GROUP 3 MEMBERS:

LEADER: NICK ARTHUR TAN

ERDY AUSTRIA
CARLINEL SALCEDO
JASON CLARITO
MARC OCAMPO
SEAN CHARLES MARCELO
REGENE VILLANUEVA

HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT AND

PLANNING. IMPORTANCE, CLASSIFICATION OF
ROADS,ROAD PATTERNS,PLANNING SURVEY

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Introduction of highway development and planning

Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching from Civil

Engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and
maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective
transportation of people and goods.

Highway planning involves the estimation of current and future traffic volumes
on a road network. The Highway planning is also a basic need for the Highway
development.

Objectives of Highway Planning

I. Planning a highway network for safe, efficient and fast movement of people
and goods.

II. Keeping the overall cost of construction and maintenance of the roads in the
network to a minimum.

III. Planning for future development and anticipated traffic needs for a specific
design period.

IV. Phasing road development programs from considerations of utility and

importance as also of financial resources.

V. Evolving a financing system compatible with the cost and benefits.

Importance of Highway Development Planing.

-Highway development planning is crucial for several reasons, as it directly

influences economic growth, social connectivity, safety, and environmental
sustainability.

-Highway development planning is essential for ensuring sustainable economic

development, improving quality of life, and protecting the environment.

* Here are key aspects of its importance:

1.) Economic Growth: Well-planned highways improve transportation efficiency,

reduce travel time, and lower logistics costs, which boosts trade and commerce.
They also attract investments in surrounding areas, encouraging industrial and
commercial development.

2.) Improved Connectivity: Highways connect cities, towns, and rural areas,
facilitating the movement of people and goods. This enhances access to jobs,
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education, healthcare, and markets, reducing regional disparities and promoting
social inclusion.

3.) Safety: Proper planning can improve road safety by incorporating design
standards, traffic management systems, and safety features like better signage,
barriers, and well-maintained pavements. This helps reduce accidents and fatalities.

4.) Environmental Impact: Thoughtful highway planning can minimize environmental

damage by avoiding sensitive ecosystems, reducing emissions through efficient
traffic flow, and integrating green infrastructure. It also includes considerations for
non-motorized transportation and public transport systems to reduce reliance on
personal vehicles.

5.) Urban Development: Highways play a critical role in shaping urban development
patterns, influencing land use, housing, and commercial development. Proper
planning helps prevent congestion and urban sprawl, ensuring more sustainable
urban growth.

6.) Infrastructure Longevity: Proper planning considers the long-term needs of the
transportation network, including future traffic demands, maintenance, and resilience
to climate change, which ensures that highways remain functional and effective over
time.

Roads can be classified in various ways depending on their function, capacity, and
design.

1. Highways

- Interstate Highways: Major routes designed for long-distance travel, often with
multiple lanes and high-speed limits. They connect major cities and regions.

- National Highways: Major roads that connect different parts of a country, often
with significant economic and strategic importance.

- State Highways: Roads maintained by individual states or provinces, linking

smaller towns and cities within the state.

2. Arterial Roads

- Principal Arterials: Major roads that handle large volumes of traffic and connect
key destinations, such as city centers and suburbs.

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 - Minor Arterials: Roads that provide a lower level of connectivity than principal
arterials but still serve significant traffic volumes and link neighborhoods and
commercial areas.

3. Collector Roads

- Major Collectors: Roads that gather traffic from local roads and funnel it into
arterial roads. They often serve as the main routes within neighborhoods or towns.

- Minor Collectors: Roads that serve smaller areas and collect traffic from local
streets to feed into major collectors or arterial roads.

4. Local Roads

- Residential Streets: Roads primarily designed for access to homes. They typically
have lower traffic volumes and speed limits.

- Business Streets: Roads that provide access to commercial areas. They may
have higher traffic volumes compared to residential streets but are still designed for
relatively lower speeds.

5. Expressways and Freeways

- Expressways: High-capacity roads with controlled access, meaning they have

limited entry and exit points, and are designed to handle large volumes of traffic
efficiently.

- Freeways: A type of expressway with no at-grade crossings, intersections, or

traffic signals, allowing for uninterrupted traffic flow.

6. Rural Roads

- Farm-to-Market Roads: Roads that connect rural areas to larger markets or cities,
facilitating the movement of agricultural goods.

- County Roads: Roads maintained by county governments, often connecting rural

areas and smaller towns.

7. Special Roads

- Toll Roads: Roads that require payment of a toll to use, often used to fund road
maintenance and construction.

- Scenic Routes: Roads designed to provide beautiful views or access to tourist

attractions, often with lower speed limits and specific scenic design features.

8. Temporary Roads

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 - Construction Roads: Roads built temporarily for construction projects, often used
to access construction sites or transport materials.

- Emergency Roads: Temporary routes established in emergencies, such as during

natural disasters or large-scale evacuations.

Road Patterns in Highway Development and Planning

Road patterns refer to the arrangement of roads within a network. They play a
crucial role in highway development and planning, influencing traffic flow,
accessibility, and overall urban development. Here are some common road patterns:

1. Grid Pattern:

- Description: Roads are laid out in a rectangular grid, forming a series of parallel
and perpendicular streets.

- Advantages: Simple and efficient, easy to navigate, allows for even distribution of
traffic.

- Disadvantages: Can lead to congestion at intersections, may not be suitable for

hilly or irregular terrain.

- Examples: Many cities in North America, including New York City and Chicago,
have a grid pattern.

2. Radial Pattern:

- Description: Roads radiate outward from a central point, like spokes on a wheel.

- Advantages: Provides efficient access to the city center, can be used to connect
suburban areas to the city.

- Disadvantages: Can lead to congestion at the central point, may not be suitable for
large, sprawling cities.

- Examples: Many European cities, such as Paris and London, have radial patterns.

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3. Ring Pattern:

- Description: Roads form concentric circles around a central point.

- Advantages: Provides a bypass route for traffic, can be used to create a hierarchy
of roads.

- Disadvantages: Can be expensive to build, may not be suitable for all terrain.

- Examples: Many cities in Asia, such as Tokyo and Beijing, have ring patterns.

4. Hierarchical Pattern:

- Description: Roads are organized into a hierarchy, with major highways connecting
to smaller roads.

- Advantages: Allows for efficient traffic flow, provides access to different levels of
transportation.

- Disadvantages: Can be complex to plan and manage, may not be suitable for all
types of development.

- Examples: Many modern cities use a hierarchical pattern, with expressways

connecting to arterial roads and local streets.

5. Free-Flow Pattern:

- Description: Roads are designed to minimize intersections and traffic signals,

allowing for free-flowing traffic.

- Advantages: Reduces congestion, improves travel times, promotes safety.

- Disadvantages: Can be expensive to build, may not be suitable for all types of
development.

- Examples: Freeways and expressways often have a free-flow pattern.

Factors Influencing Road Pattern Selection:

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- Terrain: The topography of the land influences the feasibility and effectiveness of
different patterns.

- Land use: The distribution of residential, commercial, and industrial areas affects
road planning.

- Traffic volume: The expected volume of traffic influences the design and capacity of
roads.

- Environmental considerations: Environmental factors, such as air quality and noise

pollution, must be considered.

- Economic factors: The cost of construction and maintenance is a significant factor.

Conclusion:

Road patterns are an essential aspect of highway development and planning.

Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of different patterns helps
engineers and planners create efficient, safe, and sustainable transportation
networks.

Planning survey - The primary goal of these surveys is to ensure that projects are
designed and implemented in a way that meets the needs of the community,
optimizes resource use, and enhances overall efficiency and effectiveness.

Different types of planning survey:

Map Study - Maps show the various topographical

features like rivers, hills, and valleys. With the proper map study at the office, it is
possible to obtain the basic details to fix the alignment of roads.

Reconnaissance Survey - is an extensive study of an entire area that might be used

for a road or airfield. The purpose of reconnaissance surveys is to eliminate those
routes or sites which are impractical or unfeasible and to identify the more promising
routes or sites.

Preliminary Survey - type of survey in which adequate data is collected to prepare

plan of the area to be used for planning and design.

Location Survey - The detailed examination of the field along the alignment finally
recommended during the preliminary survey

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Traffic Survey - In the case of a highway project, the detailed information of traffic is
much necessary so as to design the road pavement, fixing the number of traffic
lanes, geometric design of roads and other economical aspects.

Why planning survey matters

- Effective survey planning is essential for collecting useful data. Before starting,
define your objectives, target audience, and design your questionnaire. A clear plan
helps focus your goals, organize the survey process, and ensures reliable results.
Without it, you risk poor engagement and unhelpful data.

Essentials when planning your next survey

- When it comes to survey basics around survey planning and design there are some
basic but essential steps for conducting a survey, which will help to ensure you avoid
some of the pitfalls we've briefly touched on already, while maximizing your chances
of success.