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Chemistry-Mindmap Jee

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17 views6 pages

Chemistry-Mindmap Jee

Uploaded by

ayushagarwal050306
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Dalton’s Atomic Theory

1. Atom is the smallest particle of any


substance which cannot be divided
further.
2. Atoms can neither be created nor
destroyed, only the rearrangement of
atoms occur in a chemical reaction.
3. All the atoms are hard and dense.
4. All the atoms of an element are
identical in all respect but atoms of
different elements are different.
2. Electric and Magnetic factors cause
deflection of these cathode rays.
1. They travel in a straight line in
absence of Electric or Magnetic fields.
4. Deflection is dependent on strength of
Electric charge or Magnetic fields.
3. These rays deflect like a negatively
charged particle.
Result of Thomson experiment
charge
mass = 1.758820 x 10−11 C Kg−1
Charge on Electron = 1.602 x 10−19 C
Thomson’s Model
Atomic structure
1. Thomson proposed
that an atom consists
of a uniform sphere of
positive charge in
which the electrons are
embedded.
2. The mass of an atom is uniformly
distributed over the atom.
When electrons strike a material in the cathode ray tube, they produce rays which
can cause
fluorescence in the material placed outside the cathode ray tube. These Radiations
are called X-Rays.
Given by Wilhelm Rontgen
X-Rays
Radioactivity Given by Henri Becquerel, Marie Curie
Certain elements emit radiation on their own and this phenomenon is called
Radioactivity.
Conclusion of Rutherford Experiment
Most of the space inside the atom is empty because
most of the a-particles passed through the gold foil
without getting deflected.
As a few alpha particles suffered minor deflections
& a very few major deflections, this means that
these must have met with some obstruction in their
path.
A very small fraction of α-particles were deflected
by 180o, indicating that all the positive charge and
mass of the gold atom was concentrated in a very
small volume within the atom.
Rutherford regarded this very small, dense &
positively charged obstruction in an atom as
nucleus (means centre).
The electrons with negligible mass & negative
charge were supposed to be present in the portion
around nucleus known as extra nuclear portion.
2. Mass of atoms was approximately
coming out to be double the mass of
protons.
1. Like charges repel each other.
Rutherford Atomic Model
Electron (e)
Proton (p)
Neutron (n) Neutral. Mass 1.675 x 10-27 Kg
Positively charged. Mass 1.672 x 10-27 Kg
Negatively charged. Mass 9.1 x 10-31 Kg
This theory could not explain the stability of an
atom. According to Maxwell, accelerated electron
loses its energy continuously in the form of
electromagnetic radiations.
Drawbacks of Rutherford model
l
1) Wavelength- It is defined as the distance
between two nearest crests or nearest troughs.
2) Wave number (ത v) : It is defined as number
of waves per unit length.
It is measured in terms of cm–1, m–1 etc.
1 m → 1/l waves
3) Frequency (n): Frequency of a wave is defined as the number of
waves which pass through a point in 1 sec.
1 Hertz = 1 sec–1
T = 1
v sec
4) Time period (T): Time taken by a wave to pass through one point.
Or time taken by a wave to complete distance of one wavelength
5) Velocity → (c) Velocity of a wave is defined as distance covered
by a wave in 1 sec.
6) Amplitude → (a) It is the height of the crest or depth of the trough of
a wave
Wave Characteristics

Atomic structure
Black Body Radiation

𝝀𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝒃
Wein’s Displacement Law

𝑻
𝛌𝐓 = 𝐚���

𝐚��� = 2.898 x 10-3 m-K


𝛌𝟏𝐓𝟏 = 𝛌𝟏���𝐓𝟏��� = 𝛌𝟏���𝐓𝟏���

Area under the graph gives total energy


Higher temperature means more radiations
The radiant energy emitted or absorbed by a body is not
radiated continuously but discontinuously in the form of
small discrete packets of energy. These packets are called
quantum.
Planck’s Theory
E = hν
E ∝ ν
E = hc
λ
h = 6.6 × 10−34Joule sec
E = nhν
Total amount of energy transmitted from one body
to another will be some integral multiple of
energy of a quantum.

𝐸𝜆 = 8𝛱ℎ𝑐2
Where n is an integer and n = number of quantum

𝜆5

𝑒ℎ Τ
1

𝑐 𝜆𝑘𝑡 − 1

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