*** Cấu trúc mệnh đề chỉ lý do: Because/since/as + S + V, S + V
hoặc
S + V + because/since/as + S + V
Cấu trúc "Because/since/as + S + V, S + V" là một dạng cấu trúc ngữ pháp phổ biến trong tiếng Anh để thể hiện mối quan hệ nguyên nhân - kết quả giữa hai mệnh đề. Cấu trúc này được sử dụng để liên kết một mệnh đề chính (main clause) với một mệnh đề phụ (subordinate clause) chỉ ra lý do hoặc nguyên nhân của hành động được nêu trong mệnh đề chính.
Ví dụ: • Because it was raining, we stayed indoors. (Vì trời mưa, chúng tôi đã ở trong nhà.) • Since we have enough time, let's watch a movie. (Vì chúng ta có đủ thời gian, hãy xem một bộ phim.) • As you were not available, we rescheduled the meeting. (Vì bạn không có mặt, chúng tôi đã dời lịch họp.)
Ngoài ra, mệnh đề chỉ lý do còn chứa cụm từ chỉ lý do như because of, due to, owing to, thanks to. Because of/due to/owing to/thanks to + V-ing/noun/pronoun
Because of: Được sử dụng rộng rãi để chỉ nguyên nhân hoặc lý do, có thể theo sau bởi danh từ/ cụm danh từ hoặc động danh từ (V-ing). • Ví dụ: We were late because of the traffic. (Chúng tôi đến muộn vì tắc đường.)
Due to: Tương tự như "because of" nhưng thường được sử dụng trong ngữ cảnh chính thức hơn và cũng phải theo sau bởi danh từ/ cụm danh từ hoặc động danh từ. • Ví dụ: The cancellation was due to the storm. (Việc hủy bỏ là do cơn bão.)
Owing to: Cũng mang nghĩa tương tự như "due to", và thường được dùng trong bối cảnh trang trọng để chỉ nguyên nhân. • Ví dụ: Owing to the late arrival of the speaker, the conference started late. (Do người diễn thuyết đến muộn, hội nghị đã bắt đầu trễ.)
Thanks to: Được sử dụng để chỉ ra nguyên nhân nhưng thường mang một ý nghĩa tích cực hoặc biểu thị sự biết ơn. • Ví dụ: Thanks to your help, we finished on time. (Nhờ sự giúp đỡ của bạn, chúng tôi đã hoàn thành đúng hạn.) Due to the fact that + mệnh đề Cụm từ này thường theo sau là một mệnh đề hoàn chỉnh với chủ ngữ và động từ. • Ví dụ: Due to the fact that she had not completed her homework, she was unable to go out with her friends. (Bởi vì cô ấy chưa hoàn thành bài tập về nhà, cô ấy đã không thể đi chơi với bạn bè.)
*** Những điểm dễ nhầm lẫn và lỗi sai thường gặp
Sử dụng sai cấu trúc của "due to" và "because of"
“Because of/due to/owing to/thanks to” cần được theo sau bởi một danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ, không phải một mệnh đề đầy đủ (có chủ ngữ và động từ).
Sai: Due to she was late, we missed the movie.
Đúng: Due to her lateness, we missed the movie.
Sử dụng sai dấu câu
Khi because, since, as nằm trong vế đứng trước câu, thêm dấu phẩy vào trước mệnh đề còn lại.
Sai: Because he left the key at home he couldn’t go to work on time.
Đúng: Because he left the key at home, he couldn’t go to work on time.
Sử dụng sai cấu trúc của because, since, as
Theo công thức Because/since/as + S + V, S + V, sau because, since và as cần là một mệnh đề có đầy đủ chủ ngữ vị ngữ.
Sai: Because sickness, she can’t go to work.
Đúng: Because she is sick, she can’t go to work.
*** Exercises: Ex 1: Rewrite the sentences using “because” 1. He felt cold he put on his coat. => 2. We must put on our raincoat before going outside it is raining heavily. => 3. The boy's legs were badly hurt he couldn't play football. => 4. I have just finished my dinner am not very hungry. => 5. We study very hard we want to get good grades in English. => 6. Loan doesn't want to miss the school bus she gets up early every morning. => 7. He has to quit school his family is very poor. => 8. My dog lives outdoors I keep its house warm. => 9. I hid behind the door I didn't want to see her. => 10. She joined an English club she wanted to improve her spoken English. =>
Ex 2: Circle the correct answer:
1. ___(because of/because) it was raining heavily, the picnic was postponed. 2. ___ (because/because of) his expertise in software development, he received a job offer from a big tech company. 3. The flight was canceled ___ (due to/since) the bad weather conditions. 4. ___ (because of/since) you are not feeling well, you should stay home and rest. 5. The meeting was postponed ___ (due to/as) to the CEO's sudden illness.
Ex 3: Write the correct answer:
because – because of – so – as – for – due to – owing to 1. We stayed inside ________________ it was raining. 2. I wanted to leave early ________________ was not enjoying the party. 3. The girl stayed at home ________________ her illness. 4. We were late ________________ the traffic jam. 5. She didn't love cats ________________ she wasn't happy when her husband brought two kižens home. 6. Ravi didn't play ________________ his illness. 7. ________________ I was Ÿred, I went to bed early. 8. She was very unhappy ________________ she missed her children. 9. ________________ the bad weather, we cancelled the trip. 10. ________________ was having a nice Ÿme, I decided to stay longer. 11. ________________ it was very cold, he put on his coat. 12. She couldn't walk ________________ she had broken her leg. PHRASAL VERBS (UNIT 1) Ex 1: Circle the correct answer A, B, C or D 1. Why did you decide to take (on/up) skiing ? 2. Remember to warm (up/down) carefully before you play sports. 3. There’s no need to dress ( up / down). It is just an informal party. 4. Have you work (out / in) the solution yet ? 5. Oops, I think we’re run out (of/on) petrol. 6. Jim seems not to get (on/off) well with his classmates. 7. My husband has decided to set (up/down) a business on his own. 8. Do you think Jame will find (out/ up) the truth ? 9. Oops, I think we're run out (of/ on) petrol. 10. Jim seems not to get (on/ off) well with his classmates. 11. My husband has decided to set (up/ down) a business on his own. 12. Do you think James will find (out / up) the truth? 13. Does Jim have many friends to count (on/ off) in difficult time? 14. Yesterday, my uncle dropped (to/ by) my house to the surprise of everyone. 15. Were you brought (up/ in) by your grandparents? 16. Who does Jim take (after/ in)? 17. I am waiting (after/ for) the result of the test. 18. They haven't agreed (on/ with) what make of car they would buy. 19. "Who did you run (out of/ into) yesterday?" - "It was my old teacher." 20. If we don't conserve the natural gas, it will soon be used (up/ to)?
Ex 2: Complete each of the following sentences using the correct form of a phrasal verb from the box live on look through pass down set off turn down close down come back deal with get up keep up with 1. They offered her a trip to Europe but she it __________ . 2. He has __________the report and found nothing interesting. 3. Phong walks too fast and it’s really hard to __________ him. 4. These traditional stories have been __________ from parents to children over many generations. 5. My sister is an early bird. She __________ at 7 o’clock every day of the week. 6. We’ll __________ for Tay Ho village at 9 o’clock and arrive at 10 o’clock. 7. When I was a student, I __________ small allowances from my parents. 8. The government must now __________ the preservation of traditional craft villages. 9. The banks have __________ a lot of branches in villages over the last few years. 10. Many foreign tourists decided to __________ Viet Nam for another holiday.
Ex 3: Choose the correct answer
1. Lucas is on the other phone — would you like to hang ___________? a) up b) down c) on 2. I can barely make ___________ what you are saying. Please speak louder. a) out b) back c) on 3. Please help me sit ___________. I want to read for a while. a) on b) out c) up 4. Could you please pick me ___________ after school? a) on b) up c) down 5. Don't stand there! Sit ___________! a) down b) on c) out 6. Every Friday, I hang ___________at the bar with my colleagues. a) out b) on c) back 7. The U.S. market makes ___________ 40 percent of our profit. a) down b) out c) up
Ex 4: Complete the sentences with the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box run out of look around cut down on get on with pass down take care of find out set up come back go out 1. They planned to _____________ and celebrate their anniversary at a fancy restaurant. 2. The children walked into the park and _____________, trying to find a suitable spot to have a picnic. 3. The doctor advised me to _____________ my caffeine intake to reduce my anxiety. 4. He _____________ the household chores while his wife was away on a business trip. 5. The memories of that trip always _____________ to me when I see these old photographs. 6. We _____________ gas on our road trip, so we had to stop at a nearby gas station. 7. The scientist did several experiments to _____________ the effects of new drug. 8. It is important to _____________ famliy traditions from on generation to the next. 9. Last month, our team _____________ a charity event to support local business. 10. Despicte their intitial differences, the two roomates eventually _____________ each other and became good friends.
PRONUNICATION PRACTICES Choose the words whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others in each group 1. A. information B. foreign C. importance D. Singapore 2. A. subtitle B. decision C. worldwide D. website 3. A. essential B. necessary C. sure D. skill 4. A. content B. internet C. article D. future 5. A. overseas B. reach C. teaching D. hearing 6. A. notebook B. good C. choose D. looking 7. A. methods B. books C. actors D. jobs 8. A. mistakes B. phrases C. languages D. chances 9. A. combined B. improved C. happened D. practiced 10. A. checked B. helped C. connected D. expressed
