Psychology Practical Zero .Pptx 20241107 182723 0000

Practical-1
Moral Reasoning
Aim: To assess the moral Reasoning of the participants by

using moral Reasoning Questionnaire.
°• Psychology is scientific discipline that Studies
mental states and processes and behaviour in
humans and other animals.
By William James
°• Psychology is the scientific study of mental

process & behaviowes. It is the study of mind & how
it work.
By Oxford american dictionary.

°• Developmental psychology com be defined as "a discipline that
attempts to describe and explain the changes that occur over in the
thought, behaviour, reasoning and functioning of a perion due to
biological individual and environmental influences.
°•The branch of psychology that studies the changes physical,

mental and behavioral that occur from conception
to old age and inverligates the various biological, genetic, psycholo
gical, social, Cultural, and environmental factors that affect
development throughout the lifespan.
NATURE AND ISSUE OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY
Human development psychology studies how

individuals grow and change throughout
their lives. It focuses on physical, cognitive,
emotional, and social transformations
from infancy to old age.
1. LIFELONG PROCESS
Development occurs throughout life, not just in childhood.
Example: Adults learn new skills or adapt to life changes,

like starting a new job.
2.MULTIDIMENSIONAL
Development involves multiple aspects physical, cognitive,
emotional, and social.
Example : A child grows taller (physical),

learns to read (cognitive), and makes friends (social).
3. PLASTICITY
Development is adaptable, influenced by experiences and environments.
Example : An adult improving their mental health by learning

new coping strategies.
4. CONTEXTUAL
Development is shaped by cultural, social, and familial contexts.
Example : Parenting styles vary across cultures, affecting

child-rearing practices.
ISSUE OF HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY
1. NATURE VS NURTURE
This debate examines the roles of genetics (nature) and environment
(nurture) in development.
Example : A child might inherit intelligence (nature) but needs a
supportive environment (nurture) to thrive.
1. CULTURAL DIFFERENCES
Different cultures influence development, affecting behaviors and
values.
Example : Some cultures encourage independence in children,
while others emphasize family and community.
3.RESILIENCE
Resilience is the ability to recover from difficulties and adapt positively.
Example : A child from a challenging background succeeding

academically despite hardships.
4. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Research in human development must adhere to ethical guidelines, especially

with vulnerable groups like children.
Example : Researchers must obtain informed consent from parents

before including children in studies.
Major theoretical perspectives in developmental psychology
1. Psychoanalytic Theory (Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson):
Freud focused on the impact of early childhood experiences and unconscious

motivations on development. He proposed five psychosexual stages:
1. Oral Stage (0-1 year): Pleasure centers around the mouth (e.g., sucking, biting),
Fixation may lead to issues like dependency or aggression.
2. Anal Stage (1-3 years): Focus is on toilet training. Fixation here can result in
orderliness (anal-retentive) or messiness (anal-expulsive).
3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Children develop an attraction to the opposite-sex

parent (Oedipus/Electra complex) and begin identifying with the same sex parent
4. Latency Stage (6-puberty): Sexual impulses are repressed, and
children focus on social and cognitive skills.
5. Genital Stage (puberty onward): Sexual reawakening, with

mature sexual interests focused on others outside the family.
Erikson expanded Freud's ideas with his Psychosocial Theory, which consists
of eight stages of psychosocial development, each marked
by a conflict that must be resolved:
6. Trust vs. Mistrust (0-1 year): Developing trust when basic needs
are met by caregivers.
7. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years): Gaining a sense of independence

or feeling doubt in one's abilities.
8. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years): Learning to take initiative or feeling

guilty for trying to assert control.
9. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-12 years): Developing competence in
skills or feeling inferiorcompared to others.
10. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Forming a strong

identity or experiencing confusion about one's role in society,
11. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood): Establishing close

relationships or feeling isolated.
12. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood): Contributing to society or feeling

unproductive.
13. Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood): Reflecting on life with a

sense of fulfillment or regret.
Both theories emphasize different aspects of development, with Freud focusing on

unconscious desires and Erikson highlighting social and emotional conflicts
2. Ecological Theory (Urie Bronfenbrenner):
Ecological Theory by Urie Bronfenbrenner explains human development

by highlighting thebvarious layers of the environment that influence
an individual's growth. According to
Bronfenbrenner.
°• these layers interact dynamically, shaping a person's development.

The systems in this theory include:
Microsystem: This is the immediate environment where a person has direct

interactions, suchas family, friends, school, and workplace.
Mesosystem: The mesosystem refers to the connections and interactions

between different microsystems.
example, the relationship between a child's family and their school, or
between peers and teachers
Exosystem: This layer in cludes environments that indirectly influence the individual,
Like a parent's workplace, community resources, or the mass media.
For example, a parent's workstress might affect family dynamics and thus
indirectly influence the child.
Macrosystem: The macrosystem consists of broader societal and cultural influences,

including laws, cultural values, economic conditions, and political systems. This
system shapes the environment in which all the other systems function, such as
societal expectations around education, family life, and behavior.
Chronosystem: This refers to the dimension of time and how changes over time, such
as life. transitions, historical events, or socio-economic shifts, affect an individual's
development
Moral Development
°•Lawrence Kohlberg (1958): Moral development is the progression

through a series of stages where individuals refine their ethical
reasoning, starting from obedience to avoid punishment and
advancing to adherence to universal ethical principles.
°•Jean Piaget (1932): Moral development occurs as children

move from a heteronomous stage, where rules are seen as
fixed and unchangeable, to an autonomous stage, where rules
are understood as flexible and based on mutual agreement.
Jean Piaget's Moral Development Theory
1. Heteronomous Morality (Moral Realism)Occurs in children around 5 to 10 years old.

Children view rules as unchangeable and handed down by authority figures (parents, teachers)
Morality is based on obedience and consequences, not intentions.
Breaking a rule is seen as inherently bad, regardless of the reason.
Example: A child might believe that breaking a cup accidentally is worse than breaking a
rule intentionally but without causing harm, simply because breaking the cup
caused visible damage. They focus on the outcome rather than the intention.
2. Autonomous Morality (Moral Relativism) Develops from around 10
years and older.Children start understanding that rules are flexible and
can be changed through mutual agreement. They consider intentions and
motives, not just consequences, when judging behavior.
Example: An older child might understand that if someone accidentally

broke a toy while trying to help, the action isn't as bad as intentionally
breaking the toy out of spite. They now consider the person's intention,
not just the outcome.
Piaget believed that interactions with peers, not just adults, help children
transition to this more advanced moral reasoning.
What is Kohleberg moral development theory.?
Kohlberg's theory of moral development explains

how people learn to decide what’s right and
wrong as they grow. He said we go through
stages, and our thinking gets more advanced over
time.
Stages of kohlberg’s moral development.?
Level 1. Pre conventional Morality. Preconventional morality is the earliest
period of moral development. It lasts until around the age of 9. At this age,
children's decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the
consequences of breaking the rules. There are two stages within this level
Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment): The earliest stages of moral

development, obedience and punishment are especially common in young
children, According to Kohlberg, people at this stage see rules as fixed and
absolute.
Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange): At the individualism and exchange

stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and
judge actions based on how they serve individual needs.
•Level 2. Conventional morality. The next period of moral development is
marked by the acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and
moral. During this time, adolescents and adults internalize the moral
standards they have learned from their role models and from society.
Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships): Often referred

to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation, this stage of the interpersonal
relationship of moral development is focused on living up to social
expectations and roles.
Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order): At this stage of moral development,

people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The
focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s
duty, and respecting authority.
•Level 3. Post conventional Morality. At this level of moral development, people
develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality.
Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights): The ideas of a social contract
and individual rights cause people in the next stage to begin to account for the
differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people.
Stage 6 (Universal Principles): Kohlberg’s final level of moral reasoning is

based on universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage,
people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with
laws and rules.

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Practical-1

Aim: To assess the moral Reasoning of the participants by

°• Psychology is the scientific study of mental

By Oxford american dictionary.

°•The branch of psychology that studies the changes physical,

Human development psychology studies how

Example: Adults learn new skills or adapt to life changes,

Example : A child grows taller (physical),

Example : An adult improving their mental health by learning

Development is shaped by cultural, social, and familial contexts.

Example : Parenting styles vary across cultures, affecting

Resilience is the ability to recover from difficulties and adapt positively.

Example : A child from a challenging background succeeding

Research in human development must adhere to ethical guidelines, especially

Example : Researchers must obtain informed consent from parents

Freud focused on the impact of early childhood experiences and unconscious

3. Phallic Stage (3-6 years): Children develop an attraction to the opposite-sex

5. Genital Stage (puberty onward): Sexual reawakening, with

7. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (1-3 years): Gaining a sense of independence

8. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years): Learning to take initiative or feeling

10. Identity vs. Role Confusion (12-18 years): Forming a strong

11. Intimacy vs. Isolation (young adulthood): Establishing close

12. Generativity vs. Stagnation (middle adulthood): Contributing to society or feeling

13. Integrity vs. Despair (late adulthood): Reflecting on life with a

Both theories emphasize different aspects of development, with Freud focusing on

Ecological Theory by Urie Bronfenbrenner explains human development

°• these layers interact dynamically, shaping a person's development.

Microsystem: This is the immediate environment where a person has direct

Mesosystem: The mesosystem refers to the connections and interactions

Macrosystem: The macrosystem consists of broader societal and cultural influences,

°•Lawrence Kohlberg (1958): Moral development is the progression

°•Jean Piaget (1932): Moral development occurs as children

1. Heteronomous Morality (Moral Realism)Occurs in children around 5 to 10 years old.

Example: An older child might understand that if someone accidentally

Kohlberg's theory of moral development explains

Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment): The earliest stages of moral

Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange): At the individualism and exchange

Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships): Often referred

Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order): At this stage of moral development,

Stage 6 (Universal Principles): Kohlberg’s final level of moral reasoning is

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