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Notesssss For Igcse

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9 views2 pages

Notesssss For Igcse

Uploaded by

daniyaali311
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Faltu

Friday, 13 December 2024 9:09 pm

The cell structure is the organized arrangement of components within a cell, allowing it to perform
essential life functions. Cells are the basic units of life, and they vary in complexity between
prokaryotic (simple) and eukaryotic (complex) organisms. Here's an overview:

Prokaryotic Cell Structure


Prokaryotic cells (e.g., bacteria) are simple and lack membrane-bound organelles. Their structure
includes:
1. Cell Wall: Provides shape and protection.
2. Plasma Membrane: Controls the entry and exit of substances.
3. Cytoplasm: Jelly-like fluid where chemical reactions occur.
4. Nucleoid: Region containing circular DNA (no nucleus).
5. Ribosomes: Produce proteins.
6. Flagella: Tail-like structure for movement (not always present).
7. Pili/Fimbriae: Hair-like structures for attachment or DNA exchange.
8. Capsule: Outer protective layer (optional).

Eukaryotic Cell Structure


Eukaryotic cells (e.g., plant, animal, fungal cells) are more complex and have specialized organelles.
Key components include:
Common Features
1. Plasma Membrane: Semi-permeable layer regulating substance exchange.
2. Nucleus: Contains DNA and controls cellular activities.
3. Cytoplasm: Fluid containing organelles.
4. Mitochondria: Produce energy (ATP) through respiration.
5. Ribosomes: Synthesize proteins.
6. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
○ Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; synthesizes proteins.
○ Smooth ER: Produces lipids and detoxifies chemicals.
7. Golgi Apparatus: Packages and ships proteins and lipids.
8. Lysosomes: Break down waste (more common in animal cells).
9. Cytoskeleton: Provides shape and support.
Plant-Specific Features
1. Cell Wall: Made of cellulose for structure and support.
2. Chloroplasts: Conduct photosynthesis.
3. Large Central Vacuole: Stores water and nutrients.
Animal-Specific Features
1. Centrioles: Aid in cell division.
2. Smaller Vacuoles: Compared to plants, used for storage.

Comparison of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells


Feature Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
Nucleus Absent Present
Organelles Absent (except ribosomes) Membrane-bound organelles present
Size Smaller (1-10 µm) Larger (10-100 µm)
Example Organisms Bacteria, Archaea Plants, Animals, Fungi

Would you like to dive deeper into any specific organelle or comparison?

Quick Notes Page 1


4o

Quick Notes Page 2

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