.

The largest value in the list is 7, the smallest is 1, and their difference is 6, so the range is 6.

mean: 3.5
median: 3
mode: none
range: 6

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
The list values were whole numbers, but the mean was a decimal value. Getting a decimal value for
the mean (or for the median, if you have an even number of data points) is perfectly okay; don't round
your answers to try to match the format of the other numbers.

 Find the mean, median, mode, and range for the following list of values:

8, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 11, 12, 13

The mean is the usual average:

(8 + 9 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 11 + 11 + 11 + 12 + 13) ÷ 10 = 105 ÷ 10 = 10.5

The median is the middle value. In a list of ten values, that will be the (10 + 1) ÷ 2 = 5.5th
value; that is, I'll need to average the fifth and sixth numbers to find the median:

(10 + 11) ÷ 2 = 21 ÷ 2 = 10.5

The mode is the number repeated most often. This list has two values that are repeated three
times.

The largest value is 13 and the smallest is 8, so the range is 13 – 8 = 5.

mean: 10.5
median: 10.5
modes: 10 and 11
range: 5

While unusual, it can happen that two of the averages (the mean and the median, in this case) will
have the same value.

Note: Depending on your text or your instructor, the above data set may be viewed as having no
mode (rather than two modes), since no single solitary number was repeated more often than any
other. I've seen books that go either way; there doesn't seem to be a consensus on the "right"
definition of "mode" in the above case. So if you're not certain how you should answer the "mode" part
of the above example, ask your instructor before the next test.

About the only hard part of finding the mean, median, and mode is keeping straight which "average" is
which. Just remember the following:

mean: regular meaning of "average"


median: middle value
mode: most often

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
(In the above, I've used the term "average" rather casually. The technical definition of "average" is the
arithmetic mean: adding up the values and then dividing by the number of values. Since you're
probably more familiar with the concept of "average" than with "measure of central tendency", I used
the more comfortable term.)

 A student has gotten the following grades on his tests: 87, 95, 76, and 88. He wants
an85 or better overall. What is the minimum grade he must get on the last test in order
to achieve that average?

The unknown score is "x". Then the desired average is:

(87 + 95 + 76 + 88 + x) ÷ 5 = 85

Multiplying through by 5 and simplifying, I get:

87 + 95 + 76 + 88 + x = 425
346 + x = 425
x = 79

He needs to get at least a 79 on the last test.

(H,H,H,H), (H,H,H,T), (H,H,T,H), (H,H,T,T), (H,T,H,H),


(H,T,H,T), (H,T,T,H), (H,T,T,T), (T,H,H,H), (T,H,H,T),
(T,H,T,H), (T,H,T,T), (T,T,H,H), (T,T,H,T), (T,T,T,H),
(T,T,T,T)

(H,H,H,H), (H,H,H,T), (H,H,T,H), (H,H,T,T), (H,T,H,H),


(H,T,H,T), (H,T,T,H), (H,T,T,T), (T,H,H,H), (T,H,H,T),
(T,H,T,H), (T,H,T,T), (T,T,H,H), (T,T,H,T), (T,T,T,H),
(T,T,T,T)

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
(H,H,H,H), (H,H,H,T), (H,H,T,H), (H,H,T,T), (H,T,H,H),
(H,T,H,T), (H,T,T,H), (H,T,T,T), (T,H,H,H), (T,H,H,T),
(T,H,T,H), (T,H,T,T), (T,T,H,H), (T,T,H,T), (T,T,T,H),
(T,T,T,T)

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Question: What is statistics?

Answer: Statistics: The branch of mathematics dealing with the


collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data is
called Statistics.

Example: For instance, suppose we selected a random sample of 100


students from a school with 1000 students. The average height of the sampled
students would be an example of a statistic.

Question: What is Observation?

Answer: Observation: Numerical measure of some condition is called


Observation. We take the observation by counting or by measurement. For
Example Income of Shahid is Rs: 6000/- Pm is an observation

Question: What is Population?

Answer: Population: The total set of observations that can be made


is called Population. For example, if we are studying the weight of adult
women, the population is the set of weights of all the women in the world.

The population may be finite and infinite.

Finite Population:

The population is called finite if its individual can be counted. for example the
population of smokers in the country, population of educated people in the
country.

Infinite Population:

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
The population is called infinite if its individual cannot be counted. For example
the population of sunrays and number of dust particles on the surface of the
earth.

The size of the population is denoted by N. If we have 500 individuals in


population, we write N =500.

Question: What is Sample?

Answer: Sample: Any part of population which is selected from a


population is called Sample. The journey from the sample to the population is
called inference and the method selecting sample from the population is called
Sampling. The sample size is denoted by “n”.

Question: What is Parameter of Statistics?

Answer: Parameter: Any measure of population is called Parameter.


For example we are interested to know the percentage of smokers in the
country. This percentage pertains to the population of smokers and is called
Parameter. The symbols “ µ “ (mue) and (sigma square) are the parameters
of population.

Question: What is Meaning of Statistics?


Answer: The word statistics has three different meanings, which are
discussed below:
(1) Plural Sense
(2) Singular Sense
(3) Plural of the Word “Statistic”

(1) Plural Sense

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

In the plural sense, the word statistics refers to numerical facts and figures
collected in a systematic manner with a definite purpose in any field of study.
In this sense, statistics are also aggregates of facts which are expressed in
numerical form. For example, statistics on industrial production, statistics or
population growth of a country in different years, etc.

(2) Singular Sense


In a singular sense, it refers to the science comprising of methods which are
used in the collection, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical
data. These methods are used to draw conclusion about population
parameters.

For example: We want to study the distribution of the weights of students in a


certain college. First of all, we will collect information on the weights which
may be obtained from college records, or we may collect this information from
the students directly. The large quantity of weight figures will confuse the
mind.

In this situation, we may arrange the weights in groups such as “50 Kg to 60


Kg”, “60 Kg to 70 Kg” and so on, and find the number of students that fall in
each group. This step is called the presentation of data. We may still go further
and compute the averages and some other measures which may give us a
complete description of the original data.

(3) Plural of the Word “Statistic”:


The word statistics is used as the plural of the word “statistic,” which refers to
a numerical quantity like the mean, median, variance, etc., calculated from
sample values.

For example: If we select 15 students from a class of 80 students, measure


their heights and find the average height, this average would be a statistic.

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year

Chapter No.1

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

___________________________________________________________________
MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian

You might also like