COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 1

Encapsulation,
Inheritance and
Polymorphism
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Learning objectives

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

● Discuss the concepts of abstraction and encapsulation and their

importance in object-oriented programming

● Illustrate the concept of inheritance and its benefits in

code organisation and reuse.

● Describe and apply the principles of polymorphism to

write flexible and extensible code.

● Justify the role of interfaces in Java and how

they facilitate multiple inheritance.
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Abstraction and Encapsulation

Abstraction and encapsulation are fundamental concepts in

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP).
They facilitate code organisation, data protection, and modelling of
real-world entities.
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Abstraction

Abstraction involves simplifying complex reality by modelling classes that

represent essential aributes and behaviours.
It focuses on what an object does rather than how it does it.
Abstraction allows developers to hide unnecessary details and focus on
high-level functionalities.
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Encapsulation

Encapsulation is the concept of bundling data (aributes) and methods

(behaviours) that operate on the data into a single unit (class).
It promotes data protection by controlling access to the class’s internal
state.
Encapsulation ensures that the internal representation of an object is
hidden from the outside.
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Advantages of Encapsulation

Data Protection: Aributes can be made private, preventing direct

access and unauthorized modifications.
Code Organization: Methods related to data are encapsulated within the
class, enhancing code readability and maintainability.
Abstraction: The class interface abstracts away the internal
implementation details, simplifying usage for other parts of the code.
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Accessors (Getters) and

Mutators (Setters)

Accessors (geers) provide controlled access to private aributes.

Mutators (seers) allow controlled modification of private aributes.
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Example: encapsulation
with Getters and Setters
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Example: encapsulation
with Getters and Setters
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Real-World Analogy: ATM

Machine

Think of a bank account class as an ATM machine.

Users can interact with the ATM using a limited set of actions (methods).
The ATM machine encapsulates the internal mechanisms
(implementation details) from the users.
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Mid-lesson question

You are tasked with designing a simplified online

shopping system in Java.
1. Create a class Product to represent products
available for purchase on the online platform.
Each product has the following aributes:
productId (int), productName (String), price
(double) and quantityInStock (int)
The class should have the following methods:
Constructor, getProductId(),
getProductName(), getPrice(),
getQuantityInStock(), updateQuantity(int
newQuantity) and displayProductInfo()
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Mid-lesson question

2. Create multiple instances of the

Product class to represent dierent
products available in the online store.
3. Demonstrate the encapsulation
principle by accessing the aributes
through methods and abstracting
the inner details of the Product class.
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Answer: Mid-lesson question

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Answer: Mid-lesson question

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Answer: Mid-lesson question

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Answer: Mid-lesson question

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Inheritance

It allows a class to inherit aributes and methods from another class, promoting
code reuse and organization.
The class that provides the aributes and methods is called the superclass (or
parent class).
The class that inherits from the superclass is called the subclass (or child class).
The subclass extends the superclass, inheriting its aributes and methods.
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Inheritance

Use the extends keyword to create a subclass.

Example
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Inheritance

Example: Using Inheritance for Shape Hierarchy

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Inheritance

Example: Using Inheritance for Shape Hierarchy

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Benefits of Inheritance

Code Reuse: Subclasses can reuse aributes and methods from super
classes, reducing redundancy.
Extensibility: New functionality can be added to subclasses without
modifying the superclass.
Modularity: Inheritance promotes organized and modular code structure.
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Polymorphism

Polymorphism is the ability of objects of dierent classes to be treated as

objects of a common superclass.
It promotes flexibility and extensibility in code design.
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Method Overriding

Subclasses can provide their own implementation for a method inherited from a
superclass.
Method overriding allows customization of behaviour in subclasses.
Example
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Dynamic Method

During runtime, the appropriate method implementation is called based on the actual object’s type.
This allows for polymorphic behaviour based on the object’s dynamic type.
Example
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Example: Polymorphism in
Shape Hierarchy
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Example: Polymorphism in
Shape Hierarchy
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Interfaces

An interface in Java defines a contract for a set of methods that classes

must implement.
Interfaces allow multiple inheritance of behaviours, promoting code
flexibility and modularity.
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Declaring Interfaces

Use the interface keyword to declare an interface.

Interface methods are declared without implementations.
Example
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Implementing Interfaces

A class implements an interface by providing implementations for its methods.

Use the implements keyword in the class declaration.
Example
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Implementing Interfaces
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Using Interfaces for

Multiple Inheritance

Java supports multiple interface implementation, allowing classes to

inherit multiple sets of behaviours.
Example
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Using Interfaces for

Multiple Inheritance
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Advantages of Interfaces

Multiple Inheritance: Classes can implement multiple interfaces to

inherit behaviors from various sources.
Contractual Obligation: Interfaces define a contract that implementing
classes must fulfill, promoting consistency.
Flexibility: Interfaces enable dynamic method binding and polymorphism.
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Example: Using Interfaces

for Shape Calculations
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Example: Using Interfaces

for Shape Calculations
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Example: Using Interfaces

for Shape Calculations
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Summary

• Abstraction focuses on what an object does.

• Encapsulation bundles data and methods into a
single unit, promoting data protection and code
organization.
• Understanding abstraction and encapsulation is
crucial for designing maintainable and secure
object-oriented programs.
• Inheritance allows subclasses to inherit aributes
and methods from super classes.
• Polymorphism enables objects of dierent classes
to be treated as objects of a common superclass.
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Summary

• Interfaces define contracts for classes to

implement a set of methods.
• Implementing classes provide method
implementations for the interface’s contract.
• Interfaces support multiple inheritance,
enabling classes to inherit behaviours from
various sources.
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FURTHER READING RESOURCES

● Poo, D. C. C., Kiong, D., Ashok, S. (2008). Object-Ori

ented Programming and Java. Singapore: Springer.
● Java inheritance FAQ. (n.d.). (n.p.): One Percent
Beer.
● Java Tutorial. (n.d.). www.w3schools.com. Retrieved
August 12, 2023, hps://www.w3schools.com/java
● tutorialspoint.com. (2019). Java Tutorial.
www.tutorialspoint.com. Retrieved August 12, 2023,
hps://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/index.htm
● Burd, B. (2017). Beginning programming with Java
for Dummies. John Wiley & Sons.
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FURTHER READING RESOURCES

● Eckel, B. (2003). Thinking in JAVA. Prentice Hall

Professional.
● Ţigănoaia, B. (2019). Computer Programming:
Practical Applications. Romania: Editura
Niculescu.
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Thank
You