ARDUINO BASED RADAR SYSTEM

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction

2. Components and Materials

3. System Design

o Circuit Diagram

o Flowchart

4. Implementation

o Code Explanation

5. Testing and Results

6. Advantages and Applications

7. Future Enhancements

8. Challenges and Solutions

9. Conclusion

10. References
1. Introduction

The Arduino-based radar system is an innovative project designed to simulate the functionality of a
radar system using an Arduino microcontroller, a servo motor, and an ultrasonic sensor. The system
rotates the ultrasonic sensor to scan the surroundings, measuring distances and detecting objects
within its range. This project provides practical experience in integrating hardware and software,
making it ideal for computer science and engineering students.

2. Components and Materials

For this project, the following components and materials are required:
 Arduino Uno: The microcontroller board that serves as the brain of the system.
 Ultrasonic Sensor: A sensor that uses ultrasonic waves to measure distances.
 Servo Motor: A motor that rotates the ultrasonic sensor to cover a wider area.
 Breadboard and Jumper Wires: For connecting the components.
 Power Supply: To power the Arduino and other components.
 USB Cable: To connect the Arduino to a computer for programming and power.
3. System Design
The system design includes both the circuit diagram and the flowchart of the radar system's operation.

Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram illustrates how the components are connected.

 Connections:
o Trig Pin of the HC-SR04 sensor to pin 8 on the Arduino.

o Echo Pin of the HC-SR04 sensor to pin 9 on the Arduino.

o Servo Motor control wire to pin 10 on the Arduino.

o Power and ground connections for all components.

Flowchart
The flowchart shows the logical flow of the system's operation.
 Start: Initialize the servo motor and the ultrasonic sensor.
 Loop: Sweep the servo motor from 15 to 165 degrees.
 Measure Distance: At each angle, measure the distance to the nearest object.
 Store Data: Log the distance and angle to the Serial Monitor.
 Reverse Sweep: Sweep the servo motor back from 165 to 15 degrees.
 Repeat: Continue the scanning process.

4. Implementation
The implementation involves coding the Arduino to control the servo motor and measure distances
using the ultrasonic sensor. Here’s the complete code:

cpp
#include <Servo.h>
const int trigPin = 8;
const int echoPin = 9;
long duration;
int distance;
Servo myServo;

void setup() {
 pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
Serial.begin(9600);
myServo.attach(10);
}

void loop() {
for(int i = 15; i <= 165; i++) {
myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance = calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(".");
}
for(int i = 165; i > 15; i--) {
myServo.write(i);
delay(30);
distance = calculateDistance();
Serial.print(i);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(distance);
Serial.print(".");
}
}

int calculateDistance() {
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
 digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = duration * 0.034 / 2;
return distance;
}

Code Explanation
 Libraries and Pin Definitions: Includes the Servo library and defines the pins for the
ultrasonic sensor.

 Setup Function: Initializes the pins and attaches the servo motor.

 Main Loop: Sweeps the servo motor and measures distances, logging them to the Serial
Monitor.

 Distance Calculation: Measures the time taken for the ultrasonic pulse to return and
calculates the distance.

5. Testing and Results

During testing, the radar system was able to accurately measure distances within the specified range.
The results were logged to the Serial Monitor, demonstrating consistent performance across multiple
tests.

Test Scenarios

1. Empty Room: The system was tested in an empty room to verify baseline performance
without obstacles.

2. Object Detection: Various objects of different sizes and materials were placed at different
distances to test detection accuracy.

3. Environmental Conditions: Testing in different lighting and temperature conditions to

evaluate robustness.

6. Advantages and Applications

 Cost-Effective: Uses affordable components.

 Educational Value: Provides hands-on experience with Arduino and sensors.

 Practical Applications: Useful in robotics, security systems, and autonomous vehicles.

  Expandability: Can be expanded with additional features like data logging, wireless
communication, and more complex algorithms.

7. Future Enhancements

 Wireless Data Transmission: Incorporate Wi-Fi or Bluetooth modules to transmit data

wirelessly to a remote server.

 Data Logging: Integrate an SD card module to store distance measurements for later analysis.

 Advanced Algorithms: Implement machine learning algorithms to analyze the data and
detect patterns or anomalies.

 Improved Interface: Develop a graphical user interface (GUI) to visualize the data in real-
time.

8. Challenges and Solutions

 Sensor Accuracy: Ultrasonic sensors can have limitations in accuracy. Calibration and using
multiple sensors can improve results.

 Environmental Factors: Temperature and humidity can affect sensor performance.

Implementing compensation algorithms can help mitigate these effects.

 Power Management: Ensuring a stable power supply is crucial. Using a dedicated power
source for the servo motor can prevent power issues.

9. Conclusion
The Arduino-based radar system is a successful demonstration of integrating hardware and software
for object detection and distance measurement. This project offers valuable hands-on experience and
can be further enhanced with additional features and technologies. By addressing the challenges and
implementing future enhancements, this project can evolve into a more robust and versatile system.

10. References
 Arduino Documentation

 HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor Datasheet

 Servo Motor Guide

 Sommerville, I. (2011). Software Engineering. Addison-Wesley.

 Pressman, R. S. (2014). Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach. McGraw-Hill

Education.