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Assignment_Answers_IEM

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Assignment_Answers_IEM

Uploaded by

agampreetsingh382
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Assignment Answers - IEM

1. Historical Perspective and Scope of Engineering Materials

Historical Perspective: Engineering materials have been essential throughout history. From the

Stone Age, when primitive tools were made from stone, to the Bronze Age (copper and tin), and the

Iron Age (cast and wrought iron). Now, we are in the Materials Age with advanced materials like

polymers and composites.

Scope: Encompasses the development, processing, and application of metals, polymers, ceramics,

and advanced materials in industries like automotive, aerospace, and medical devices.

2. Space Lattice and Atoms in Face-Centered Cubic Structure

Space Lattice: A space lattice is a 3D arrangement of points representing atom positions in a crystal.

FCC: In FCC, atoms are arranged at each corner and at the center of each face of the cubic unit cell

(e.g., aluminum, copper).

3. Important Physical and Chemical Properties of a Material

Physical Properties: Density, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, optical properties,

magnetic properties.

Chemical Properties: Corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, chemical stability, reactivity.

4. Important Mechanical Properties of a Material

Mechanical Properties: Strength, hardness, ductility, toughness, elasticity, plasticity.

5. Atomic Bonding in Solids with Examples

Ionic Bonding: Transfer of electrons (e.g., NaCl).

Covalent Bonding: Sharing of electrons (e.g., diamond).

Metallic Bonding: Delocalized electrons shared among atoms (e.g., Fe).

Van der Waals Forces: Weak forces (e.g., graphite).

6. Characteristics of Crystalline Materials

Crystalline materials have a regular atomic structure, distinct melting points, and exhibit anisotropy
(e.g., metals and ceramics).

7. Prove Atomic Packing Factor for FCC and HCP Structures

APF = Volume of atoms in unit cell / Total volume of unit cell. For FCC and HCP, APF = 0.74.

8. Draw (112) and (110) Planes in a Cubic Unit Cell

Planes are represented using Miller indices. These planes divide the cubic lattice along specific

directions.

9. Defects in Crystal Structures

Point Defects: Vacancies, interstitials.

Line Defects: Edge dislocations, screw dislocations.

Planar Defects: Grain boundaries.

Volume Defects: Voids.

10. Sketch of HCP Structure and Calculation of Atoms per Unit Cell

HCP has atoms at the corners of two hexagons and three atoms in between. Total atoms per unit

cell = 6.

11. Crystal System and Types of Crystal Systems

There are seven types: Cubic, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Hexagonal, Monoclinic, Triclinic, and

Rhombohedral.

12. c/a Ratio for Ideal Hexagonal Close-Packed Structure

For an ideal HCP structure, the c/a ratio is 1.633.

13. APF for BCC Crystal Structure

APF for BCC = 0.68.

14. Selecting Engineering Material Based on Economic, Environmental, and Societal

Considerations
Factors include cost, sustainability, recyclability, energy consumption, safety, and public impact.

15. Explanation of Terms

Frenkel and Schottky Defects: Frenkel defect is a displaced ion, Schottky defect is a pair of missing

ions.

Crystalline vs Non-crystalline: Crystalline materials have ordered structures, while non-crystalline

materials are disordered.

Edge and Screw Dislocations: Edge dislocation is an extra half-plane of atoms; screw dislocation is

a spiral around a dislocation line.

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