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lecture 8

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1

Mathematics for Engineers and


Scientists 2
PHM 112
3CH

Assistant Professor . Dr. Amaal Sayed

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Outlines of Lecture
2

1- Eigenvalues

2- Eigenvectors

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
3

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
4

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
5
Example

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
6

Example

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
7

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
8

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
9

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
10

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
11

Example

Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix

0 0 −2
𝐴= 1 2 1
1 0 3
solution 2
|𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
−𝜆 0 −2
1 2−𝜆 1 =0 → (1)
1 0 3−𝜆
The characteristic equation is
𝜆3 − 5𝜆2 + 8𝜆 − 4 = 0 ⇒ λ−1 λ−2 2
=0
, ⟹ 𝜆1 = 1, 𝜆2 = 2, 𝜆3 = 2

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
12

to find the eigenvectors substitute 𝜆1 = 1 in equation (1)

𝐴 − 𝜆1 𝐼 X=0

−1 0 −2 0
1 1 1 ቮ0 = 0
1 0 2 0

𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛


𝑅1 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅2
𝑅1 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅3

−1 0 −2 0
0 1 −1 ቮ0
0 0 0 0

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
13

l𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑡

𝑦−𝑧 =0⇒𝑦 =𝑡

−𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2𝑡
𝑥 −2𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑣𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑋 = 𝑦 = 𝑡
𝑧 𝑡

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
14

to find the eigenvectors substitute 𝜆2 =2 in equation (1)

𝐴 − 𝜆1 𝐼 X=0

−2 0 −2 0
1 0 1 ቮ0 = 0
1 0 1 0
𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
1
− 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅2
2
1
− 𝑅1 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅3
2
−2 0 −2 0
0 0 0 ቮ0 = 0
0 0 0 0
Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
15

l𝑒𝑡 𝑧 = 𝑡, y=s

−2𝑥 − 2𝑧 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑡

𝑥 −𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑣𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑋 = 𝑦 = 𝑠
𝑧 𝑡
−𝑡
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑠 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑋2 = 0
𝑡

0
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑡 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑋3 = 𝑠
0

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
16

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
17

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
18

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed


Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
19

Fall 2023 (Engineering) Dr. Amaal Sayed

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