Name: Lucy Button Date: 9/24/2024 Class: equine science

Guided Notes
Introduction The circulatory system includes:
Heart
Veins
capillaries
Arteries
lymph vessels
lymph glands
Work together to supply the body tissues with nourishment
and collect waste materials.

functions of the circulatory system:

Distribute nutrients ,
Transport and exchange oxygen and carbon
dioxide ,
Remove waste materials,
Distribute secretions of endocrine glands,
Prevent excessive bleeding ,
Prevent infection , and
Regulate body temperature .

Anatomy and Physiology of the Heart

a funnel-shaped, hollow, muscular organ that is responsible for pumping blood to all parts of the
body.
located near the center of the theoratic cavity between the lungs and is
contained in the pericardial sac.
Pericardial sac
supports the heart and contains some fluid for lubrication.

The heart wall is made up of three layers.

epicardium
outer layer of heart wall, which is also the inner layer of epicardial sac
endocardium
Inner layer that consists of endothelial cells, which line the heart, covers the heart valves,
and lines the blood vessels.
The heart wall is made up of three layers.
myocaridum
middle layer composed of cardiac muscle.
The cardiac muscle is an involuntary , striated muscle with
fibers that intertwine.

The heart is divided into a right and left side and each side is divided into an atrium
and ventricle .
Therefore, the heart is said to have four chambers (right
atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle).

The atrio ventricular valves

AV valve separate the atrium and ventricle on each side of the heart.

Page 1 of 4
Name: Lucy Button Date: 9/24/2024 Class: equine science

Guided Notes
The AV valves have flaps of tissues, called leaflets or cusps, which open and close to ensure that the
blood flows only in one direction and does not backflow
into the atriums.

The AV valve on the right side is called the tricuspid

Has three cusps.
The AV valve on the left side is called the bicuspid
Has two cusps.
Heart Valves
Pulmonary
Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
Aortic
Between the left ventricle and the aortic artery
Prevent blood from back-flowing into their respective ventricles

Draw the Picture of the Heart on the back of this paper

1. pulmonary Valve
2. tricuspid Valve
3. Bicuspid valve
4. aortic Valve
5. Heart Muscle
a. myocardium

anatomy and phisiology of the Vascular System

The vascular system is made up of three types of blood vessels
:
Arteries / Arteriole
Veins / Venules, and
Capillaries
arteries are blood vessels that carry blood, rich in oxygen, from the heart to
other parts of the body.
Arteries branch out into smaller arteries called arterioles
Arterioles branch into smaller vessels called capillaries .

capillaries are tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that connect arteries to veins
and are located in all body tissues.
So small that blood cells pass through in a single file.
The semi-permeable membrane of capillary walls allows nutrients ,
oxygen , and water to diffuse from the blood to the tissues.
Waste products, like carbon dioxide , diffuse from the
tissues into the blood.

Once blood passes through the capillary beds, it begins its return to the heart.
veins are the blood vessels that return blood to the heart from all parts of the
body.
Capillaries unite to form small veins called venules .

Page 2 of 4
Name: Lucy Button Date: 9/24/2024 Class: equine science

Guided Notes
The venules join together to form larger veins , which have thin walls and are
collapsible.
For each artery, there is a much larger vein counterpart.
veins have valves that aid the return flow of blood and prevent the blood
from reversing flow.
These valves allow for muscle contractions and movement of body parts.
The valves also assist the return flow of blood to the heart when blood pressure is low.

anatomy and physiology of the Blood

blood is an important component of the circulatory system.
Anatomically and functionally, blood is a connective tissue.
The amount of blood that a domestic animal has is expressed in terms of percentage of body weight.
plasma is a straw-colored liquid containing water (90%)
and solids (10%).
The other 10% inorganic salts and organic substances such as antibodies, hormones
, vitamins, enzymes, proteins , and glucose
(blood sugar).
The non-plasma , or cellular, portion of blood
From left to right:
Red blood cell ( erythrocyte )
Platelet ( thrombocyte )
white blood cells (leukocyte).

Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, which

gives them their characteristic red color and helps them carry the oxygen.
Red blood cells are biconcave discs, a shape that provides a large area for
oxygen exchange.
Red blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.
Most domestic animals have a red blood cell count of seven million cells per cubic millimeter of blood.
Red blood cells will last from 90 to 120 days
are removed from the blood by the spleen, liver, bone marrow, or lymph nodes when they are worn
out.
Parts of the circulatory System
The total circulatory system is divided into two main
parts:
pulomony circulation, and
systemic circulation.
Pulmonary System
Main parts:
Heart, pulmonary arteries, capillaries of the lungs, and pulmonary veins.
Pulomony circulation
Takes the blood from the heart to the lungs, where it is oxygenated, and returns it to the heart.
Takes the blood from the heart to the lungs, where it is oxygenated, and returns it to the heart.
Flow of Blood in Pulmonary Circulation
Blood that is low in oxygen returns to the heart through two large veins called the superior (or cranial)
vena cava and the inferior (or caudal) vena cava.

Page 3 of 4
Name: Lucy Button Date: 9/24/2024 Class: equine science

Guided Notes
The un-oxygenated blood enters the right atrium of the
heart.
Flow of Blood in Pulmonary Circulation
The blood then passes through the right atrioventricular ( tricuspid ) valve
into the right ventricle.
The right ventricle pumps the blood through the
pulmonary valve into the
pulmonary arterie .
in Pulmonary Circulation
The pulmonary artery quickly divides into two branches.
Each branch of the pulmonary artery carries blood to a lung .
In the lungs the pulmonary arteries branch into capillaries that surround the
alveoli .
Through diffusion, carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli and oxygen moves from the
alveoli into the blood.
The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart through the pulmonary
vein into the left atrium
.
From the left atrium , the blood flows through the
left atrioventricular ( bicuspid ) valve into the left
ventricle .
The thick-walled left vertricle pumps the
blood through the aortic valve into the
aorta and then to the rest of the body.
The amount of pressure that is required for pulmonary circulation is much less than what is required for
systemic circulation.
Therefore, the muscle mass developed in the right ventricle is much less that of the left ventricle.
Flow of Blood in Pulmonary Circulation
Un-oxygenated blood is dark or brownish red, while oxygenated blood is bright red.
In the pulmonary system, un-oxygenated blood is carried by the pulmonary arteries and oxygenated
blood is carried by pulmonary veins.

Blood platelets, or , are oval-shaped discs that are formed in the bone
marrow.
help prevent blood loss from injuries to
blood vessels by forming clots (white thrombus).
Platelets may secrete a substance that causes the clot to contract and solidify.
Platelets may also secrete a substance that causes an injured vessel to constrict at the injury.
White Blood Cells
When bacterial infections occur, the number of white blood cells normally increases.
When viral infections occur, the number of white blood cells normally decreases.
Stop the bleeding
Blood clotting is called and is important in reducing blood loss caused by injury
and in healing the injury.
is a thread-like mass produced by fibrinogen (fibrous protein in blood)
and thrombin.

Page 4 of 4