I.

Read and translate the following text:

The human skeleton consists of 206 bones. We are actually born with more bones (about 300), but many fuse
together as a child grows up. These bones support your body and allow you to move. Bones contain a lot of
calcium. Bones manufacture blood cells and store important minerals.
The longest bone in our bodies is the femur. The smallest bone is the stirrup bone inside the ear. Each hand
has 26 bones in it. Your nose and ears are not made of bone; they are made of cartilage, a flexible substance
that is not as hard as bone.
A long bone consists of several sections:
• Diaphysis: This is the long central shaft
• Epiphysis: Forms the larger rounded ends of long bones
• Metaphysis: Area between the diaphysis and epiphysis at both ends of the bone
• Epiphyseal Plates: Plates of cartilage, also known as growth plates which allow the long bones to grow
in length during childhood. Once we stop growing, between 18 and 25 years of age the cartilage plates stop
producing cartilage cells and are gradually replaced by bone.
Covering the ends of bones, where they form a joint with another bone, is a layer of hyaline cartilage. This is
a firm but elastic type of cartilage which provides shock absorption to the joint and has no neural or vascular
supply.
Joints: Bones are connected to other bones at joints. There are many different types of joints, including: fixed
joints (such as in the skull, which consists of many bones), hinged joints (such as in the fingers and toes), and
ball-and-socket joints (such as the shoulders and hips). Males and females have slightly different skeletons,
including a different elbow angle. Males have slightly thicker and longer legs and arms; females have a wider
pelvis and a larger space within the pelvis.

II. The sentences in column A contain examples of useful verbs in medicine. In column B there are
definitions of the verbs. Read the examples and match the verbs (in italics) with the definitions.

Column A: Examples Column B: Definitions

a) _________ means to identify an illness, by examining
1. After the accident the passengers were the person and noting symptoms
treated in hospital for cuts. b) _________ means to use medical methods to cure a
2. Nurses dressed the wounds of the disease or help a sick person to recover
accident victims. c) _________ means to make someone healthy
3. He specialises in children with d) _________ means to put someone at risk
breathing problems. e) _________ means to give instructions for a person to get
4. She suffers from headaches. a specific dosage of a drug or a specific form of therapy
5. She was vaccinated against smallpox f) _________ means to study or treat one particular disease
as a child. or one particular type of patient
6. Some forms of cancer cannot be g) _________ means to have an illness for a long period of
cured. time
7. The calamine lotion will soothe the h) _________ means to treat a person for a condition by
rash. cutting open the body and removing a part which is
8. The doctor diagnosed appendicitis. diseased or repairing a part which is not functioning
9. The doctor prescribed a course of correctly
antibiotics. i) _________ means to make the body create its own
10. The drug suppresses the body's antibodies by means of immunisations
natural instinct to reject the transplanted j) _________ means to relieve pain
tissue. k) _________ means to clean a wound and put a covering
11. The operation may endanger the life over it
of the patient. l) _________ means to reduce an action completely, e.g. to
12. The surgeons decided to operate as remove a symptom or to stop the release of a hormone
the only way of saving the baby's life.
III. Complete the sentences using the adjectives in the box. Use each adjective once only:
aware, compatible, confused, delicate, depressed, hoarse, hygienic, inactive, inborn, incipient, infectious,
inoperable, insanitary, lethal, motionless, poisonous, predisposed, regular, safe, severe.

1. This is a ______________ painkiller, with no harmful side-effects.

2. Some mushrooms are good to eat and some are ______________ .
3. The surgeons are trying to find a donor with a ______________ blood group.
4. The surgeon decided that the cancer was ______________ .
5. These fumes are ______________ if inhaled.
6. The body has an ______________ tendency to reject transplanted organs.
7. The tests detected ______________ diabetes mellitus.
8. The serum makes the poison ______________.
9. A ______________ outbreak of whooping cough occurred during the winter.
10. Old people can easily become ______________ if they are moved from their homes.
11. Catatonic patients can sit ______________ for hours.
12. Don't touch food with dirty hands: it isn't ______________.
13. All the members of the family are ______________ to vascular diseases.
14. She is not ______________ of what is happening around her.
15. The bones of a baby's skull are very ______________.
16. Cholera spread rapidly because of the ______________ conditions in the town.
17. He was ______________ after his exam results.
18. He was advised to make ______________ visits to the dentist.
19. This strain of flu is highly ______________.
20. He became ______________ after shouting too much.

IV. Complete the sentences below using the phrasal verbs in the box.

break down = to start to cry and 1. He _______________ his cold.

become upset 2. The nurses are _______________her very well.
bring up = to cough up material such 3. He must have _______________ the disease
as mucus from the lungs or throat when he was travelling in Africa.
cough up = to cough hard to expel a 4. She often _______________ in front of the TV.
substance from the trachea 5. When we told her that her father was ill, she
drop off = to fall asleep _______________.
get around = to move about 6. She _______________ and cried as she
get over = to become better after an described the
illness or a shock symptoms to the doctor.
give up = not to do something anymore 7. He _______________ his father.
go down = to become smaller 8. The doctor asked him to _______________ his
knock out = to hit someone so hard shirt.
that he or she is no longer conscious 9. He was _______________ mucus.
look after = to take care of a person 10. Since she had the accident she
and attend to his or her needs _______________ using crutches.
pass out = to faint 11. I was advised to _______________ smoking.
pick up = to catch a disease 12. He was _______________ by a blow to the
prop up = to support a person, e.g. head.
with pillows 13. The nurse _______________ the patient with
take after = to be like one or other pillows.
parent 14. The swelling has started to _______________.
take off = to remove something, 15. She became worried when the girl started
especially clothes _______________ blood.
V. The sentences in this exercise contain mistakes.
The mistakes are all in the prepositions and there are three types: missing preposition, wrong
preposition, unnecessary preposition. Find the mistakes and correct them.

1. The hospital has installed new apparatus through the physiotherapy department.
2. Her lips were cracked of the cold.
3. The boy's little toe was crushed the door.
4. The tissue was examined on the microscope.
5. It is important that needles used at injections should be sterilised.
6. He is recovering from a bout flu.
7. She was given to a pain-killing injection.
8. Some types of wool can irritate to the skin.
9. This report quotes the number of cases of cervical cancer from thousand patients tested.
10. The doctor put the patient to sleep within a strong narcotic.
11. She burnt her hand at the hot frying pan.
12. We have no spare beds on the hospital at the moment.
13. He will have an operation to remove of an ingrowing toenail.
14. Please ensure that the patient takes of his medicine.

VI. Complete the sentences below using the following words:

anaesthetic, analysis, circulation, communicate, compatible, complication, coordinate, dehydration,
demonstrated, disposable, emergency, experiment, intolerance, malignancy, operation, paralysis, penicillin,
respirator, responsible, saturated.

1. She appeared to be improving, but a ______________ set in and she died a few hours later.
2. Bell's Palsy causes facial ______________.
3. Come right now: it's an ______________!
4. The patient was having difficulties breathing so we put him on a ___________.
5. She had an ______________ to replace the cornea.
6. He was given a general _____________ before the surgeons began work.
7. As a precaution against AIDS we use ___________ needles.
8. He can't take aspirin: he has an ______________ to it.
9. Rub your hands together to get the ______________ going.
10. He couldn't ______________ the movements of his arms and legs.
11. An ______________ was organised to test the drug on a small group of people.
12. Tests confirmed the _____________ of the growth.
13. This is the allergen which was _____________ for the patient's reaction.
14. ______________ showed that the food contained bacteria.
15. The surgeons are trying to find a ______________ donor.
16. A diet high in _____________ fats increases the risk of heart disease.
17. The surgeon ___________ to the students how to make the incision.
18. As many as 60-70% of diarrhoeal deaths are caused by ______________.
19. Autistic children do not ______________ with anyone.
20. _____________ is a common antibiotic produced from a fungus.