Reviewer in Science

Force

− A push or pull acting upon an object as a result of its interaction with another object.
− is a vector quantity which is measured using a standard metric unit known as newton (N).
− F=m*a
− Where: F = Force (N or kg* m/s2) m = mass (kg) a = acceleration (m/s2)
− Thus, 1 newton = 1 kg*m/s2

Force --> Motion

1. Force can make an object move starting from a rest position.

2. Force can make a moving object stop.
3. Force can change the direction of a moving object.

A net force or resultant force is the sum of all forces acting on an object.

• Balanced Force – no change of motion.

• Unbalanced Force – there is a change of motion.

Contact Forces – require physical contact

• Applied Force
• Normal Force
• Frictional Force
• Air Resistance Force
• Tensional Force
• Spring Force

Non - Contact Forces – does not require physical contact

• Force of Gravity
• Electrical Force
• Magnetic Force

Contact Force

APPLIED FORCE (Fapp) - Is a force which is applied to an object by another object or by a person.

NORMAL FORCE (FNorm) - is the support force exerted upon an object which is in contact with another
stable object.

FRICTIONAL FORCE (f) - It occurs whenever two objects rub against each other.

AIR RESISTANCE FORCE (Fair) - is a special type of frictional force which acts upon objects as they travel
through the air.

TENSIONAL FORCE (T) - is the force transmitted through a string, rope, or wire when it is pulled tight by
forces acting at each end.
SPRING FORCE (Fspring) - is the force exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object that
is attached to it.

Non-Contact Force

FORCE OF GRAVITY (W) - also known as weight. The force acted upon by the Earth, moon, or other
massive body that attracts an object towards itself.

ELECTRICAL FORCE - This is the force that exists between charges. It can be either attractive or repulsive
force.

MAGNETIC FORCE - This is the force that exists in magnets. It is the force that makes magnets attract or
repel objects.

Free-Body Diagram – is a diagram showing all the known and unknown forces acting on the object
indicating their magnitude and direction.

Assumptions in FBD

1. Pulleys are assumed frictionless

2. Pulleys are assumed weightless
3. Ropes, cables, ropes, cord, and wires are assumed weightless

TAKE NOTE! Frictional force …

1. is acting along the surface of contact and is opposite the direction of motion;
2. is directly proportional to the normal force;
3. provides speed that is not very large, sliding friction does not depend on the speed of motion;
4. and depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact.

TWO FACTORS that affect FRICTION

1. The nature of material

2. The degree to which the materials are pressed together (Normal Force)

Kinds of Friction

Static friction – is the force of friction present on an object that is about to move.

NOTE! It prevents objects from moving.

Kinetic Friction – is the force of friction that is present on an object that is moving.

• Sliding Friction
• Rolling Friction

Name: Isaac Newton

Age: 84 years old

Born: January 4, 1643

Died: March 31, 1727

Cause of Death: Mercury poisoning

Contributions…

• Newtonian Mechanics
• Universal Gravitation
• Calculus
• Laws of Motion
• Optics
• Binomial Series
• Principia
• Newton’s Method

Trivia...

• In 1816, a tooth said to have belonged to Newton was sold for $ 3, 633 in London
• The most valuable tooth (Guinness World Records 2002)
• Albert Einstein kept a picture of Newton in his study wall

Newton’s Law of Motion

− Law of Inertia
− Law of Acceleration
− Law of Action-Reaction

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

− Law of Inertia “An object at rest tends to stay at rest, and an object in motion tends to stay in
motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an external force.”
− He proposed the concept of inertia.
− Moving objects eventually STOP because of friction.
− Objects with greater mass have more inertia. It takes more force to change their motion.

Take Note!

− Equilibrium exists when the net force is equal to ZERO.

STATIC EQUILIBRIUM

− objects that are at rest Acceleration is ZERO!

DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM

− objects that are moving with constant velocity

INERTIA

− tendency to resist changes in its state of motion

− property of an object that resists change in its state of motion
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion

Law of Acceleration

− “The acceleration of an object as produced by a net force is directly proportional to the

magnitude and direction of the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of an object.”

Take Note!

− The acceleration of an object depends upon two variables:

− The net force acting upon the object (F)
− The mass of the object (m)

Sample Problem 1

Calculate the acceleration if you push a 2kg block on a horizontal floor with a 20N horizontal force.

Given:

− m=2kg
− f=20N
− Unknown: a=?

Equation:

− A=F
− M

Solution: a = 20kg.m/s2

2 kg
Answer: a = 10 m/s2

Sample Problem 2

What is the mass of an object if it accelerated at 7.5 m/s2, and the force applied is 12.5N?

Given:

− F = 12.5N
− a = 7.5 m/s2
− m=?

Equation:

− m=F
− A

Solution:

− m = 12.5 kg.m/s2
− 7.5 m/s2

Answer:

− m = 1.67 kg

Sample Problem 3

A car with a mass of 3000kg is accelerated from rest at the rate of 5m/s2 . What is the net force applied
on it?

Given:

− m = 3000kg
− a = 7.5 m/s2
− F=?

Equation:

− F =m x a

Solution:

− F = (3000kg) (7.5m/s2 )

Answer:

− F = 22 500N

Newton's 3rd Law of Motion

Law of Interaction (Action and Reaction)

 − “States: whenever an object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal
and opposite force on the first object; or simply, for every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.”
− one object serves as the force of the action and the other acts as the source of the reaction
force

Properties of Action Reaction Pair of Forces

1. Action and reaction forces always come in pairs.

2. Action and reaction forces are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.
3. Action and reaction forces act on two different bodies.
4. Action and reaction forces have the same line of action.