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HTML5 and CSS © 2013 Course Technology, Cengage Learning
Complete, Seventh Edition
Denise M. Woods WCN: 02-200-203
All screen shots are courtesy of Notepad++ and Microsoft Corporation unless
otherwise noted.
All rendered figures, including composed art and tables, are © Cengage
Learning unless otherwise noted.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
HTML5 Seventh Edition
AND CSS
COMPLETE
Contents
Contents
Preface viii CHAPTER TWO
Creating and Editing a Web Page
HTML5 and CSS Using Inline Styles
Objectives HTML 33
CHAPTER ONE Introduction HTML 34
Introduction to HTML, XHTML, Project — Rock Climbing Fun Web Page HTML 34
and CSS Overview HTML 34
Objectives HTML 1 Elements of a Web Page HTML 37
Introduction HTML 2 Browser Window Elements HTML 37
What Is the Internet? HTML 2 Text Elements HTML 38
What Is the World Wide Web? HTML 3 Image Elements HTML 38
Web Servers HTML 4 Hyperlink Elements HTML 38
Web Site Types and Purposes HTML 5 Defining Web Page Structure HTML 39
Web Browsers HTML 7 Defining the HTML Document HTML 39
What Is Hypertext Markup Language? HTML 8 To Start Notepad++ HTML 40
HTML Elements HTML 9 To Enable Word Wrap in Notepad++ HTML 42
Useful HTML Practices HTML 10 To Define the Web Page Structure
HTML Versions HTML 11 Using HTML Tags HTML 42
Cascading Style Sheets HTML 11 Formatting the Web Page HTML 45
Document Object Model (DOM) HTML 12 Entering Web Page Content HTML 46
Extensible Hypertext Markup To Enter a Paragraph of Text HTML 48
Language (XHTML) HTML 12 To Enter a Heading HTML 49
Tools for Creating HTML Documents HTML 13 Using Lists to Present Content HTML 49
Web Development Life Cycle HTML 15 To Create an Unordered List HTML 51
Web Site Planning HTML 16 More About List Formats HTML 51
Web Site Analysis HTML 16 Adding a Footer HTML 53
Web Site Design and Development HTML 17 To Add a Footer HTML 53
Web Site Testing HTML 22 Saving and Organizing HTML Files HTML 54
Web Site Implementation and Maintenance HTML 24 To Save an HTML File HTML 55
Be an Observant Web User HTML 25 Using a Browser to View a Web Page HTML 58
Chapter Summary HTML 25 To Start a Browser HTML 58
Learn It Online HTML 26 To View a Web Page in a Browser HTML 59
Apply Your Knowledge HTML 26 To Activate Notepad++ HTML 60
Extend Your Knowledge HTML 27 Improving the Appearance of Your
Make It Right HTML 28 Web Page HTML 60
In the Lab HTML 29 Using Style Sheets HTML 61
Cases and Places HTML 32 Using Web Page Divisions HTML 63
iii
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
iv Contents HTML5 and CSS Complete
Types of Web Page Images HTML 64 Validating the HTML, Viewing the
Image Attributes HTML 65 Web Page, and Testing Links HTML 117
Other Visual Enhancements HTML 67 To Validate HTML Code HTML 118
To Add Color to a Web Page To Print an HTML File HTML 119
Heading HTML 69 To Test Links on a Web Page HTML 121
To Change the Bulleted List Style HTML 70 To Print a Web Page HTML 123
To Add a Horizontal Rule HTML 70 Editing the Second Web Page HTML 123
To Change the Footer Style HTML 71 To Open an HTML File HTML 125
To Refresh the View in a Browser HTML 72 Working with Classes in Style Statements HTML 126
Validating and Viewing HTML Code HTML 72 Adding an Image with Wrapped Text HTML 128
To Validate HTML Code HTML 73 Using Thumbnail Images HTML 130
To View HTML Source Code for a To Wrap Text Around Images Using
Web Page HTML 76 CSS Classes HTML 132
To Print a Web Page and an HTML File HTML 77 To Clear Text Wrapping HTML 134
Chapter Summary HTML 79 Adding Links Within a Web Page HTML 135
Learn It Online HTML 79 To Set Link Targets HTML 136
Apply Your Knowledge HTML 80 To Add Links to Link Targets Within a
Extend Your Knowledge HTML 81 Web Page HTML 137
Make It Right HTML 82 To Add Links to a Target at the Top of
In the Lab HTML 83 the Page HTML 138
Cases and Places HTML 86 To Copy and Paste HTML Code HTML 138
To Add an Image Link to a Web Page HTML 139
CHAPTER THREE To View and Test a Web Page HTML 141
Creating Web Pages with Links, Images, Chapter Summary HTML 142
and Embedded Style Sheets Learn It Online HTML 142
Objectives HTML 87 Apply Your Knowledge HTML 143
Introduction HTML 88 Extend Your Knowledge HTML 144
Project — Underwater Tours by Eloise Make It Right HTML 146
Web Site HTML 88 In the Lab HTML 147
Overview HTML 89 Cases and Places HTML 152
Using Links on a Web Page HTML 91
Linking to Another Web Page Within the CHAPTER FOUR
Same Web Site HTML 93 Creating Tables in a Web Site
Linking to a Web Page in Another Web Site HTML 94 Using an External Style Sheet
Linking Within a Web Page HTML 96 Objectives HTML 155
Linking to an E-mail Address HTML 96 Introduction HTML 156
Creating a Home Page HTML 97 Project — Oceanside Hotel and Sports
To Start Notepad++ HTML 98 Club Web Site HTML 156
To Add a Banner Image HTML 100 Overview HTML 158
To Add Paragraphs of Text HTML 102 Planning and Designing a Multipage
Adding a Text Link to Another Web Page Web Site HTML 159
Within the Same Web Site HTML 103 Creating Web Pages with Tables HTML 159
To Add a Text Link to Another Web Page Table Elements HTML 161
Within the Same Web Site HTML 104 Adding Style to Table Elements HTML 162
Adding an E-mail Link HTML 105 Table Borders, Headers, Captions, and Rules HTML 163
To Add an E-mail Link HTML 105 Determining the Need for, Planning,
Adding Other Information to an E-mail Link HTML 106 and Coding a Table HTML 164
To Add a Text Link to a Web Page in Determining If a Table Is Needed HTML 164
Another Web Site HTML 107 Planning the Table HTML 165
Using Absolute and Relative Paths HTML 107 Coding the Table HTML 166
Adding Interest and Focus with Styles HTML 110 Table Tag Attributes HTML 167
Adding Interest and Focus with HTML Tags HTML 110 Creating a Home Page with Banner Logo
Style Sheet Precedence Review HTML 112 and Borderless Navigation Table HTML 169
Using Embedded Style Sheets HTML 112 To Insert, Center, and Style an Image
To Add Embedded Style Sheet Statements HTML 115 with a Box-Shadow HTML 172
To Add an Inline Style for Color HTML 117 Using a Table to Create a Horizontal
To Save an HTML File HTML 117 Navigation Bar HTML 174
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
HTML5 and CSS Complete Contents v
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
vi Contents HTML5 and CSS Complete
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
HTML5 and CSS Complete Contents vii
APPENDIX D APPENDIX E
CSS Properties and Values Publishing Web Pages
CSS Concepts and Terminology APP 25 to a Web Server
CSS Properties APP 27 Choosing a Web Host APP 47
Acceptable Units of Measure APP 27 Uploading Files to the Host APP 47
Animation Properties APP 28
Background and Color Properties APP 28 APPENDIX F
Border Properties APP 29
Symbols and Characters
Box Properties APP 30
Classification Properties APP 31
Quick Reference
Using Symbols and Special Characters APP 49
Color Properties APP 31
Content for Paged Media Properties APP 32
Index IND 1
Dimension Properties APP 32
Flexible Box Properties APP 33
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Preface
The Shelly Cashman Series® offers the finest textbooks in computer education. We are
proud that our previous HTML books have been so well received. With each new edition of
our HTML books, we have made significant improvements based on the comments made
by instructors and students. The HTML5 and CSS, Seventh Edition books continue with the
innovation, quality, and reliability you have come to expect from the Shelly Cashman Series.
For this text, the Shelly Cashman Series development team carefully reviewed its
pedagogy and analyzed its effectiveness in teaching today’s student. Students today read
less, but need to retain more. They need not only to be able to perform skills, but to retain
those skills and know how to apply them to different settings. Today’s students need to be
continually engaged and challenged to retain what they’re learning.
With this HTML book, we continue our commitment to focusing on the user and
how they learn best.
Objectives of HTML5 and CSS: Complete, Seventh Edition is intended for use in combination with other books in
an introductory course on creating Web pages, or as a stand-alone in a two-credit hour course or a
This Textbook continuing education course. No experience with Web page development or computer programming is
required. Specific objectives of this book are as follows:
• To teach the fundamentals of developing Web pages using a comprehensive Web development life cycle
• To acquaint students with the HTML5 and CSS (through level 3) languages and creating Web
pages suitable for course work, professional purposes, and personal use
• To expose students to common Web page formats and functions
• To promote curiosity and independent exploration of World Wide Web resources
• To develop an exercise-oriented approach that allows students to learn by example
• To encourage independent study and help those who are learning how to create Web pages in a
distance education environment
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
HTML5 and CSS Complete Preface ix
Online Companion
The Online Companion includes Learn It Online exercises for each chapter, as well
as @Source links, Your Turn links, and Q&As. To access these course materials, please
visit www.cengagebrain.com. At the CengageBrain.com home page, search for
HTML5 and CSS 7th Edition using the search box at the top of the page. This will take
you to the product page for this book. On the product page, click the Access Now
button below the Study Tools heading.
Instructor Resources
The Instructor Resources include both teaching and testing aids and can be accessed via
CD-ROM or at login.cengage.com.
Instructor’s Manual Includes lecture notes summarizing the chapter sections, figures and boxed
elements found in every chapter, teacher tips, classroom activities, lab activities, and quick
quizzes in Microsoft Word files.
Syllabus Easily customizable sample syllabi that cover policies, assignments, exams,
and other course information.
Figure Files Illustrations for every figure in the textbook in electronic form.
PowerPoint Presentations A multimedia lecture presentation system that provides slides for
each chapter. Presentations are based on chapter objectives.
Solutions to Exercises Includes solutions for all end-of-chapter and chapter reinforcement
exercises.
Test Bank & Test Engine Test Banks include 112 questions for every chapter, featuring objec-
tive-based and critical thinking question types, and including page number references.
Also included is the test engine, ExamView, the ultimate tool for your objective-based
testing needs.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
x Preface HTML5 and CSS Complete
Data Files for Students Includes all the files that are required by students to complete the
exercises.
Additional Activities for Students Consists of Chapter Reinforcement Exercises, which are
true/false, multiple-choice, and short answer questions that help students gain confidence
in the material learned.
CourseNotes
Course Technology’s CourseNotes are six-panel quick
reference cards that reinforce the most important concepts
and features of a software application in a visual and user-friendly
format. CourseNotes
serve as a great reference tool for students, both during and after the course. CourseNotes
are available for Adobe Dreamweaver CS5, Web 2.0: Recharged, Buyer’s Guide: Tips
for Purchasing a New Computer, Best Practices in Social Networking, Hot Topics in
Technology and many more. Visit www.cengagebrain.com to learn more!
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
HTML5 and CSS Complete Preface xi
Guided Tours
Add excitement and interactivity to your classroom with “A Guided Tour” product
line. Play one of the brief mini-movies to spice up your lecture and spark classroom
discussion. Or, assign a movie for homework and ask students to complete the corre-
lated assignment that accompanies each topic. “A Guided Tour ” product line takes the
prep-work out of providing your students with information on new technologies and
software applications and helps keep students engaged with content relevant to their
lives; all in under an hour!
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
xii Preface HTML5 and CSS Complete
students learn and experience new technology. This focus on student success is reflected on our covers,
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Textbook Walk-Through
The Shelly Cashman Series Pedagogy: Project-Based — Step-by-Step — Variety of Assessments
HTML 36 HTML Chapter 2 Creating and Editing a Web Page Using Inline Styles
them to think strategically 1. Complete Web page planning. Before developing a Web page, you must know
the purpose of the Web site, identify the users of the site and their computing
about what they are trying environments, and decide who owns the information on the Web page.
2. Analyze the need for the Web page. In the analysis phase of the Web development life
to accomplish before they cycle, you should analyze what content to include on the Web page. In this phase, you
determine the tasks and the information that the users need. Refer to Table 1–4 on page
begin working. HTML 15 in Chapter 1 for information on the phases of the Web development life cycle.
3. Choose the content for the Web page. Once you have completed the analysis, you
need to determine what content to include on the Web page. Follow the less is more
principle. The less text, the more likely the Web page will be read. Use as few words as
possible to make a point.
4. Determine the file naming convention that you will use for this Web page. Before you
start creating and saving files, you should decide on a standard way of naming your
files. Should you use the .htm or .html extension? As explained later in the chapter,
you use the .htm extension when the host Web server only allows short file names.
Step-by-step instructions now provide You use .html when the host Web server allows long file names. What name should
you give your file to indicate the file’s content or purpose? For instance, naming a Web
a context beyond the point-and-click. page page1.html does not describe what that Web page is; a more descriptive name is
helpful in development of the Web site.
Each step provides information on why 5. Determine where to save the Web page. You can store a Web page permanently, or
save it, on a variety of storage media, including a hard disk, USB flash drive, CD, or
students are performing each task, or DVD. Your instructor or the company for whom you are developing the Web page may
have specific storage media requirements.
what will occur as a result. 6. Determine what folder structure to use on your storage device. Once you have
determined the storage media to use, you should also determine folder location,
structure, and names on which to save the Web page. This should be done before you
start to save any of your files.
7. Identify how to format various elements of the Web page. The overall appearance of a
Web page significantly affects its ability to communicate clearly. Examples of how you
can55modify the appearance, or format, of the Web page include adding an image, color
Saving and Organizing HTML Files HTML
to headings, and horizontal rules.
HTML Chapter 2
8. Find appropriate graphical images. Eye-catching graphical images help convey the Web
To Save an HTML File page’s overall message and add visual interest. Graphics can be used to show a product,
service, result, or benefit, or visually convey a message that is not expressed easily
You have entered a lot of text while creating this project and do not want to risk losing the work you have done
with words.
so far. Also, to view HTML in a browser, you must save the file. The following steps show how to save an HTML file.
9. Establish where to position and how to format the graphical images. The position and
format of the graphical images should grab the attention of viewers and draw them
1 File menu
into reading the Web page.
tWith a USB flash drive 10. Test the Web page for W3C compliance. An important part of Web development
connected to one of is testing to assure that your Web page follows standards. The World Wide Web
the computer’s USB Consortium (W3C) has an online validator that allows you to test your Web page and
ports, click File on the clearly explains any errors.
Save As
Notepad++ menu bar command
When necessary, more specific details concerning the above guidelines are presented
(Figure 2–17).
at appropriate points in the chapter. The chapter will also identify the actions performed
File menu and decisions made regarding these guidelines during the creation of the Web page shown
options
in Figure 2–1a.
'JHVSFo
tClick Save As on the
File menu to display
the Save As dialog
Save As
box (Figure 2–18). original save location –
dialog box
your dialog box may
show something
Do I have to save to
Q&A
different
a USB flash drive?
No. You can save to
any device or folder.
A folder is a specific
location on a stor-
age medium. Use the
same process, but Navigation
select your device or pane
folder.
'JHVSFo
tType validator.
w3.org to replace
the current entry, and
can use to type in Navigational callouts in red
your HTML and
Figure 2–37
2
tClick the Browse
button.
tLocate the
rockclimbing.html
file on your storage
device and then click
the file name.
© 1994–2010 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved.
file name
tClick the Open but- in File box
Browse button
HTML 76 HTML Chapter 2 Creating and Editing a Web Page Using Inline Styles
ton on the Choose
File to Upload dialog
box and the file path more options To View HTML Source Code for a Web Page
and name will be available
Command bar. If
9781133526131_CH02_FINAL2.indd 74 your Command bar 11/29/11 6:20:45 PM
is not displayed,
right-click the title
bar, click Command
bar, and then click
Page.
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning 9781133526131_CH02_FINAL2.indd
experience. Cengage Learning 76 reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 6:21:16 PM
11/29/11
HTML 72 HTML Chapter 2 Creating and Editing a Web Page Using Inline Styles
footer centered
and in italics
Other Ways
Figure 2–35
1. In Internet Explorer,
press F5 to refresh
HTML Chapter 2
HTML and HTML5 Tags In Chapter 1, you read about validating your HTML code. Many validation services are
BTW
The Web has excellent available on the Web that can be used to assure that your HTML
6. Savecode followsHTML
the revised standards.
file in the Chapter02\Apply folder using the file name apply2-1solution.html.
sources that list HTML5 This should always be a part of your Web page testing. The validation service used in
tags. For more information 7. Validate
this book is the W3C Markup Validation Service (validator.w3.org). your
This HTML
validator code at validator.w3.org.
checks
about HTML and HTML5,
search for “HTML tags” or the markup validity of Web documents in HTML and XHTML, 8. Enter g:\Chapter02\Apply\apply2-1solution.html
along with some other (or the path where your data file is stored) as
“HTML5 tags” in a search markup languages. The validator looks at the DOCTYPE statement the URL to view
to see whichtheversion
revised Web page in your browser.
engine. of HTML or XHTML you are using, and then checks to see 9. ifPrint
the code is valid
the Web for that
page.
version. In this chapter, the project uses the HTML5 DOCTYPE.
10. Submit the revised HTML file and Web page in the format specified by your instructor.
If validation detects an error in your HTML code, you will see the warning “Errors
found while checking this document as HTML5!” in the header bar, which is in red (Figure
STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS
2–36a on the next page). The Result line shows the number of errors that you have. You can
scroll down the page or click the Jump To: Validation OutputExtend Your
link to see detailed Knowledge
comments on
each error.
It is important to note that one error can result in more errors. As an example, the
Extend the skills you learned in this chapter and experiment with new skills.
</h2> tag on line 19 in the rockclimbing.html file was removed to show code with an error.
Figure 2–36b shows that in this case, one initial error (that Creating
the <ul> tag a on line 21 cannot
Definition List
be used within the <h2> tag on line 19) resulted in a total ofInstructions:
three errors and
Startone warning. Open the file, extend2-1.html from the Chapter02\Extend folder of
Notepad++.
the Data Files for Students. See the inside back cover of this book for instructions on downloading the
Data Files for Students, or contact your instructor for information about accessing the required files.
This sample Web page contains all of the text for the Web page. You will add the necessary tags to
9781133526131_CH02_FINAL2.indd 72 make this a definition list with11/29/11
terms6:20:31
that PM
are bold, as shown in Figure 2–45.
definitions
terms
Figure 2–45
Continued >
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Textbook Walk-Through
HTML 82 HTML Chapter 2 Creating and Editing a Web Page Using Inline Styles
2. Add the additional HTML code necessary to make the terms bold. (Hint: Review the font-weight
property with a value of bold.)
3. Add the image skier.jpg. Find the dimensions of the image by reviewing the image properties.
4. Add a horizontal rule that is 5 pixels high and color #414565. The <h1> heading is also color
#414565.
5. Save the revised document in the Chapter02\Extend folder with the file name extend2-1solution.
STUDENT ASSIGNMENTS
html, validate the Web page, and then submit it in the format specified by your instructor.
Make It Right
Analyze a document and correct all errors and/or improve the design.
Make It Right projects call on Correcting the Star of India Web Page
Instructions: Start Notepad++. Open the file makeitright2-1.html from the Chapter02\MakeItRight
students to analyze a file, discover folder of the Data Files for Students. See the inside back cover of this book for instructions on
downloading the Data Files for Students, or contact your instructor for information about accessing
errors in it, and fix them using the the required files.
The data file is a modified version of what you see in Figure 2–46. Make the necessary
skills they learned in the chapter. corrections to the Web page to make it look like Figure 2–46. Add a background color to the Web
page using color #515c7a. (Hint: Use an inline style in the <body> tag.) Format the heading to use
the Heading 1 style with the color black. Add a paragraph of text in white and four circle bullets also
in white. (Hint: Use the color property in the heading, paragraph, and bullet tags.) Save the file in
the Chapter02\MakeItRight folder as makeitright2-1solution.html, validate the Web page, and then
submit it in the format specified by your instructor. Be prepared to discuss the four questions posed in
the bullet list.
HTML 86 HTML Chapter 2 Creating and Editing a Web Page Using Inline Styles
dark background
color
3. Insert the image file piggybank.png, stored in the Chapter02\IntheLab folder. You can find the
dimensions of an image by clicking on the image using Windows Explorer. You can also right-click
the image, click Properties, and then click the Details tab to find out the image’s dimensions, or changed <h1>
heading color
open it in a graphics program. Note that the bullets used for the list are square in shape.
4. Save the HTML file in the Chapter02\IntheLab folder using the file name lab2-3solution.html.
1 Introduction to HTML,
XHTML, and CSS
Courtesy of the Library
of Congress
Objectives
You will have mastered the material in this chapter when you can:
• Describe the Internet and its • Define Extensible Hypertext Markup
associated key terms Language (XHTML) and describe its
relationship to HTML
• Describe the World Wide Web and
its associated key terms • Identify tools used to create HTML
documents
• Describe the types and purposes
of Web sites • Describe the five phases of the Web
development life cycle
• Discuss Web browsers and identify
their purpose • Describe the different methods of
Web site design and the purpose
• Define the Hypertext Markup
of each Web site structure
Language (HTML) and HTML5
standards used for Web development • Discuss the importance of testing
throughout the Web development
• Discuss the use of Cascading Style
life cycle
Sheets (CSS) in Web development
• Explain the importance of being an
• Define the Document Object Model
observant Web user
(DOM) and describe its relationship
to HTML
Copyright 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
HTML
1 Introduction to HTML,
XHTML, and CSS
Introduction
Before diving into the details of creating Web pages with HTML5 and CSS, it is u seful
to look at how these technologies relate to the development of the Internet and the
World Wide Web. The Internet began with the connection of computers and computer
networks. This connectivity has had a huge impact on our daily lives. Today, millions of
people worldwide have access to the Internet, the world’s largest network. Billions of Web
pages, providing information on any subject you can imagine, are currently available on
the World Wide Web. People use the Internet to search for information, to communicate
with others around the world, and to seek entertainment. Students register for classes, pay
tuition, and find out final grades via this computer network. Stores and individuals sell
their products using computer connectivity, and most industries rely on the Internet and
the World Wide Web for business transactions.
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and more recently HTML5 and Cascading
Style Sheets (CSS) allow the World Wide Web to exist. In order to utilize these tech-
nologies effectively, you need to understand the main concepts behind the Internet and
HTML. In this chapter, you learn some basics about the Internet, the World Wide Web,
intranets, and extranets. You are introduced to Web browsers, definitions of HTML and
associated key terms, the five phases of the Web development life cycle, and the tasks that
are involved in each phase.
fiber-optic
cable
satellite
connection
phone
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castizo y primitivo, el que concurrió desde el principio á la formación
del romance.
16. Como los eruditos han continuado sacando del latín nuevos
términos en todas las épocas, después de separado el castellano de
la lengua madre, desfigurado un vocablo latino y á veces modificado
en el sentido, se ha puesto en uso otro derivado del mismo original
latino. Antojo, por ejemplo, de ante-oculum == delante del ojo, es de
formación antigua; pero ante-ojo es posterior, de formación erudita,
sacado del mismo ante-oculum. Tales son los multiformes que han
enriquecido el idioma. Desde luego, se echa en ellos de ver su
mayor ó menor antigüedad y su origen popular ó erudito. En nuestra
lengua hay unos 1.800 temas ó estirpes latinas que, por este medio,
han dado origen á más de 4.000 palabras diferentes; en francés,
unas 3.000 de 1.400 temas; en portugués, 1.000, de unos 300
temas; en italiano hay muchas menos. Pueden clasificarse las voces
multiformes con arreglo á la modificación fónica que las distingue.
1.º. Por simple cambio de género: el cura, la cura; el canal, la canal;
el vista, la vista. 2.º. Por simple mutación de vocal final, cambie ó no
el género: fruto y fruta, de fructum; madero y madera, de materies (y
materia); ramo y rama, de ramus; base y basa, de basis; mangla y
mangle; tinto, tinte y tinta, de tinctus, -a, -un; tardo y tarde, de
tardus; huerto y huerta, de hortus; grado y grada, de gradus; talle y
tallo, de thallus; alegre y alegro, de alacer. 3.º. Por alteración de
consonante: hervor y fervor, de fervor; hondo y fondo, de fundus,
aunque hondo puede ser el ondo eusquérico; aliñar y alinear,
aunque aliño parece ser el lein; allanar y aplanar, de planus;
domeñar y dominar, de dominari; hilo y filo, de filum; hosco y fosco,
de fuscus; jalma y salma, horma y forma, aunque el primero parece
venir de orma, éuscaro, y el segundo de forma, latín; tajar y tallar y
talar, cambio y cange, balurdo y palurdo. 4.º. Por modificación de
vocal interior: braña y breña, torta y tarta, calvario y calavera,
campaña y campiña, cerco y circo, antojo y anteojo, vedija, vedeja y
guedeja. 5.º. Por alteración de vocal y consonante: cáliz, caz y
cauce, de calix; lucha y luto, de lucta; alnado y entenado, payo y
Pelayo, diz y dice, trueno y es-truendo, zarcillo y cerquillo. 6.º. Por
aféresis, síncopa, apócope, epéntesis, etc. Son voces de diferente
forma y significación, aunque de común origen. La una es obra del
pueblo, la otra del literato; una es más antigua, otra más moderna.
Entre las mismas populares hay formas que sólo difieren por el
sufijo, empleándose en sentido algo diferente; otras veces se
diferencian por la suavización de las explosivas, ley antigua de
nuestro romance, que la formación erudita no tiene en cuenta. De
modo que nuestra lengua obedece á dos series de principios muy
encontrados, porque casi es lengua doble. Las formaciones antiguas
populares constituyen el castellano verdadero; las eruditas son un
emplasto de puro latín ó griego, con ligeras modificaciones en las
desinencias, jerga parecida al latín macarrónico que se quisiera
añadir al habla del Lacio, y que consiste en dar terminaciones
latinas á las palabras castellanas.
2.ª. Los que vinieron desde el tiempo del Imperio como vocablos de
erudición y de cultura, con la religión, las artes, las letras, las
ciencias. Han penetrado más ó menos en el castellano vulgar, según
que las ideas que consigo llevan han llegado á ser patrimonio del
pueblo. Pero en la fonética se atienen á los radicales latino-eruditos,
no transformándose enteramente y mudando de pronunciación
según los tiempos, como herencia exclusiva del clero, de los sabios,
de los artistas, etcétera, en la cual sólo indirectamente el vulgo tiene
parte. Son los radicales semieruditos.
3.ª. Los que han llegado al castellano pasando por el árabe ó por el
italiano y el francés entran en el caudal común de radicales
románicos, ateniéndose á su fonética. Son los radicales que
podemos denominar helénico-extraños.
4.ª. Los que se han traído ó ídose formando artificialmente por los
eruditos con el transcurso del tiempo, conforme á los nuevos
inventos y doctrinas, necesitando de un tecnicismo apropiado: han
acudido los eruditos como á conocido arsenal al Diccionario
helénico. Son los términos eruditos técnicos, que, con la gran
expansión de la cultura moderna, se han multiplicado, sobre todo
desde la época del Renacimiento, y más desde la Revolución
francesa. Este caudal, que, con algunos términos latinos, otros
híbridos de latín y griego y otros de las lenguas modernas, forma un
diccionario particular de cada ciencia, arte y oficio, por ejemplo, el
tecnicismo de medicina, de las ciencias físicas, de las matemáticas,
de la filosofía, de la gramática y literatura, etcétera, contiene algunos
vocablos que van llegando hasta las últimas capas sociales, en
razón de lo generales que son las ideas y objetos que designan.
Son términos cosmopolitas, como son cosmopolitas esas ideas y
objetos, por manera que se han introducido en todas las lenguas
cultas, no sólo de Europa, sino del mundo entero. Si el
individualismo de las naciones y pueblos no opusiera
constantemente sus tendencias diferenciadoras, llegaría un día que
el mundo entero se hallaría, sin saberlo, dueño de una lengua
realmente universal. Esta lengua, que ya es universal para la
ciencia, la industria, las artes y el comercio, iría arrinconando
multitud de vocablos particulares de cada idioma, reemplazándolos
con otros cosmopolitas grecolatinos. Porque no se limita al
tecnicismo, sino que esta lengua universal va infiltrándose hasta en
el léxico general y vulgar, introduciendo vocablos para designar
ideas y objetos de uso antiguo, haciendo que la moda y el buen tono
les hagan lugar y se les prefiera á los antiguos vocablos. Es que la
cultura transforma poco á poco todas las instituciones, todas las
ideas, todos los artefactos, el modo de ser de las ciencias, de las
artes, de los oficios, y las nuevas modificaciones traen consigo
nuevos términos, que se sacan, generalmente, del léxico griego,
fuente de la cultura europea y arsenal de nuestra civilización.