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35 views6 pages

Bio Inv Project Final

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ashishbackup46
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Investigatory Project on COVID-19

1. Introduction
What is SARS-CoV-2?
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that belongs to the family Coronaviridae,
known to cause illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases
such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) and MERS (Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome). COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, was first identified
in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and led to a global pandemic.

Structure of SARS-CoV-2
The virus has a spherical structure with spike (S) proteins on its surface, which
enable it to attach to and penetrate human cells. The spike protein binds
specifically to the ACE2 receptors found on the surface of certain human cells,
particularly in the respiratory system. Inside the virus, there is a single strand of
RNA, which directs the replication process once inside the host cell.

Biochemical Properties of SARS-CoV-2


SARS-CoV-2 has evolved to efficiently spread among humans due to its spike
protein's affinity for ACE2 receptors. This interaction allows the virus to invade
the cells, replicate, and spread to other hosts. The virus is primarily transmitted
through respiratory droplets and aerosols, especially in enclosed spaces, and can
also spread via contaminated surfaces (fomites).

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV-2 spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person
coughs, sneezes, or talks. Transmission can also occur through aerosols in poorly
ventilated spaces. The virus can survive on surfaces for hours or days, depending
on the material, which also poses a transmission risk through contact with
contaminated objects.
Graph: Timeline of COVID-19 Cases Worldwide
• Description: A line graph showing cumulative COVID-19 cases over time
globally.
• Sample Data:
o Date: January 2020 - August 2024
o Cases: 0 - 700 million

Table: Key Dates in the COVID-19 Pandemic


Date Event
Dec 2019 First case reported in Wuhan, China
Mar 2020 WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic
Dec 2020 First vaccines approved and administered
Aug 2021 Delta variant surge
Dec 2021 Omicron variant identified

2. Symptoms and Diagnosis


Symptoms
COVID-19 symptoms range from mild to severe, typically appearing 2-14 days
after exposure. Common symptoms include:

• Fever or chills
• Cough
• Shortness of breath
• Fatigue
• Loss of taste or smell
• Sore throat
• Muscle aches
• Nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhea

Severe symptoms, such as difficulty breathing, chest pain, and bluish lips or face,
require immediate medical attention.
Diagnosis
The primary methods for diagnosing COVID-19 include:

• RT-PCR Test: Detects viral genetic material. It is the most accurate test but
takes longer for results.
• Rapid Antigen Test: Detects viral proteins. This test is faster but less
sensitive than RT-PCR.
• Antibody Test: Detects past infections by identifying antibodies, though it
cannot diagnose active infection.

3. Precautions and Preventive Measures


Personal Hygiene

• Regular handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential.
• Use hand sanitizers with at least 60% alcohol when soap is not available.

Social Distancing

• Keep a minimum of 6 feet distance from others in public spaces, especially


indoors.

Use of Masks

• Wear masks in public settings where social distancing is not possible.


o Surgical Masks: Provide general protection.
o N95 Masks: Offer higher filtration efficiency, ideal for healthcare
workers.
o Cloth Masks: Effective for general public use.
4. Vaccination
Overview of Vaccines

Vaccination is a critical part of the global effort to control COVID-19. Vaccines


prepare the immune system to recognize and fight the virus, reducing the risk of
severe illness.

Types of Vaccines

1. mRNA Vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna): Use mRNA to instruct


cells to produce a spike protein, triggering an immune response.
2. Viral Vector Vaccines (AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson): Use a
modified virus to deliver genetic material that instructs cells to produce an
immune response.
3. Inactivated Virus Vaccines (Sinovac, Sinopharm): Contain a killed
version of the virus to stimulate the immune system.

Vaccination and Long-Term Treatment

Vaccination is the most effective long-term strategy to combat COVID-19. While


vaccines prevent severe disease, antiviral treatments like Remdesivir, monoclonal
antibodies, and supportive care are also used for managing patients with severe
symptoms.

Evidence-Based Precautions

Even after vaccination, it is essential to continue wearing masks in crowded


spaces, maintain social distancing, and practice good hand hygiene to minimize the
risk of breakthrough infections and new variants.
Graph: Vaccine Efficacy Comparison

• Description: A bar graph comparing the efficacy rates of different COVID-


19 vaccines.
• Sample Data:
o Pfizer-BioNTech: 95%
o Moderna: 94.1%
o AstraZeneca: 70%
o Johnson & Johnson: 66%

5. Impact of COVID-19
Global Impact

COVID-19 has affected health systems, economies, and social life worldwide:

• Health Impact: Millions infected, with significant mortality, particularly


among vulnerable populations.
• Economic Impact: Global recessions, unemployment, and disruptions in
industries such as tourism, retail, and manufacturing.
• Social Impact: Mental health issues due to isolation, changes in work and
education (remote working and online learning), and altered social norms.
Impact on India
• Health Crisis: India experienced multiple waves of COVID-19, with a
significant strain on its healthcare system.
• Government Response: India implemented nationwide lockdowns,
increased testing, and launched a massive vaccination campaign, becoming
one of the largest producers and distributors of vaccines.
• Economic and Social Consequences: The pandemic caused economic
challenges, particularly in sectors like retail and tourism. However, it
accelerated the digital transformation in India, with more widespread use of
e-commerce, online education, and digital services.

6. Conclusion
The COVID-19 pandemic has been an unprecedented global health crisis. While
vaccines have played a pivotal role in reducing the severity of the disease,
continued vigilance, adherence to preventive measures, and the development of
treatments are crucial. The pandemic has reshaped healthcare, economics, and
daily life, highlighting the need for global cooperation and resilience in the face of
such crises.

7. Bibliography
• World Health Organization (WHO)
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
• Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center
• Various academic journals and research papers on COVID-19 and vaccines

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