Statistics
Statistics
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
What is Statistics?
The study of the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data is
called statistics.
TYPES OF STATISTICS
There are two broad categories of statistics. They are descriptive and inferential
statistics and are depicted in the following image.
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STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
o statistics pertaining to dispersion around the central tendency such as the range or
standard deviation
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STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
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INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Categorical data is data that can be sorted according to a category and each value
is from a set of non-overlapping values. Examples of categorical data would include eye
color (green, brown, blue, etc.) and managerial level (supervisor, mid-level, executive).
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STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
because the ordering is completely arbitrary; we could have had 0s representing female
and 1s representing male.
o Continuous data is when the response can take on any value within the range of
variable. For example responses to the question of “what’s your GPA on a 4.0 scale?”
could take on not just 1, 2, 3, or 4 but also 3.17, 3.83, 2.94, etc.
An interval scale, like an ordinal scale, is where higher numbers represent more or a
greater amount of the phenomena being measure, and where the distance between
adjacent response choices are equal but there’s still no fixed and non-arbitrary zero.
Temperature, in Celsius or Fahrenheit, is the typical example of an interval scale in
which the distance between 5 and 6 is the same as the distance between -22 and -21
and is the same as the distance between 102 and 103. But, it doesn’t make sense to say
that 50 is twice as hot as 25 because 0 degrees, for both scales, is arbitrary.
A ratio scale has the same properties as an interval scale, except that there is a true
zero and calculating ratios makes sense. For example, to say that someone has twice
the income of another person is correct, at least mathematically. Sales for a particular
retailer can be compared with ratios or percentages from same time last year, etc.
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MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
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STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Mean
The average of all numbers or add together all of the numbers in a set and then divide
the sum by the total count of numbers.
Median
Mode
The number that occurs most often within a set of numbers is called Mode.
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest values within a set of numbers is called
Range.
Find the mean, median, mode, and range for the following list of values:
(13 + 18 + 13 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 14 + 21 + 13) ÷ 9 = 15
Note that the mean isn't a value from the original list. This is a common result. You should not
assume that your mean will be one of your original numbers.
The median is the middle value, so I'll have to rewrite the list in order:
There are nine numbers in the list, so the middle one will be the (9 + 1) ÷ 2 = 10 ÷ 2 = 5th
number:
So the median is 14. Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2004-2011 All Rights Reserved
The mode is the number that is repeated more often than any other, so 13 is the mode.
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MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
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STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
The largest value in the list is 21, and the smallest is 13, so the range is 21 – 13 = 8.
mean: 15
median: 14
mode: 13
range: 8
1, 2, 4, 7
(1 + 2 + 4 + 7) ÷ 4 = 14 ÷ 4 = 3.5
The median is the middle number. In this example, the numbers are already listed in
numerical order, so I don't have to rewrite the list. But there is no "middle" number, because
there are an even number of numbers. In this case, the median is the mean (the usual
average) of the middle two values:
(2 + 4) ÷ 2 = 6 ÷ 2 = 3
The mode is the number that is repeated most often, but all the numbers in this list appear
only once, so there is no mode.
The largest value in the list is 7, the smallest is 1, and their difference is 6, so the range is 6.
mean: 3.5
median: 3
mode: none
range: 6
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MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
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STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
The list values were whole numbers, but the mean was a decimal value. Getting a decimal value for
the mean (or for the median, if you have an even number of data points) is perfectly okay; don't round
your answers to try to match the format of the other numbers.
Find the mean, median, mode, and range for the following list of values:
The median is the middle value. In a list of ten values, that will be the (10 + 1) ÷ 2 = 5.5th
value; that is, I'll need to average the fifth and sixth numbers to find the median:
The mode is the number repeated most often. This list has two values that are repeated three
times.
mean: 10.5
median: 10.5
modes: 10 and 11
range: 5
While unusual, it can happen that two of the averages (the mean and the median, in this case) will
have the same value.
Note: Depending on your text or your instructor, the above data set may be viewed as having no
mode (rather than two modes), since no single solitary number was repeated more often than any
other. I've seen books that go either way; there doesn't seem to be a consensus on the "right"
definition of "mode" in the above case. So if you're not certain how you should answer the "mode" part
of the above example, ask your instructor before the next test.
About the only hard part of finding the mean, median, and mode is keeping straight which "average" is
which. Just remember the following:
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MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
(In the above, I've used the term "average" rather casually. The technical definition of "average" is the
arithmetic mean: adding up the values and then dividing by the number of values. Since you're
probably more familiar with the concept of "average" than with "measure of central tendency", I used
the more comfortable term.)
A student has gotten the following grades on his tests: 87, 95, 76, and 88. He wants
an85 or better overall. What is the minimum grade he must get on the last test in order
to achieve that average?
(87 + 95 + 76 + 88 + x) ÷ 5 = 85
87 + 95 + 76 + 88 + x = 425
346 + x = 425
x = 79
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MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
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(T,T,T,T)
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MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Finite Population:
The population is called finite if its individual can be counted. for example the
population of smokers in the country, population of educated people in the
country.
Infinite Population:
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MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
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STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
The population is called infinite if its individual cannot be counted. For example
the population of sunrays and number of dust particles on the surface of the
earth.
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MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
In the plural sense, the word statistics refers to numerical facts and figures
collected in a systematic manner with a definite purpose in any field of study.
In this sense, statistics are also aggregates of facts which are expressed in
numerical form. For example, statistics on industrial production, statistics or
population growth of a country in different years, etc.
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MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian
STATISTICS NOTES FOR 1st Year
Chapter No.1
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
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MUHAMMAD IBRAHIM ACADEMY
CONTACT NO. 0333-5164995 and 0344-5424435
Main Pindorian Market, Near Orion Islamic School, Pindorian