Types of Protective Device

Different types of the protective device that are commonly used in electrical and electronic circuit
1. Fuse Wire or Fuse
2. MCB-Miniature circuit breaker
3. ELCB- Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
4. ELCB & MCB
5. Earthing or Grounding

I. Fuse Wire or Fuse

Fuse generally means a fuse wire placed in a fuse holder. It is a safety device which protects
electrical and electronic cireuit against over loads, short circuit and earth faults. The fuse link or
fuse wire is made of low esistivity material and low melting point. Fuse is a short length of wire
designated to melt and separate in case of excessive current. When the current drawn by the circuit
exceeds the rated current of the fuse wire, the fuse wire melts and breaks. This disconnects the
supply from the circuit and thus protects the circuit and the components in the circuit

Fuse wire
Contacts

Base
Fuse
carrier

2. MCB- Miniature circuit breaker

It is safety device, which work magneto thermic release principle. It is connected in the phase

between the supply and load. It is manufactured in standard rating of GA to 40 A. When the current

Anil Kumar M, Asst. Prof, Dept of Civil Enge, AIT 5

MODULE 3-ELECTRICAL AND FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES 15CV743

drawn by load exceeds the rated value it acts and trips the circuit the protecting the apparatus,
operator and appliance.

Advantages of MCB
They act and open the circuit in less than 5 milli seconds.
Automatic switch off under overload and short circuit co ition
N o fuse to replace or rewire. It needs no
repairs.
Supply is restored by resetting it again.
 3. ELCB-Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
This is a domestic safety device, which trips the circuit when there is a small leakage to earth or
body of the appliance. Thus, it protects the operator from shocks and accidents. This is connected
in the cireuit of the appliance to be protected.
There are two types of ELCB

. Voltage Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

2. Current Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

F.T-N

Anil Kumar M, Asst. Prof, Dept of Civil Engg, AIT 6

MODULE 3-ELECTRICAL AND FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES 15CV743

4. MCB & ELCB

It is the combination of both MCB and ELCB palced in one unit.It acts on both the occasion of
earth leakage and overload and protect the circuit, appliance and the operator.

5. EARTHING OR GROUNDING

Connecting the metal body of an electrical appliance, machinery or an electrical installation to

earth,through a low resistance wire,is called Earthing or Grounding

EARTHING
To connect the metallic (conductive) Parts of an Electric appliance or installations to the earth

(ground) is called Earthing or Grounding.

In other words, to connect the metallic parts of electric machinery and devices to the earth plate

or earth electrode (which is buried in the moisture earth) through a thick conductor wire (which
has very low resistance) for safety purpose is known as Earthing or grounding

Necessity of Earthing:
T o protect human lives as well as provide safety to electrical devices and appliances from
leakage current.

To keep voltage as constant in the healthy phase (If fault occurs on any one phase).

To Protect Electric system and buildings form lighting.

To serve as a return conductor in electric traction system and communication.

Types of Earthing
Earthing can be done in many ways. The various methods employed in earthing (in house wiring

or factory and other connected electrical equipment and machines) are discussed as follows:

1) Plate Earthing:
In plate earthing system, a plate made up ofeithercopper with dimensions 60cmx 60cm x 3.18mm
or galvanized iron (GI) of dimensions 60cm x 60cmx 6.35 mm is buried vertical in the earth (earth
pit) which should not be less than 3m from the ground level. For proper earthing system, follow

the above-mentioned steps to maintain the moisture condition around the earth electrode or earth

plate
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Plate Earthing
2) Pipe Earthing:
A galvanized steel and a perforated pipe of approved length and diameter is placed vertically in a
wet soil in this kind of system of earthing. It is the most common system of earthing.

The size of pipe to use depends on the magnitude of current and the type of soil. The dimension
of the pipe is usually 40mm (1.5in) in diameter and 2.75m (9ft) in length for ordinary soil or greater
for dry and rocky soil. The moisture of the soil will determine the length of the pipe to be buried

but usually it should be 4.75m (15.5ft).

Ccrete m MS Rod
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a c e v r Hinged
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Pipe Earthing
3) Rod Earthing
It is the same method as pipe earthing. A copper rod of 12.5mm (1/2 inch) diameter or 16mm
(0.6in) diameter of galvanized steel or hollow section 25mm (linch) of GI pipe of length above

2.5m (8.2 ft) are buried upright in the earth manually or with the help of a pneumatic hammer. The

length of embedded electrodes in the soil reduces earth resistance to a desired value.

SteelCap
Driving-

Earthing Lead 4f 1.2in

Earth P
Copper
Earth Rod

Dowel
Earth Rod

Copper 4 1.2in
Earth Rod

Elecrolytic
Roos
Hardened
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Copper Rod Electrode Earthing System
4) Earthing through the Waterman
In this method of earthing, the waterman (Galvanized GI) pipes are used for earthing purpose.
Make sure to check the resistance of GI pipes and use earthing clamps to minimize the resistance
for proper earthing connection.

5) Strip or Wire Earthing:

In this method of earthing, strip electrodes of cross-section not less than 25mm x 1.6mm (lin x

0.06in) is buried in a horizontal trenches of a minimum depth of 0.5m. If copper with a cross-
section of 25mm x 4mm (lin x 0.15in) is used and a dimension of 3mm- if it is a galvanized iron
or steel.
Need for electricalsupplysystemdesignfor buildings:
Electricity has become the lifeline of modem society. Homes, Offices, Industry, Schools,
Hospitals, Transportation, Communication, Road Lighting, Markets all depend on reliable Electric
Supply. Life comes to a standstill without electricity. Electricity has become an integral and
inevitable part of every body's life.

It is also necessary to remember that electricity becomes destructive and dangerous, if not handled
with care, safety conforming to lay down safety standards and norms. In case of building fires,
which often destroy property and lives causing sufferings to the affected people, the first culprit is

often supposed to be "Electric Short Circuit'.

Generation
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Planning of Electrical Installation

The design and planning of an electrical instalation involve consideration of all prevailing
conditions and is usually guided by the requirement of the consumer. A competent Electrical
Engineer should take the responsibility of detailed designing and planning to meet the requirement
of various functional needs, efficiency, economy. energy conservation, aesthetics, appropriate
technology, safety and avoidance of possible fire hazards.

The electrical services installation shall comprise Electrical Supply, Electricity Centre and Main
 Illumination:
It is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. It is defined as "luminance
flux per unit area at any point on a surface exposed to incident lighr". The SI unit of llumination
is lux.

Principles of Ilumination
Good lighting aims at providing adequate illuminance for the execution of task, a good distribution
of the work plane illuminance, flicker and glare free lighting, suitable brightness ratios, a good
diffusion of light with appropriate modelling effect and acceptable colour environment.
Quantity of Lighting One of the most obvious measures of the adequacy of light is the task
illuminance. IS 3646 (Part 1)-1966 recommends that the illuminance of all working areas
within a building should generally by 150 lux.
Distribution of Work Plane lluminance - It is usually desirable to provide reasonably unifom

general illumination over the entire utilizable area of a room. IS 3646 (Part 1)-1966
recommends that the diversity ratio of minimum to maximum work plane illuminance should
not be less than 0.7.

Flicker - The combination of light from lamps on two electrical circuits, one lagging and the

other leading in phase, reduces the stroboscopic effects arising out of cyclic variation of light

Anil Kumar M, Asst. Prof, Dept of Civil Engg, AIT 20

MODULE 3- ELECTRICAL AND FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES 15CV743

output.
Glare Free Lighting-Glare is caused by bright sources seen either directly or by reflection in
polished surfaces. The higher the brightness of a source in the field of view, the greater is the
visual discomfort caused by it. Glare is, however, reduced by shifing the source away from
the line of vision and by decreasing the contrast between the source and its surroundings.
Brightness Ratios - Proper brightness ratio or brightness contrast between adjacent surfaces is

an important requirement of good lighting. Brightness ratio between task and immediate
surroundings such as book and the table top should not exceed three to one.
Diffusion and Modelling The flow of light from numerous random directions is known as
diffusion. It is measured in tems of the absence of sharp shadows. Directional light can
emphasize the form and texture of an object and make its appearance more pleasing. This effect
is known as modelling
Fire Protection SvstemS
Each building should have suitable fire protection arrangements, depending upon the importance
of the building and the associated fire hazards. Following are usual equipment's required for fire

extinction.

M al fire extinguishing equipment

A fire extinguisher is an activefire prolection device used to extinguish or control small fires,
often in emergency situations. These devices are useful for extinguishing fire as soon as it
starts. They are not so useful when once the fire has spread. Under this category comes the
portable extinguishers of carbon dioxide type or foam generation type etc. The discharge from
a portable fire extinguisher lasts only for a short duration of 20 to 120 seconds. In some cases,
especially in small buildings buckets of water, sand and asbestos blanket may be kept ready at
all times to extinguish fire. These buckets are installed at convenient locations for taking care
of fire of minor size.

FireExtinguisher Chart
Extinguisher Type of Fire
. .
Colour Type SOu0sFlammable Flammable Electricalcookin
C quids 6asesEquipnenois&Pa

TYPES OF FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

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Water
A Type
X
"AB Type'

Carbon
Diozide (Ce2)
WAIER POWOER FOAM CARBOW DIOXDE BC Type

2. Fire hydrants or Fire Hydrant Pillar

These fire hydrants are provided on a ring main of 150 mm dia., in the ground around the
building periphery. The ring main gets water from underground tank with pressure so that
available pressure at each hydrants is of the order of about 3.5 to 4 kg/cm?
MODULE 3- ELECTRICAL AND FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES 15CV743

3. Wet riser system

The system consists of providing 100 to 150 mm dia. vertical G.. pipes (risers) at suitable
locations in the building. A fire pump is used to feed water from underground tank to these

Pipes, to ensure a pressure of 3 kg/cm* at uppermost outlet.

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SHAFT

LANDING
VALVE

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WET RISER SYSTEM

4. Automatic sprinkler system

This arrangement is adopted for important structures like textile mills, paper mills etc. The

system consists of a net work of pipes 20 mm dia. ixed to the ceiling of the room. These pipes
are spaced at 3 m centre to centre. Heat actuated sprinkler heads are fixed to these pipes at
 5. Fire Alarms
Fire alarms are installed to give an alarm and to call for assistance in event of fire. The fire
alarms give enough time to the reach safe
occupants to to a place. Fire alarms can be either
manual or automatic.

Anil Kumar M, Asst. Prof, Dept of Civil Engg, AIT

32

MODULE 3- ELECTRICAL AND FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES

15CV743

Manual alarms
These are of a hand-bell type or similar other sounding device, which
emit distinctive Sound can

when struck. These are sounded by watchmen and the occupants are thereby warned to have safe
exit in shortest possible time. Manually operated alarms shall be provided near all main exits and

in the natural path of escape from fire, at readily accessible points, which are not likely to be

obstructed.

Automatic alarmsS
These alams start sounding automatically in the event of fire. It is used in large industrial
buildings, which may remain unoccupied during night. The automatic fire alarm sends alarm to
the nearest control point. The system can also perform the function of sending message to the
nearest fire brigade station.

FIRE ALARM

| PULL DOWN

MANUAL ALARM AUTOMATIC ALARM