Matias Peña Ovalle chapter 6

Matias Peña Ovalle
Questionnaire Chapter 6
1. What is a fricative characterized by?
R: Fricatives are characterized by the air being able to escape through a narrow
passage, making a hissing noise.
2. Why are fricatives described as continuant sounds?
R: Fricatives are described as continuant sounds because they can be produced

without interruption as long as the lungs have air.
3. Why are affricates described as rather complex?
R: Fricatives are described as rather complex because they begin as a plosive and
end in a fricative. When the /t/ plosive is pronounced, the tongue rapidly moves to
the position of the /ʃ/ fricative instead of being released with a plosion and
aspiration.
4. What are homorganic sounds?
R: Homorganic sounds are sounds that are produced with the same articulators.
5. How many fricatives are there in English and how can you group them?
R: There are 8 fricative consonants in English, and we can group them with the
three criteria that define consonants: Voicing, place of articulation and manner of
articulation. We can also divide them as fortis or lenis, depending on the force of
articulation. Voiceless fricatives being fortis consonants and voiced fricatives being
lenis consonants.
6. How are the following fricative sounds produced?

7. Labiodental
R: The lower lip makes contact with the upper teeth, making a narrowed passage
that allows the air to go through it, making the hissing noise. The fricative noise is
never very strong. /v/ and /f/
8. Dental
R: The tip of the tongue makes contact with the inner side of the upper teeth, and
the air passes through the gap made by the articulators. The fricative noise is also
weak. / ð/ / θ /
9. Alveolar
R: The blade of the tongue makes contact with the alveolar ridge, allowing the air
to escape through the narrow gap between them. Unlike the previous ones, the
fricative noise is stronger. /s/ /z/
10. Postalveolar
R: The tip and blade of the tongue make in contact with an area slightly further
back than that for /s/ and /z/. The passage in which the air goes throw is also a bit
wider. The lips are rounded when pronouncing these fricatives. /ʃ/ / ʒ/
11. Glotal
R: This happens at the glottis. The vocal folds are in the narrow glottis position,
allowing the air to pass through the narrow passage and making the hissing sound.
12. How can the sound / h / be classified or described phonetically and

phonologically?
R: Phonetically, the sound /h/ can be described as a voiceless vowel that can take
the quality of the posterior voiced vowel. Phonologically, the /h/ sound can be
described as a consonant which can be present in initial and medial position. When
it is produced between voiced sounds, it is weakly voiced, called breathy voice.
13. How do many English speakers feel about the sound / h /?
R: English speakers feel surprisingly sensitive about it. All English speakers, even
if they speak carefully, omit the h in non-initial unstressed pronunciations of the
pronouns starting with the fricative sound and the tenses of the auxiliary verb
“have”
14. What does the symbol / ʍ / represent?
R: It represents a sound produce by some accents in which the voiceless

fricative /h/ is produced with the quality of the sound /w/
15. What does the symbol / ç / represent?
R: It represents a voiceless palatal fricative. It is treated as /h/ plus /j/
16. On what basis are the sounds / ʍ / and / ç / not included among the
phonemes of English?
R: They are not included among the phonemes of English on the basis that they
are not phonemes but realization of a sequence of two phonemes.
17. How many affricates are there in English?
R: There are two affricatives in English: / tʃ/ and / dʒ/
18. What do they have in common with:

19. the plosives?
R: / tʃ/ is slightly aspirated just in the same positions as the plosives /p t k/ are.
20. the fricatives?
R: They are continuant sounds, that is, they can be produced as long as you have
air in your longs.
21. What is the position adopted by the lips in the articulation of the
affricates?
R: The position adopted by the lips in the articulation of the affricates is rounded.
22. How do fortis consonants affect a preceding sound?
R: Fortis consonants affect a preceding sound by shortening they length, even

consonants.
23. How do initial fortis consonants affect the coming sound?
R: Did I miss this? It wasn’t present in the chapter nor in the ppt D:

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Matias Peña Ovalle

1. What is a fricative characterized by?

2. Why are fricatives described as continuant sounds?

R: Fricatives are described as continuant sounds because they can be produced

3. Why are affricates described as rather complex?

4. What are homorganic sounds?

6. How are the following fricative sounds produced?

12. How can the sound / h / be classified or described phonetically and

13. How do many English speakers feel about the sound / h /?

14. What does the symbol / ʍ / represent?

R: It represents a sound produce by some accents in which the voiceless

15. What does the symbol / ç / represent?

R: It represents a voiceless palatal fricative. It is treated as /h/ plus /j/

17. How many affricates are there in English?

R: There are two affricatives in English: / tʃ/ and / dʒ/

18. What do they have in common with:

20. the fricatives?

22. How do fortis consonants affect a preceding sound?

R: Fortis consonants affect a preceding sound by shortening they length, even

23. How do initial fortis consonants affect the coming sound?

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