2019

2018/.Jan
ChSemester B.E. Degree Examination. CBCS - Dec
Water Engineering
Municipal and Industrial Waste Mav. M a r k s : 80

Time: 3 hrs.
FIUE fiull questions, selecting ONE full question froni cach 17t0utte
uS W'Cr any
Module - 1
and

.
Xplain the need for Good sanitation. Describe types of sewerage system
(19 arks)
their suitability.
to maintain such
cnvironment which
Will inct
aucc
As. he main purpose of sanitation is oul by iuman
waste matter created and given
ne public healh in gencral. If the it will get
industries etc is allowed to accumulate
OCngs and animals and also by in outbreak
and food resulting
ccomposed and will contaminate or poliute air. water

of epidemic. taken in one set

When the domestic and industrial sewage are
Separale system: set of s e w e r s
water are taken another
of sewers. where as storm waler and surface
can be led
it is called separate system. The sewage
from the first system of servers
can be
to then treatment works. while the flow from
the second system of sewers
ete without any treatment.
discharged directly to natural streams is of
their is a flat topography, rainfall pattern
Separate system is suitable when river
duration. subsoil is harder and ground
has step slopes and if or
shorter
conditions.
natural stream is available for outlet
to carry both
Combined The combined systenm provides
system: only o n e sewer

and rain water are carried

the foul sewage as well as the rain water. The sewage
to the sewage treatment plant before
its final disposal.
available for laying the s e w e r s
Combined system is suitable when the space
storm water drains is being
is restricted. even rainfall pattern. if an existing
converted into combined sewer.
Partially combined system : In the separate system, if a portion of
storm water is
The remaining storm water flows
allowed to enter in the sewers carrying sewage.
set of sewers it is called partially separate system may
be adopted for
in separate
big metropolitan cilies.

factors affecting wet weather flow and the elfects of flow variations on
b. Explain
the design of sewerage system. (06 Marks)
Factors affecting wet weather flow are,
Ans.
() Catchment area (A)
of the catchment
(2) Impermeability factor ()
area

(3) Intensity of rainfall (R)

Catchnient area: The catchment area served by a given storm water sewer can
be found directly from the map of the town showing the positions of streets,
houses, play ground, sewers, ctc
Impermeability factor: The storm water depends upon the imperviousness of
the surface over which rainfall takes place.

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 Waste Water F

meerng
eIndastal
Municepal CBCS
VII Sem (Cil)
ntensity ofraintst
Dec 2018/ Jan 2019
The value of factor R 1,e.
lin mml
Intensity of Rainfall: records of the arca. However R
Iso Refer fig deep manhole.
canbe worked out
from the

and the
rainiall

duration ofstorm.
depends
upon frequency Cement concrete

variations:
Eleets offlow Cement ortar

Slope 1 in6
Cune for vater supply

Half
channel
Curve for
Sewage flow Dench.ng
Flow
Cover Cover
wilh
wiU
rame rame

Slope
) in 6
Sters
Cement
ement
Concrete
30 cm
8 12 16 24
Sewer DenchingK}
P'pe
The av
erage value is not sufficient although very useful for the design of
variquc Channe

components of a sewage scheme, because tliere are wide variations in thhe actual flo
Section at Y-i
thhat takes place through the sewers at a given time. ean
conCTete Channel in chamber, and Sewer
OR Ppe Ilush with manhole wals
and oullet ends
2. a. Define Sewer at inlet
Appurtenances and explain with neat sketch construction
working of manhole. and
b. What do you understand by the term Low cost treatment? (02 Marks)
Ans. Sewer appurtenances those structures which are constructed at
are
(06 Marks)
along a sewerage system and help in efficient suitable intervals Ans. Low cost treatment technologies is basically designed cost to
and environmental protection while. providing additional benefits from the reuse of
providelow sanitation
Construction and working of man hole
operation and maintenance.
Access shaft: The water
upper portion of a deep man hole is called Some of them include oxidation ditches, stabilization ponds, aerated lagoons.
minimum size for a access shafi. lts
rectangular manhole is about 0.75x0.6m and for a circular Rotating Biological contactors etc.
manhole, the minimum diameter is
about 0.6 to 0.75m.
.Working chamber: The lower portion c. Explain the following with sketehes:
chamber, as it provides a of the manhole is known as working i) Septic tank i) Oxidation pond. (08 Marks)
working space for inspecting and
Bencling: The bottom portion of the manhole cleaning operations. Ans. A septie tank may be defined as primary sedimentation tank with a longer detention
The
cowcreting is known as benching and is constructed in cement concrete. period (12 to 36 hours, against a period of 2 hours in a ordinary sedimentation tank)
main sewer. facilitates the entry of into ne
sewage and with a extra provisions for digestion of the settled sludge. Since the digestion of
Side walls: The side the settled sludge is carried out by anaerobic decomposition process. The septie tank
walls of
or RCC. The
brick masonry the manholes are made of brick or stone unit is generally classified under the units which works on the principle of anaerobie
adopted. walls are
simple to masoy
construct and are co n0nly decomposition of the selled sludge, foul gases will be evolved in the tank and as
10 +4d Such a septie tank will be completely covered tank. provided wilh a high sent shalt
thickaness of wall in em for escape of gases.
dDpth of
Steps or
excavation in meters. Oxidation Pond : Oxidation pond are open flow through earthen basin. specifically

Tal
ladders lhe steps are made designed and construcled to treat sewage and biodegradable industrial waste water.
distance ot about 20cm and of cast iron and are placed ered al a Such pond provide comparatively long detention periods, extending from a few days
avertical
centre to centre stags of about to several days. during which time the wastes get stabilised by the action of natural
distan forces.
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 t r l n d i s { ) L a l
Waste Wae
Muucpal CBCS Dec 2O18/Ja
VII S e m ( C n i d )
natter
and the
productic

alga whied 2019

organie reduction in i
BOD
since he
reduction
origmal
oxidation ofthe T nis
Tesuts
n a net
Module-2 What are the factors

water and
Waler and degrade slou E N p l a i n bricfly the dilution method of disposal
of sewage.
The
slowly in he (06 Marks)
cfllucnt.
waste
with the niater
in
discharged
the o r g a n i c which influence the choice of the method to be adopted eftluen' trotn
stable than is
discharged. o r the
the treatcd
cftlucnt ewagc
are
more
w h i c h the pond, 1arpe boaj i
into and
oxidation
Ans. Disposal by dilution is the process whercbyinto the r i v e r s t r e a n a
stream
septiC tank Ar v t i
of time i p u r i t i c d y
iver
lndicatng dschargcd
&2 ting
ge treatment plant in due c o u r s e
(ReferfigI noe The discharged sewage and a m o u n t
Manhole o 75C or sca. The degrec
Gaes VCT
lake
as sell purification process of natural
waters.
river streaT
OW) before disposing
it of into the
opscwaE", Frec-bonrd 01m Catment given to raw sewage
of raw sewage but also upon t-

in only upon the quality

.3 m ucinitely depends not

Scun puriication capacity of the river strcam.

dilution
pth Factors favouring disposal by 5 h old) and
Iree from ftoating
and
fresh (4 to
Depih 1 2 tn scwage is comparatively
1
When

settle able solids. content.

OpeningEStandins dissolved oxygen (D0)
15 cm (ballle When the diluting water has a high o r water supply
lor

waters are not used for

the purpose ofnavigatio1
c Where diluting from the point of sewage disposal
c/e distance on the downstream
atleast some reasonable favourable causing no
waters a r e
Where the flow currents of the
diluting
-Doltom concretc
or destruction of aquatic life.
Singe
deposition, nuisance
Iclunal clevalio1 A-A)
daily the per capita water supply
b. Design to population of 36,000,
serve a
s e w e r . The slope
Fig I: Septictank a sewer

which 80%, find its way into the

Maximum water level allowance being 135 It, of
and the s e w e r should be designed
laid is I in 625
Dperation waterrlevel Bed level available for the s e w e r to be full. Wh:at would be the
times the dry weather flow, when running
to carry four (10 Marks)
s e w e r when running
full?
(Section Y-Y velocity of flow in the
Collection Ans.
hairnbeT Assume n = 0.012in mannings formula.
X Inlet chambe 36000x!35 = 0.0562m /s
Average watersup plied daily = 00x135l/a1000 24x 60* Ou
0.8 0.0562 =0.04Sm'/s
Average sewage disch arg e =
<

DWF=0.045m'/s
Flagstone
around the for which sewershould be designed running
full
nlet Maximum disch arg e
pond
Q PPe
= 4x0.045 =0.18m'/s
Bell mouth
Q=AR's'

u t e t chamber 0.18
t common suniP
well
D- (0.173) =0.52m
Hence use 0.52 dia sewer dia.

Velocity of low when running full,

X
(Pian)
Fig 2:
Oxidation pomd Sunstar Exam Seanner
5
TI
Sem ( C l )

CBCS Dec 2018/ Jan 2019

This phenomenon
A 02 loul gases like and methane.
hydrogen sulphidc, carbon-dioxide
OR geltimg clogged is known as SEWAGE SICKNESS. In sewagc 1arthing
and
and Re-oNygenation w
Re-oTvo
a r m i n g : is the succesful prowing of crops.
irripating crops and increasin
De-0Ygenalion

for
process sketch. IS 1aid upon the use of sewage efluents the ingredicnts
in detailsthe a neat
Discuss
waler with
of the soil. The pre treatment of sewage in removing
4.a.
ofNatural y
self- purifcation which
to
Max orcritical
deficn DO may prove harmful and toxic to the plants
Aus ,Curve-l Oxygen sag cuirye Module-3
treatment n
municipal wastewater
r l e theflow diagram employed for a diagram. (10 *arks)
each unit indicated in the flow
ndicate theimportance of
uve -Il ReONY BCnalion Ans. Importance:
balaunce cure is used for removal of floating nmatter.
Sereening: and sand.
Grit chamber: It is also called detritus tank used for removing grit
t'eren Saturition
Curne- Deoxygenalion curve
treatment is the removal of settle
Primary treatment: The objective of primary
able organic and inorganic solids by sedimentation. Approximately 25 to 50% of
solids and 65% of the oil and
Time of flow (1 day s) from the BOD, 50 to 70% of total suspended
incoming
point of pollution grease are removed during primary treatment
Oxygen Adsanced
The oxygen deficit D at any tume in poluted
a river stream is
the diferan.
ence ba Disinfection treilinent
the actual DO content of water at that tume and the saturation DO content
Inilucnt
temperature.
Oxygen defieit (0)= Saturation DO - Actual DO
-H Barscreens Primary Biological Secondary
De-oxygenation curve : In a polluted stream, the DO content goes onrediti & settling settling d Eluent
1o decomposition of volatile organie matter. Ihe rate of tank
clarifier
de-oxygenation dee Grit chamber tank
discharged
Pnunay
upon the amount of the organie matter remaining to be oxidised at given to)Water
well as on the temperature or relation
timeftl grit
sludge
(i.e,) De watering
Re-oxygenation eurve: In order to counter balance the Thickening9 Stabilizatuon
consumption of DO due Sludge
de-oxygenation atmosphere supplies oxygen to the water and the to land
re-Oxy genation. The rate at which the process is callel disposal
oxygen is supplied by the
polluted water depends upo, atmosphere to the
The depth of the Supernatant
The condition of
receiving water. *********

The
the body of water. Primary sedimentation tanks or elarifier nmay be round or rectangular basins typically
saturation deficit or the 3-Sm deep, with detention time 2 to 3h.
The oxygen defieil.
temperature of water. Secondary treatment This is generally accomplished through biologicul
b. Write short decomposition of organic matler, which ean be carried out either under aerobie or
i)
notes on
Sewage sickness ii) Sewage anaerobic conditions. In these biologieal units, bacteria will decompose the fine
When sewage isfarming.
Ans.
Sewage sickness : (O8 Mark organic matter to produce clearer eflluent. It consists of anaerobie lagoons, septic
pores or vo1ds applied continuously on a tanks, imholl tanks, ete. The organic sludge separaled out in the primary as twell
The may
time taken for
get filled up and piece of
clogged with sewage solids lan., ihe sol as in the secondary settling tanks will be disposed of by stabilising them under
load present in such a clogging will of course depend retained m anaerobic process in sludge digestion tank.
will be sewage. But when upon tyDe soilandte
the
aerobic
prevented and anaerobic once these voids are
clogged,
free
a b. Explain the importance of sereens and types of sereens in the sewage treatment
decomposition conditions will u isb
start. The organie matterofwillorganic matter will stopdevelop
and
within pores.
i i
proeess.
Ans. Sereening is the first unit operation in w/w treatment plants. A screening is a device
(06 Marks)

6
thus of
course be anaerobic ac with openings generally of uniform size. The objective of sereens is to remove large
mineralised
but wiln the ev
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 Wate

Engeerna
N'aste

rlnd45{7 al
Mtecaal

VII Sem (Cnd) Uaste

W,aler
CBCS Dec 2018/Jan 2019
trom
lids
coarse

and
100
material

Tolng
opcning.
82.85
lo sve ofclear
Acordn | 787.5
Coarse sereens( O m m )
+0.0044
(25-50m1)
sereens
VVxI.89
spacing betwe.
M e d u m

u e seTens(10-2Smm)
aS
KaCKS,
and he
the bars 416.6 0.20 47.05
help in remov ng
knoIN
also do
Coarse
screcns : Are Ihese
sereens
large loa V 0.0044
size) is about
50m ormore. about 6 litre of
solnds
permillion litre of sew
Opening

416.6213.3
will collect
ol rags,
sewage. They
consists WOo.
objects from ustualy
screens
coarse

he material separated by betwecn bars

is a b o u l
o to 401mm
Thes
1he spacing o S e SC
Medium sereens: of material per million litres ens V=0.188 hectare -m=1880m
SCrecnings
will
usually cotain
collects
dinary
30 to 90 litres
some quantity of organie malerial which ma Be, wage. 7The
and
Assuming depth of filter 1.5m, as

be disposed by incneration ori

or
burial, 1880
must therefore
become ofNensive and
of I.Smm to
`mm in sizc. The inslala
tion ¢ Surlacearea required= 1.5 |253m:
Fine s e r e e n s : Have perforations hese
remove
effective and they
as much as -0°o
of the 4
Screen pro1e may very need e d 1253x= 40m
solids fron sewage. These sereens however get cloggea \ery
oflen and
frequen Diaofcircular filter requircd,=

cleaning. filter with 40 m dia.I.5 m deep filter

OR Hence use high rate trickling
with recirculation ratio of 1.5
6, a. Determine the size of the High rate Tricking Filters for the following ta. in "Digester".
data of sludge digestion process
a

i) Sewage low=4.5 MLD b. Explain briefly the different stages tank.

constructional details of sludge digestion
i) Recirculation ratio= 1.5 With a neat sketch, explain the
(08 Marks)
ii) BOD of Raw sewage = 250 mg/lL
iv) BOD removal in primary tank = 30%. Ans. Stages in sludge digestion process,
) Final efluent BOD desired = 30 mg/L.
(08 Marks) Acid fermentation.
Ans. Acid regression.
Total BOD present in
raw sewage =4.5 mlx 250 mg/l=|125 kg Alkaline fermentation.
Acid fermentation stage or Acid production stage : In this first stage of sludge
BODremoved inprimary tank =30% anaerobic and facultative
BODleft in digestion, the fresh sewage sludge begins to be acted upon
the sewage entering per day in the filter inlet | 125 x0.7 = =
787.5 hg bacteria called acid formers. These organisms solubilize the organie solids through
BODconcetration desired in finaleffulient =30 mg/ hydrolysis. The soluble products are then fermented to volatile acids and organic
:.Total BODleft in acid, acetic
the effuent/ day =4.5x 30kg =l135 kg alcohols of low molecular weight like prop-ionic acid etc. and
BODremoved by the Acid regression stage : In this intermediate stage, the volatile organic acids
filter =787.5-135=652.5 kg nitrogenous compounds of the first stage are attached by the bacteria. So as to form
..
Eficieney of filter= BODrenmoc
Tatal BOD
00=-652.100=82.85% acid carbonates and ammonia compounds. Small anmounts of hydrogen sulphide and
carbon dioxide gases are also given off. The decomposed sludge has a very oflensive
787.5
T00
odour and its p" value rises a little and to be about 6.8.
Alkaline fermentation stage : In the final stage of sludge digestion more resistant
I+0.0044,VF materials like proteins and organie acids are attached and broken up by anaerobic
1-82.85% bacteria called methane formers into simple substances like ammonia, organic acids
y= Total BOD in and gases. Digested sludge is alkaline in nature. The p" value during this stage rises
kg =787.5kg to a little above 7 in thhe alkaline range. Several montl1s are required for the complete
F--+R/_1+15
(1+0.!R/1) (1+0.1x1.5 8 9
process of digestion to take place under natural uncontrolled conditions at about 21° C.
Sludge digestion tank :

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 weerma
Munucpal telndiusýia

3CS
1 I Se11 (C Dec 20118/Jaw 2019
Gas dome for collectng gases

7. a.
Module4
Floating TOoi Ans. Dillerentiate between Domestic
eTween
Domestic sewage and
sewage
Industrial waste. (08 Marks)

Domestic Sewage Industrial eli uent

Scum hey originate from bathrooms. irom industrial processes
Ceiling plate withdrawal pipPe They origimate
of various tndustries such as paper
ter closets, wash basins, etc
indusiries.ctc.
CsIdential, commercial building. Industries.sugar, 1extie
sudge Does not include toxic waste Has toxiC waste it. n

Supematant
iquor seharges uniform quality of sewageQuality of sewage depends
the ty pe ot on

ndustr and tye ot procCsioivcd.

Supematant rom
|Characteristics are uniform in nature Characteristics generaliy vary
liguor industry to industry
trcatment.

rom Generally require treatment. a y or may not require

einenta tion | Conventional treatment methods are Require special treatment procedure.

aW slud
generally suficient for treatment.
-

There is no problem of colour Colour is generally a constrainthere.

No such problems are seen since there Toxic waste may hinder the bacteria
Digested sludge Digested
sludge is no toxic waste treatment.
.
b. Explain the methods used for Neutralization of Acidic and Alkaline waste.
Hopper bottom (08 Marks)
sloping 1 :1 to l:3
Ans. Mixing wastes so that the net effect is a near neutral p
Passing acid waste through beds of limestone.
wastes with lime slurries or dolomitic lime slurries.
Construction details:
Mixing acid
A typical sludge digestion tank is shown in fig. It Adding the proper proportions of concentrated solutions of caustic soda (NaOH)
a circular RCC tank with
choppered bottom and having a fixed or a consists af or soda ash (Na, CO,) to acid wastes.
roof over its floating
top. The raw sludge is pumped into the
put into operation, it is seeded tank, and when the tanktype of
is first
Blowing waste boiler flue gas through alkaline wastes.
with the digested Adding compressed CO. to alkaline wastes.
pump with an arrangement for sludge from another tank.
or vice-versa. circulating the sludge from bottom to top A screw
Power driven mechanical
Producing CO, in alkaline wastes.
The gases of devices may be used for of the tank Adding sulphuric acid to alkaline wastes.
decomposition
holders. The slum formed at
are collected
in stirring
gas dome or collected the sludge. 1. Mixing wastes :
the the top surface of the separately in gas tplants.
can beAcid
accomplished witlhin single operation
a between neighbouring industrial
or
recireulating flow or througlh the supersaturate liquor is broken by
mechanical rakes called Slum and alkaline wastes may be produced indiv idually within one plant and
breakers.
proper mixing of these wastes at appropriate times accomplish neutralisation.
can

2.Limestone treatment lor acid wastes:

Passing acid wastes through beds of limestone was one of the original methods
of neutralization tlhem. These wastes are
pumped up or down tlirough tlie beds
depending on the head available.
CaCO,+ HSO CaSO, +H.CO

10

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 trInd1strial Waste
Water En
VII Sem (Civil) Municpal
ineeri
.Lime-slurry treatment for acid wastes: CBCS Dec:2018
slurries is an eflective procedure. Limne is used
INng acid wastes with lime
to calcium sulphale
and carTIed out
out in ried 8/Jan 2019
Continuously becausc it is converted
4.Carbon dioxide treatment for Alkaline wastes
:
the wa e
Wast Equalization of waste
By product recovery
to waste water is nmuch
the same
way as comn
13otled CO. is applied
sludge basins. It neutralizesalkalne
Wastes on the sand air Proportioning wastes
applied to activated
as boiler feed gases, a weak acid (carbonic acid) when dissolved in waterncinl. Monitoring wastc streaims
er ple 1.Process changes:
OR "uCng the strength of wastes througlh process changes. the sanitary engncer ls
8, a.
Bricly explain the effects of Industrial wastewater on sewage treatmentat Oncerned with wastes that are most troublesome from a pollution stand
poin
lants.
(08 Mar 2.Equipment modification:
Ais, The characteristics of wastes having
pollution readily definable effiects
effects ouon sewage iges in cquipment effect reduction in the strength of the waste, usually by
can a

treatment plant. cucing the amounts of contaminants entcring the waste stream.
Bio chenmical oxygen demand (BOD) 3.Segregation of waste:
Keduces the strength and or difficulty of treating the final waste from an industrial
Suspended solids plant. It usually results in wastes one strong and small in volume and the other
Floating and coloured materials
Wcaker with almost the samc volume as the original unsegregated waste.
Volume
4. Equalization of waste:
Other harmful constituents Plants which have many products from a diversity of processes, prefer to equalize
I. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD):
It is usually exerted their waste
by dissolved and colloidal organic nmatter and imposes i . a 5.By product recovery:
on the
biological units of the treatment plant. Oxygen must be provided so.load Any use of waste materials obviously eliminates atleast some of the waste which
bacteria can grow and oxidise the organic matter. An added BOD load that eventually must be disposed of and the search for by products
should be encouraged,
increase in organic w caused hi
astes requires more bacterial activity, more
oxygen if only because it provides management with a clearer insight into processing and
biological unit capacity for its treatment. and oroo
ater waste problems.
2. Suspended Solids: 6.Proportioning:
Are found in considerable wastes into the main sewer a plant can
quantity in many industrial wastes such as
cannery and
By proportioning its discharge of concentrated it will need a
paper mill eftluents. They are screened and or settled out often reduce the strength of its total waste to the point where
maximunm

of the sewage at the disnocn or treatment plant.

plant. Osal of final treatment or will cause the least damage to the stream

3. Floating materials and 7. Monitoring waste streams

coloured matter:
that of waste water controls. Remote
Such as oil, grease and
dyes from textile finishing mills Sophistication in plant control should include
nuisance.
are
disagreeable and visible sensing devices that enable the operator to step
reduce or redirect the flow any process
exceeds certain limits are an excellent
4. Volume when its concentration of contaminants
A method of reducing waste strength.
sewage plant can handle any' volume of flow if its units must
sewer lines must then be analysed Module-5
be examined for
carrying capacity, bar screens for horizontal flow
velocity 9. With process flow diagram, explain the cotton textile mill wastes origin.
5.0therharmful constituents: a.
(08 Marks)
Such toxic metal ions (Cu,
as
its own yarn from the raw cotton production
Cr, Zn*, Cn ), feathers, rags, acids and Ans. An integrated cotton textile mill produces
lammables, pieces of fat, detergent, alkalines, includes steps like opening and cleaning. picking, carding
phenols and other toxic organic materials. of yarn from raw cotton
All these sequences are dry operalions
b. Explain dilferent and drawing. spinning, winding
and warping.
methods of Strength Reduetion. waste of the mill. The entire liquid
waste
Ans. The
strength of wastes (08 Marks) and as such do not contribute to the liquid
may be reduced by, rom the textile mills comes from the following
operation of sizing. scouring, de
Proces change and finishing.
Equipment modification mercerising. dyeing
sizing. bleaching
Segregation of waste
12 13
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V I ISem (C
Raw c o l l o n
Dycng CBCS
Deo 2018/ Jan 2O19
TCens n the downstream ide
the srcam dic lo
Opening& Cleanin *NIC ClHect may alo be indiccd upon the flora and launa l
SAlplhates and phenol in the waste
diaiare
mater1al near the pein ul
Cboltom deposit, of lpninno celluloI lcad depletiOn to the D0
Piching waste in a stream nderyoes slow deposition and may
C ol adequaie lnle
the creation of anaerobiccondition and destnmction
Oowcd by
Cardng Combing OR
from Cane Sugar mill.
the origin of wastes
With process ftow diagram, explain (08 Marks)
Drawing List its characteristics.
Ans.
Bagasse Filter Solid wasle
Water sulph1tation ru
Slubbing presw
ViaCCuL Crystaluer
Sugar
Cane Cane
millLCane|Clarificalon vapurators pas
Supply hous Juce
Spinning

Quiling inding& Wrapping Dyeing Haromciric

Condensur
walcr

Slaslhing Filer Coolung

Grcase
cloth
Boiler
Tower o Mutassas
Store
house
rap Spray pond
Finishing washing Excess
crewing COndensor
Boilet watcr Spll
Washung house Pond Overs
of filler leakagecs
OVeillow handlng
Singering cloth cloth
osses

***T

Desizing Combucu
Waste

Wastes from the mill

house include the water used splashes maximuas to extract

Scousing those used to cool the roller bearings. As such the mill house
amount of juice and
the machineries.
to the presence of sugar and oil from
waste contains high BOD due wash
the juice needs occasional cleaning. The
Bleaching |Mercerising The filter cloths used for filtering
BOD and suspended
water thus through small in volume, contains high
produced
Dyeing & Printing solids.
Characteristics Value
H46A:'°
4.6-7.1
Finishing p
870-3500 mg/l
b. Enumerate the elfects Total solids
of discharging paper and pulp industrial wastes ino 300-200mg/
water bodies or Sewers. BOD
Ans. Cudes
(08 Marks) 600-4380 mg'l o 600-u39o
puip and paper mill wastes or COD
pollution problems, wlhen diseharged
insufficiently treated wastes cause very seriou
into the streams. Total suspended solids 220-800mg/
The pollution extends Over a 10-40mg
very long stretch due to the Total Nitrogen
decomposing presence ol sio
components in the waste. The fine fibres often close the water in tahe 75

14 Sunstar Exam Seanner )

Sunstar Exam Seaner
 Municipal z l n d i s i r i l WU

of Dair waste
t r c a t n e n t .

VII Sen (Cvil) units

used
for

diagram.
explain
the
(08 Marln
b. With a flow
receivig strean.

Oxidation
Ans. Equalisation
Oil grease ditch
Dairy skimnning
tank
Waste tank

Secondary
settling
tank

EfMuent Sludge to
drying beds
BOD 52.74% detention time =12 days
MLSS = 4000 mg/L
Extended aeration = 1.5 days

Bod reduced = 9 5to 78%

Treatment of the dairy waste

Due to low COD, BOD ratio the dairy wastes can be treated eficiently by biological
processes.More over these wastes contain sufficient nutrients for bacterial growth
But for economical reasons attempts should be made to reduce the volume and
strength of the waste.
Due to the intermittent nature of the waste, it is desirable to provide Equalization
tank with or without aeration before the same is sent for biological treatment.
provision of grease trap is also necessary as a pre treatment to remove fat and other
greasy substances from the waste. Aeration for a day not only prevents the formaaion
of lactic acid, but also reduces the BOD by about 50%.
Both high rate trickling filter and activated
sludge plants
can be employed ve
effectively for a comnplete treat1ment of the dairy waste.

16