CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUER

TALHA
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 DATA
It is raw, unorganized facts that have no specific meanings. The word is derived from Latin word “datum “which means
“something that is given”. Data is not sufficient to make decisions. It is acceptable for data to be used in singular subject or
plural subject. Data can be in the form of text, emojis, symbols, graphs, figures and number, For example it can be natural,
statistical, geographical, financial, meteorological, transport etc

DATA has two basic types 1) digital data that is presented by using binary number systems of ones and zeros (010101).
2)Analog data that is continuous presented by physical ways.

*A bit is a singular value data and byte is eight binary digit long.
EXAMPLE OF DATA : The score of class student on a single page is example

INFORMATION
When data is processed, organized, structured by formatting and analyzing that has some meaning is called information.
Information word is derived from Latin word ‘Informatio” which means formation.
EXAMPLE OF INFORMATION: The average score of entire class on page derived from given data is example

WHAT IS COMPUTER?
A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, perform operations on that data and stores data and helps in
communication.
Computers have six basic types depending on their size.
1) Mainframe 2) Supercomputer 3) Workstation
4) Personal computer 5) Laptops 6) Tables, smartphones

PROGRAMS
It is set of instructions computer follows to perform operation, it determines which operation computer will perform.

COMPUTER GENERATIONS
First generation (1946-1957)
They were known as vacuum tube computer such computer that uses vacuum tubes for logic circuitry .They were large and
very unreliable. They would heat up and shutdown in the middle of operation so they were only used for basic operations and
consumed huge amount of electricity to work.

EXAMPLES :ENIAC and UNIVAC

Second generation(1958-1963)
This generation computer featured circuit boards filled with individual transistors and magnetic core memory. Main features of
computer include transistor, memory, programming language .They produced less heat and low power consumptions .they
were cheaper, reliable. They used magnetic tapes and disks for storage purpose
EXAMPLE : CDC 3600

Third generation
Third generation computer were computers that emerged due to development of integrated circuit (IC) .They are the basic
form of computer we are using today now.

Fourth generation
These computer used the VLSI technology (very large scale integrated circuit technology)
INTEL was first company to develop it.

Fifth generation(now and the future)

They were first developed in JAPAN .They are based on AI. They used language such as C+,C,python and Java .They use
ULSI technology (ultra large scale integration).the primary goal of such computer is to make machines that can learn ,organize
themselves.AI and parallel processing hardware are the heart of such computer .This will help to make development in AI and
incorporate into new generation of extremely powerful computers that can be used by average person .they more user friendly
and they are low priced ,more electric efficient ,they are simpler to repair ,lightweight, super conducting technology has been
developed .

EXAMPLE: APPLE MAC BOOK

 MAIN PARTS OF COMPUTERS
HARDWARE
The physical part of computer is called hardware. It is referred as internal and external devices that help us to perform major
functions such as input, output, storage, communication, processing etc.
Internal hardware: located inside the main box (system unit) of computer
External hardware: located outside the system unit, connected through wires or wireless
* INPUT DEVICES : Used to input data in computer
1)MOUSE is hard operator input device that is used to point something on computer, any movement done by mouse sends instruction to computer to
move the cursor on screen
2) KEYBOARD is used to give input text to command the computer
Other examples are microphone, touch pads
*PROCESSING DEVICES : Used to perform calculations and control computer’s operations
1 ) CPU (central processing unit)
It is the core of hardware part of computer system which is used to command most commands of computer , also called the brain of computer.It is
made of computer ship which is made of billions of transistors ,All the other components are attached to it eg mouse,keyboard
*STORAGE DEVICES Used to store data or access data from storage media
Ram is type of hardware device which is used to store information and then process information .The processing power of RAM is much faster than a
hard disk but clears all the information when computer is shut down, two types of ram DRAM and SRAM.
Hard drives, CD/dvd drives ,usb ,flash drives etc
*OUTPUT DEVICES :Devices that show result user i_e these devices convert information from machine
understandable language to human understandable language
1)PRINTER is used to print something that is displayed on screen of computer into paper
2)MONITER is device that shows information to user in pictorial form
COMMUNICATION DEVICES : used for communicate with each other and to electronically access
information,.
1) Modems: Any device that convert digital signals into analog signals for transmission and connects internet to computer
2) Router: they receive and sends data on computer networks and connects devices to form chain so they can share internet

SOFTWARE
Software is a set of instructions used to operate computers and execute specific tasks
There are different types of software that can run on a computer: system software, utility software, and application software.
System software is a program designed to run a computer's hardware and applications and manage its resources, such as its
memory, processors, and devices
-Without computer cannot work, cannot function, boots the computer and launches programs according to the users direction
-Windows and iOS are examples
Application software, also called application program, software designed to handle specific tasks for users
-creating letters
-playing games
-editing photographs
-designing homes
-burning dvds
EXAMPLES : MS ,EMAIL, web browsers
Utility Software performs certain tasks like virus detection, installation, and uninstallation, data backup, deletion of unwanted
files, etc. Some examples are antivirus software,
 TYPES OF COMPUTER USERS
The common user is anyone that uses the computer for general purposes. This includes checking emails, playing
computer games, typing up a paper, and the list goes on. What distinguishes a common user from a professional is
that a professional works in the field of computer information technology. End users are typically not involved in the
design or development of the computer system or application, but instead use it as a tool to complete their work or
achieve their objectives

Specific types of computer users

Administrator.
Animator.
Blogger.
Developer.
Gamer.
Graphic artist.
BASIC CATEGORS
Embedded computer
An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware and software designed for a specific function. Embedded systems may
also function within a larger system. The systems can be programmable or have a fixed functionality, most probably for single function
EXAMPLES
ATM
GPS systems.
Fitness trackers.
Medical devices
House hold item
Thermostats
TREND BOX Is usually usb size flash drive or small circuit board typically connect to your TV for internet content, CHROME CAST Is common
example

MOBILE PHONE is a wireless handheld device that allows users to make and receive calls. While the earliest generation of
mobile phones couldnot only make and receive calls, today's mobile phones do a lot more because they have built in internat capability ,
accommodating web browsers, games, cameras, video players and navigational systems.

A personal computer
It is a multi-purpose microcomputer whose size, capabilities, and price make it feasible for individual use. Personal computers are
intended to be operated directly by an end user, rather than by a computer expert or technician
The Main Difference Between Desktop and Laptop
A Desktop stays in the office or home and needs the computer terminal to be connected to an external monitor, keyboard, and
mouse; whereas the Laptop has the built-in components and thus easily transported as one complete device that can be used in
most environments.
The Laptop can run off AC power, batteries, or mains power, whereas the Desktop can only run off the main powers. It is not
manufactured for any battery use
 SEVER
Server is a specialized computer device that provides a service to another computers on nwtwork and its user, also known as the client.
It is also known as minicomputer or used to host programme for small network.
A network server is a computer designed to act as central repository and help in providing various resources like hardware
access, disk space, printer access, etc,. to other computers in the network.
Database servers, print servers, mail servers, file servers, application servers, web servers, and game servers are a few examples
of servers

Mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, [1]

is a computer used primarily by large organizations for
critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource
planning, and large-scale transaction processing. A mainframe computer is large but not as large as a supercomputer and has more
processing power than some other classes of computers, such as minicomputers, servers, workstations, and personal computers.
Mainframe computers are often used as servers.
Features of a Mainframe Computer
1. Presence of two processors
There are two types of processors in mainframe computers: the primary processor and the system assistance processor, or SAP.
The latter doesn’t process data but transfers it from one location to another as quickly as possible.
2. Multiple input/output (I/O) cards
Each mainframe may contain as many as 160 I/O cards because they are designed for redundancy. This means that if one card
malfunctions, others will take up its tasks until it is replaced.
3. High storage capacity
These systems have tremendous storage capacity, allowing them to process massive volumes of data on demand. It can store a
vast quantity of data and interpret it according to user specifications. After data processing, the system can provide accurate
findings with zero data inaccuracies.
4. RAS-based performance
All applications on mainframes are designed with reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) in mind, which distinguishes the
machine from other systems. With the aid of these computers, data processing is simple, and businesses use the scalability
characteristic of the system to work with varying storage capacities.
5. No interruptions in the functioning
When updating software on a mainframe, workloads are distributed across the processors so that productivity is not hindered. In
other cases, pausing the system might be prohibitively expensive for the business. If the organization is a financial institution, it
could even endanger national security because of the inability to process applications. The primary function of mainframes is to
make important systems accessible around the clock.
SUPER COMPUTERS
Supercomputers are used for data-intensive and computation-heavy scientific and engineering purposes such as quantum
mechanics, weather forecasting, oil and gas exploration, molecular modeling, physical simulations, aerodynamics, nuclear fusion
research and cryptoanalysis. High-performance computers have an expected life cycle of about three years before requiring an
upgrade.
Cons OR Disadvantages of a supercomputer:
 It can be expensive.
 It requires trained staff.
 This computer does not replace physical testing.
 Takes up a lot of spacestorage. ...
 May only be good for specific applications.
 High power requirement.
COMPUTER NETWORKS
Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and share resources with each other.
User can share data, hardware and data, can communicate with each other
EXAMPLES home networks
LAB computer in school
Mobile telephone system
NETWORK SERVERS DIAGRAHM FROM SIR NOTES

INTERNET
A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks
using standardized communication protocols.
Or Largest well known computer network in the world
Internet Connection Types: WiFi, Broadband, DSL, Cable.
COMPONENTS OF INTERNET
1)Client
2)Server
3) The protocols are crucial elements of the internet.
In the language of networking, protocols can be defined as a set of rules that guide data transmission

between computing devices. These rules make sure that the data request is sent and received by the client

without any problem. The most important internet protocols are – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and

Internet Protocol (IP).

WORLD WIDE WORLD

The World Wide Web—commonly referred to as WWW, W3, or the Web—is a system of interconnected public webpages
accessible through the Internet. The Web is not the same as the Internet: the Web is one of many applications built on top of
the Internet.
Or An information system on the internet which allows documents to be connected to other documents by hypertext links,
enabling the user to search for information by moving from one document to another.
Programming
Web programming refers to the writing, markup and coding involved in Web development, which includes Web content, Web
client and server scripting and network security. The most common languages used for Web programming are XML, HTML,
JavaScript, Perl 5 and PHP
The Web gives users access to a vast array of content—deep ,the dark web, and the commonly accessible surface web

Deep web WEB that are private and protected by passwords

WHAT IS IP?
An IP is an internet protocol address. Essentially, it is a numeric value assigned to a network device, and it is used for the identification
and location of a network device. IP addresses are assigned to every type of network device.
There are four types of IP addres
public, private, static, and dynamic.
A domain name is a unique, easy-to-remember address used to access websites, such as 'google.com', and 'facebook.com'. Users can
connect to websites using domain names thanks to the DNS system.. It's the unique name that appears after the @ sign in email
addresses, and after www. in web addresses.
 Examples .com: shorthand for commercial, .com was the first top-level domain in common use. ...
 net: shorthand for network, . ...
 edu: shorthand for education, . ...
 org: shorthand for organization, . ...
 mil: shorthand for military, . ...
 gov: shorthand for government

URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator and is a reference (an address) to a resource on the Internet. A URL has two main
components: Protocol identifier: For the URL http://example.com , the protocol identifier is http . Resource name: For the URL
http://example.com , the resource name is example.com. It is a string of characters that provides a unique address for a resource on the
internet.

URL. A URL (aka Universal Resource Locator) is a complete web address used to find a particular web page. While the domain is the
name of the website, a URL will lead to any one of the pages within the website.

EMAIL
Messages distributed by electronic means from one computer user to one or more recipients via a network.
Email is a communication system that internet users can employ to convey information and learn more about things in which they're
interested. These are some reasons email is important: Widespread usage: Email is important because many people may use it daily to
communicate with others and learn more about businesses.
EMAIL ADRESS A valid email address consists of an email prefix and an email domain, both in acceptable formats. The prefix appears to
the left of the @ symbol. The domain appears to the right of the @ symbol. For example, in the address [email protected], "example"
is the email prefix, and "mail.com" is the email domain.

COMPUTER AND OUR SOCIETY

The vast improvement in the technology over the past years have a great positive impact on human and society
BENEFITS
1) Ability to design products before construction lead to safer products
Example CAD (computer-aided designs) software enables developers to work more quickly, cut production costs, and, ultimately, complete projects more
quickly. Before, all developer sketches and designs were completed by hand. This process could easily take days to complete
2) Writing and sending of emails, meeting schedules, and collaborating with team members and clients are some of the essential
use of computers in the office. Mobile devices are also widely used in the business world. They use it to send and read
messages, open business files and connect to social media and others.
3) Computers used for in construction
For example Machine learning applications can be used to estimate distances, angles, and other dimensions. This can help with tasks such as
creating blueprints and mapping out construction sites. In addition, computer vision can be used to measure the volume of construction materials
4)Computers in medical
Computers make their role perfect in all types of clinical image processing like CT scan X-rays and more accurately. The Heart Rate, the Pulse Rate,
Brain readings and others specifications are monitored and recorded continuously. One of the biggest drawbacks of adding computers to hospitals is the
cost
4) Photo editing
5) Online banking
6) Online banking is a banking transaction system that allows the bank customers to handle account management and conduct a range of
financial transactions via the Internet, rather than visiting a branch.
7) Downloading data

DISADVANTAGES
STRESS AND HEALTH PROBLEMS
Stress the feeling of anxiety and discomfort that the user face when the computer system doesnot work properly or
doesnot work according to expectation of user.
Effects The most obvious is a decrease in the productivity of those affected; they, immersed in frustration and anxiety, decrease
their performance. But not only that, computer stress can lead to serious health problems, and some cases of heart attacks have
even been reported.

Common Causes of Computer Stress

Failing to Anticipate Problems. ...
Failing to Ask for Help. ...
Trying to Cut Corners. ...
Unrealistic Expectations. ...
Beating Up On Yourself Unnecessarily. ...
Conflicts with Other People.
HEALTH Back and neck pain, headaches, and shoulder and arm pain are common computer-related injuries. Such muscle
and joint problems can be caused or made worse by poor workstation (desk) design, bad posture and sitting for long periods of
time

SPAMS
Spam is unnecessary, unwanted, or repetitive content that clogs inboxes and clutters social media feeds. The term “spam” has
been used to refer to junk messages since the earliest days of the Internet.

Spammers send emails claiming that a recipient has won a sweepstakes or a prize. To collect the prize, the recipient must click on a
link within the email. The link is malicious and is typically used to steal the user's personal information
SCAMS and PHISHING EMAILS

Phishing emails
A common trick scammers use is to send you a fake email pretending to be from your bank or another organisation you trust like HMRC or
PayPal. This email will ask you to visit a website and log in with your account details.
Personal informations

Online Privacy Issues

Merging clickstream data & personal information.
Personal contact information.
Personally identifiable information.
'Computer information'
Internet protocol (ip) addresses

How Data is collected on computer?

Answer: Input devices accept data in a form that the computer can use; they then send the data to the processing unit. The processor,
more formally known as the central processing unit (CPU), has the electronic circuitry that manipulates input data into the information
people want.
.How data is collected on internet?
The internet is used as a method to research and collect information through emails, texts sent on phones and
similar methods. The online data collected through by sending emails, texts etc (usually interviews conducted
online) is known as online data collection

Inspect the website HTML that you want to crawl.

Access URL of the website using code and download all the HTML contents on the page.
Format the downloaded content into a readable format.
Extract out useful information and save it into a structured format
Whole process
When a user requests a web page or other online resource, their web browser sends an HTTP request to
the server hosting the resource. The request typically includes information such as the type of resource
being requested, the user's preferred language, and any authentication credentials required to access the
resource.
To write
To write data on the internet, a user can submit a form or send an HTTP request with the appropriate data in
the body of the request. The server can then process the request and update a database or other storage
system with the new data.

Parameters Online calls Face-to-Face Communication

Mode of More passive involvement of the participants. More active participation helps in developing
interaction their behavior, and approach to one another.

Access Much easier and faster possible even in busy Must be able to transport to one another
schedules. Just on a click location.

Costs Maybe more costly for setting up the basic Include transportation costs and no others.
requirements

Requirements Normal network connectivity, smartphones, Requires only time and availability of the
primary know-how about how to use it. people for a meet up. May not be possible for
people following busy schedules.

Reach Anyone anywhere across the globe can be Often connects to known persons of family,
reached if with proper requirements friends, and others we wish to.

Interaction Very less social interaction People learn how to approach one another
and this improves how people treat one
another.

Safety The unlimited access may also result in some The limited access and remains between
breaches of personal information as we also have friends, family and others.
the possibility to connect with unknown people.

EXTRA POINTS
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single VLSI integrated circuit chip. . A typical microcontroller includes a processor,
memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip. Advantages. A microcontroller is a cheap and minimal size, easy
to carry out. ...
PIC Microcontroller. ...
ARM Microcontroller
A microprocessor, on the other hand, is just the computing element (the CPU) in a computer.
Adreno is a series of graphics processing unit (GPU) semiconductor intellectual property cores developed by
Qualcomm and used in many of their SoCs(system on a chip) The Qualcomm Adreno 650
WHAT ARE TRANSISTORS AND THEIR IMPORTANCE
Transistors are semiconductor devices that are used in modern electronic equipment to switch or amplify electronic
signals. the transistor is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor
material, usually with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit.
Digital marketing, also called online marketing, is the promotion of brands to connect with potential
customers using the internet and other forms of digital communication. This includes not only email, social media,
and web-based advertising, but also text and multimedia messages as a marketing channel.
Why communication devices are important
A computer can work fine without a communication device. However, for a computer to communicate with other
computers, they need a communication device
Modem
Modem stands for modulation and demodulation. A modem is a device that switches digital signals
into analog and analog signals into digital. Modem forwards and accept data from one computer to
another using telephone lines.
dial-up modems, digital modems, wireless modems, network cards, wireless access points, routers, hubs
and switches, repeaters, bridges and gateways.

How software works with computer

Software instructs the computer what to do by providing a set of instructions or commands that are
executed by the computer's hardware. Software consists of programs written in programming
languages such as C++, Python, or Java, which are compiled or interpreted into machine code that
the computer can understand and execute.
When a user runs a software application, the operating system loads the program into memory and
starts executing the instructions one by one. The program may interact with the user through a
graphical user interface (GUI), or it may run in the background and perform specific tasks such as
data processing, file management, or network communication.

HOW COMPUTER CONNECTS WITH HARDDDRIVES

Software interacts with hardware through the operating system and device drivers. The operating
system provides a layer of abstraction between the software and the hardware, allowing the
software to interact with the hardware in a standardized way.
When the software needs to interact with a hardware device, it sends a request to the operating
system, which in turn communicates with the appropriate device driver. The device driver is a
software component that is specific to a particular piece of hardware, and it provides a
standardized interface for the operating system and the software to communicate with the
hardware.
For example, when a user clicks a button in a software application to print a document, the
application sends a request to the operating system to print the document. The operating system
then communicates with the appropriate printer driver, which sends the print job to the printer
hardware.