What is the basis of empirical classification of climate?

a) Observed data
b) Causes of climate
c) Vegetation type
d) Elevation

Who developed the widely used empirical climate classification scheme?

a) Carl Ritter
b) V. Koeppen
c) Alexander von Humboldt
d) Immanuel Kant

What is Koeppen's classification of "A" type climate based on?

a) Cold temperatures
b) High rainfall in all months
c) Hot desert
d) Low annual temperature

Which one of the following indicates no dry season in the Koeppen

classification?
a) "s"
b) "m"
c) "f"
d) "w"

Which letter indicates dry climates in Koeppen’s scheme?

a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

What does the small letter "a" indicate in Koeppen's climate classification?
a) No dry season
b) Monsoon
c) Severe temperature
d) Cold season

Which of the following climatic groups falls under humid climates in Koeppen’s
classification?
a) A, B, C
b) A, C, D, E
c) A, B, D
d) B, C, D

Which climate is characterized by an average annual temperature of the coldest

month below -3°C?
a) Tropical
b) Dry
c) Cold Snow-Forest
d) Cold

What kind of climate is represented by "Af" in Koeppen’s classification?

a) Dry desert
b) Cold steppe
c) Tropical wet
d) Subtropical steppe

The primary climatic feature of Group A (Tropical Humid Climates) is:

a) Low rainfall
b) High diurnal range of temperature
c) Hot and humid conditions
d) Long winters

Which of the following regions is a tropical wet climate (Af)?

a) Sahara Desert
b) Amazon Basin
c) Mediterranean Sea region
d) Eastern Europe

Which type of climate is found over the Indian sub-continent according to

Koeppen’s scheme?
a) Am
b) Af
c) Cfa
d) Df

In which part of South America is tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) found?
a) North of the Amazon forest
b) Along the Pacific coast
c) Southern Chile
d) The Andes mountains

Which of the following indicates a monsoonal climate with a short dry season?
a) Af
b) Am
c) Aw
d) Cs

What is the main characteristic of subtropical desert (BWh) climates?

a) High rainfall
b) High variability in temperature
c) Low-latitude arid conditions
d) Constant snowfall

Which region experiences Mediterranean (Cs) climate?

a) Sahara Desert
b) Central California
c) Amazon Basin
d) Tibetan Plateau

What is the primary feature of cold snow-forest (D) climates?

a) Humid winters
b) Dry summers
c) Severe winters
d) High rainfall

Where can one find the marine west coast (Cfb) climate?
a) North Africa
b) Northwestern Europe
c) Central Australia
d) East Asia

Which climate type represents Tundra (ET)?

a) Hot desert
b) Cold steppe
c) Permafrost
d) Tropical monsoon

The polar ice cap (EF) climate is characterized by:

a) Low precipitation
b) Heavy rainfall
c) High temperatures year-round
d) Monsoon seasons

Highland (H) climates are primarily influenced by:

a) Latitude
b) Topography
c) Ocean currents
d) Wind systems

What does the small letter "w" indicate in Koeppen's classification?

a) Summer dry season
b) Winter dry season
c) Monsoonal climate
d) Tundra conditions

Which climate type has a cold, snowy winter but humid conditions year-round?
a) Dw
b) Df
c) Aw
d) Cs

Which climatic region has the highest recorded temperature of 58°C?

a) Sahara Desert
b) Al Aziziyah, Libya
c) Thar Desert
d) Death Valley, USA

The cold desert (BWk) is typically found at what latitude range?

a) 15°-30°
b) 60°-70°
c) 35°-60°
d) 0°-15°

What are the key features of the subtropical steppe (BSh) climate?
a) High humidity and heavy rainfall
b) Semi-arid conditions with sparse grasslands
c) Perennial snowfall
d) Dense evergreen forests

Where is the Marine West Coast (Cfb) climate NOT typically found?
a) Northwestern Europe
b) Southeastern Australia
c) North Africa
d) Southern Chile

What feature is typical of the Mediterranean (Cs) climate in summer?

a) Heavy monsoons
b) Hot and dry conditions
c) High rainfall
d) Perennial fog

Which of the following gases is a greenhouse gas?

a) Nitrogen
b) Carbon dioxide
c) Oxygen
d) Helium

What causes the greenhouse effect in Earth's atmosphere?

a) Absorption of shortwave radiation
b) Reflection of solar energy
c) Absorption of longwave radiation
d) Emission of infrared radiation

Which gas has the largest concentration in the atmosphere and contributes to the
greenhouse effect?
a) Methane
b) Nitrous oxide
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Ozone

Which of the following regions experiences "Little Ice Age" from 1550 to 1850?
a) Africa
b) South America
c) Europe
d) Australia

What is the name of the treaty that mandates the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions?
a) Montreal Protocol
b) Kyoto Protocol
c) Paris Agreement
d) Rio Convention

Which of the following best describes global warming?

a) Periodic glaciation
b) A long-term increase in Earth’s temperature
c) Short-term climate variability
d) Decreased solar radiation

How much did global temperatures rise during the periods 1901-44 and 1977-99?
a) 0.1°C
b) 0.4°C
c) 1°C
d) 2°C

Which period saw the warmest temperatures in the last millennium?

a) 1800s
b) 1990s
c) 1500s
d) 1950s

Which climatic type is known for supporting evergreen tropical forests with
large biodiversity?
a) BWh
b) ET
c) Af
d) Dw

The "Aw" climate type in Koeppen's classification refers to:

a) Tropical monsoon
b) Tropical wet
c) Tropical wet and dry
d) Humid subtropical

The cold steppe climate (BSk) occurs primarily in which region?

a) Coastal areas
b) Middle latitudes
c) Low latitudes
d) Polar regions

Tundra climates are found primarily at:

a) Low altitudes
b) Subtropical latitudes
c) High altitudes
d) Polar regions

What effect do volcanic eruptions have on global temperatures?

a) Increase temperatures
b) Decrease temperatures
c) Have no effect
d) Increase precipitation

The "H" in Koeppen's classification refers to what type of climate?

a) Highland
b) Humid
c) Hot desert
d) Cold steppe

Which of the following best describes the Mediterranean climate?

a) Wet summers, dry winters
b) Hot, dry summers; mild, rainy winters
c) Warm winters, humid summers
d) Severe winters, hot summers

Which letter code represents the cold, ice cap climate?

a) ET
b) EF
c) Dw
d) Cs

Which climatic region is most affected by deforestation due to land-use changes?

a) Polar ice cap
b) Subtropical steppe
c) Tropical wet
d) Highland

Which natural event can cause temporary cooling of Earth's surface?

a) Deforestation
b) Solar flares
c) Volcanic eruptions
d) Greenhouse gas emissions

The term 'greenhouse effect' is derived from:

a) The warming of Earth by shortwave radiation
b) The structure of a greenhouse that traps heat
c) The cooling effect of greenhouse gases
d) None of the above

What is the largest source of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

a) Volcanic eruptions
b) Fossil fuel combustion
c) Agricultural activities
d) Forest fires

What is the function of ozone in the stratosphere?

a) To absorb infrared radiation
b) To prevent global warming
c) To protect against UV radiation
d) To absorb greenhouse gases

What impact could global warming have on sea levels?

a) They will decrease due to polar cooling
b) They will rise due to glacier and ice cap melting
c) No change will occur
d) They will stabilize due to thermal expansion

1. Koeppen's classification is largely based on which two climatic variables?

a) Altitude and latitude
b) Temperature and precipitation
c) Vegetation and temperature
d) Wind and humidity

2. What is the distinguishing feature of the “D” climate group in Koeppen’s

classification?
a) Hot, dry summers
b) Warm winters
c) Severe winters
d) High precipitation
3. In which climatic group does potential evaporation exceed precipitation?
a) Tropical
b) Cold
c) Dry
d) Highland

4. Which of the following pairs is NOT correctly matched with Koeppen's

classification?
a) Aw - Tropical wet and dry
b) BSh - Subtropical steppe
c) Cfb - Marine west coast
d) Dw - Tropical monsoon

5. Which of the following would occur in a region with a "BWh" climate?

a) Heavy winter rainfall
b) Dense tropical forests
c) Dry desert conditions
d) Mild, humid summers

6. Tropical wet climate regions experience which type of precipitation?

a) Constant heavy rain
b) Seasonal monsoons
c) Thunder showers in the afternoon
d) Winter snowfall

7. Which climate zone is the closest to the poles?

a) Af
b) Cfb
c) EF
d) Aw

8. What climatic condition would you expect in a region classified as "Am" in

Koeppen’s system?
a) No dry season
b) Summer monsoons with dry winters
c) Cold snow forest
d) Steppe conditions

9. Which one of the following climatic types does NOT belong to the tropical
climate group?
a) Af
b) Am
c) Aw
d) BWh

10. Which climatic group corresponds to tundra-like conditions?

a) EF
b) ET
c) Dw
d) Cs

11. In which climate would you expect the greatest difference between summer and
winter temperatures?
a) Cfa
b) Df
c) Af
d) BWh

12. What is one key difference between tropical wet (Af) and tropical monsoon
(Am) climates?
a) Am has a longer wet season than Af
b) Af experiences rainfall throughout the year, while Am has a short dry season
c) Am has higher annual temperatures than Af
d) Af is cooler than Am

13. Which climatic region is characterized by frequent fog due to its proximity
to cold ocean currents?
a) Humid subtropical
b) Subtropical desert
c) Marine west coast
d) Subarctic

14. What does the letter "s" stand for in the Mediterranean (Cs) climate type?
a) Severe winter
b) Summer dry season
c) Snowfall in winter
d) Semi-arid

15. In a region with a "Cfb" climate, what would you expect the winters to be
like?
a) Cold and dry
b) Mild and rainy
c) Hot and humid
d) Extremely cold

16. Which of the following represents a cold, dry winter in Koeppen’s

classification?
a) Aw
b) Am
c) Dw
d) Af

17. The relationship between vegetation and climate forms the basis for which
classification system?
a) Astronomical
b) Genetic
c) Empirical
d) Applied

18. If a region has an average annual temperature below 10°C, it likely falls
under which climate group?
a) Tropical
b) Dry
c) Cold
d) Highland

19. Which factor contributes to the formation of steppe (BS) climates?

a) Close proximity to oceans
b) High-altitude winds
c) Short periods of rain with long dry seasons
d) Dense forest cover

20. Which of the following climate types would you most likely find in the
interior of continents?
a) Cfb
b) Am
c) BWk
d) Af

21. Why is rainfall in deserts often ineffective in building soil moisture?

a) Rain is too heavy
b) High evaporation rates
c) Rain occurs mainly at night
d) It rains too frequently

22. Which climate zone includes regions such as the Indian plains and parts of
South China?
a) Aw
b) Cwa
c) BSh
d) Am

23. The highest recorded shade temperature of 58°C was recorded in which type of
climate?
a) Subtropical desert (BWh)
b) Cold steppe (BSk)
c) Tropical wet (Af)
d) Polar ice cap (EF)

24. Which region is most vulnerable to temperature variations due to its climate
classification?
a) Tropical monsoon
b) Steppe
c) Tundra
d) Subtropical desert

25. Which climate classification type allows for large variability in

temperature throughout the year?
a) Tropical wet (Af)
b) Marine west coast (Cfb)
c) Subarctic (Dw)
d) Humid subtropical (Cfa)

26. Which climate type has vegetation dominated by low-growing mosses and
lichens due to permafrost?
a) ET
b) EF
c) Cs
d) Aw

27. What climate classification best fits a region with a short, intense rainy
season followed by long dry periods?
a) Af
b) Aw
c) Am
d) Cs

28. What does the presence of sunspots indicate about the climate?
a) Increased storm activity and cooler weather
b) Decreased rainfall and warmer weather
c) Higher snowfall in winter
d) Sudden increases in temperature

29. Which climate type is commonly associated with dry summers and mild, rainy
winters?
a) Cfa
b) Cs
c) Aw
d) Df

30. Which two letters are used to denote desert and steppe climates in Koeppen’s
classification?
a) A and C
b) B and D
c) BW and BS
d) Cf and Aw

31. How does global warming primarily impact polar regions?

a) Increased rainfall
b) Thawing permafrost and melting ice caps
c) Greater diurnal temperature variation
d) Increased desertification

32. What type of climatic changes could volcanic eruptions cause?

a) Increase in global temperature
b) Decrease in solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface
c) More monsoon rainfall
d) Warming of ocean currents

33. The concept of the "greenhouse effect" refers to:

a) A natural cooling mechanism of Earth
b) The absorption of longwave radiation by atmospheric gases
c) The process of heat reflecting off Earth’s surface
d) Shortwave solar radiation passing through the atmosphere

34. Which greenhouse gas is most abundant due to human activity?

a) Methane
b) Nitrous oxide
c) Carbon dioxide
d) Ozone

35. What might be the long-term consequence of deforestation in tropical

regions?
a) Increased snowfall
b) Greater monsoonal rainfall
c) Higher concentration of greenhouse gases
d) Stabilization of climate

36. Which climate group experiences the largest annual temperature range?
a) Tropical
b) Polar
c) Highland
d) Cold snow forest (D)

37. Which climate would experience thunderstorms in summer and frontal

precipitation in winter?
a) Cfb
b) Aw
c) Cfa
d) Df

38. Regions classified under "ET" primarily experience:

a) Dense tropical rainforests
b) Large annual rainfall
c) Long daylight hours in summer
d) Hot, dry summers

39. Which region of the world is known for experiencing Mediterranean (Cs)
climate?
a) India
b) Western Europe
c) Eastern Australia
d) Southern California

40. What happens during the greenhouse effect?

a) Longwave radiation is trapped in the atmosphere, warming Earth
b) Shortwave radiation is reflected back into space
c) Ozone prevents UV radiation from reaching Earth
d) Warm air rises and cools quickly

41. What does the term “highland climate” refer to in Koeppen’s classification?
a) A climate influenced primarily by ocean currents
b) A vertical zonation of climate based on altitude
c) A high latitude climate near the poles
d) A region with high seasonal temperature variability
42. What is one of the main consequences of the depletion of the ozone layer?
a) Higher rainfall
b) Increase in UV radiation reaching Earth's surface
c) Higher atmospheric temperatures
d) Increased greenhouse gas emissions

43. The Kyoto Protocol was established to address which environmental issue?
a) Deforestation
b) Ozone depletion
c) Greenhouse gas emissions
d) Air pollution

44. What is one key factor in the formation of the "Little Ice Age" from 1550 to
1850?
a) Increased sunspot activity
b) Reduction in volcanic eruptions
c) Decline in solar radiation
d) Expansion of tropical forests

45. Why is the subtropical steppe climate considered more vulnerable than the
desert?
a) The variability in rainfall can lead to more frequent droughts
b) It has lower temperatures than deserts
c) Its forests are more susceptible to deforestation
d) It receives more rainfall than the desert, making it less adaptable to change

46. How does the mid-latitude desert (BWk) differ from subtropical deserts
(BWh)?
a) It receives less rainfall
b) It has cooler winters and lower annual temperatures
c) It experiences tropical storms
d) It has more vegetation cover

47. In the context of climate change, which region is most likely to experience
sea level rise?
a) Highland regions
b) Interior deserts
c) Coastal areas and islands
d) Polar ice caps

48. What distinguishes “marine west coast” climate from “Mediterranean” climate?
a) Wet winters
b) Lack of dry season
c) Mild temperatures year-round
d) Severe winters

49. Which of the following statements about steppe climates is true?

a) Steppe climates receive heavy rainfall year-round
b) Steppe climates occur in low latitudes only
c) Steppe climates are semi-arid and support sparse grasslands
d) Steppe climates have dense tropical vegetation

50. Which natural process is most associated with global cooling over the past
centuries?
a) Increased volcanic activity
b) Global warming
c) Reduction in solar radiation
d) Growth of tropical forests