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Bias Variance

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Hemanth Gowda
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11 views8 pages

Bias Variance

Uploaded by

Hemanth Gowda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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It is important to understand prediction errors (bias and variance) when it comes

to accuracy in any machine-learning algorithm. There is a tradeoff between a


model’s ability to minimize bias and variance which is referred to as the best
solution for selecting a value of Regularization constant. A proper
understanding of these errors would help to avoid the overfitting and
underfitting of a data set while training the algorithm.
What is Bias?
The bias is known as the difference between the prediction of the values by
the Machine Learning model and the correct value. Being high in biasing gives
a large error in training as well as testing data. It recommended that an
algorithm should always be low-biased to avoid the problem of underfitting. By
high bias, the data predicted is in a straight line format, thus not fitting
accurately in the data in the data set. Such fitting is known as
the Underfitting of Data. This happens when the hypothesis is too simple or
linear in nature. Refer to the graph given below for an example of such a
situation.

High Bias in the Model


In such a problem, a hypothesis looks like follows.

What is Variance?
The variability of model prediction for a given data point which tells us the spread
of our data is called the variance of the model. The model with high variance has
a very complex fit to the training data and thus is not able to fit accurately on the
data which it hasn’t seen before. As a result, such models perform very well on
training data but have high error rates on test data. When a model is high on
variance, it is then said to as Overfitting of Data.
Overfitting is fitting the training set accurately via complex curve and high order
hypothesis but is not the solution as the error with unseen data is high. While
training a data model variance should be kept low. The high variance data looks
as follows.

High Variance in the Model


In such a problem, a hypothesis looks like follows.

Bias Variance Tradeoff


If the algorithm is too simple (hypothesis with linear equation) then it may be on
high bias and low variance condition and thus is error-prone.
If algorithms fit too complex (hypothesis with high degree equation) then it may
be on high variance and low bias. In the latter condition, the new entries will not
perform well. Well, there is something between both of these conditions, known
as a Trade-off or Bias Variance Trade-off.
This tradeoff in complexity is why there is a tradeoff between bias and variance.
An algorithm can’t be more complex and less complex at the same time. For the
graph, the perfect tradeoff will be like this.
We try to optimize the value of the total error for the model by using the Bias-
Variance Tradeoff.

The best fit will be given by the hypothesis on the tradeoff point. The error to
complexity graph to show trade-off is given as –
Region for the Least Value of Total Error
This is referred to as the best point chosen for the training of the algorithm
which gives low error in training as well as testing data.
Whenever we discuss model prediction, it’s important to understand prediction
errors (bias and variance). There is a tradeoff between a model’s ability to
minimize bias and variance. Gaining a proper understanding of these errors would
help us not only to build accurate models but also to avoid the mistake of
overfitting and underfitting.
So let’s start with the basics and see how they make difference to our machine
learning Models.
What is bias?
Bias is the difference between the average prediction of our model and the correct
value which we are trying to predict. Model with high bias pays very little
attention to the training data and oversimplifies the model. It always leads to high
error on training and test data.
What is variance?
Variance is the variability of model prediction for a given data point or a value
which tells us spread of our data. Model with high variance pays a lot of attention
to training data and does not generalize on the data which it hasn’t seen before. As
a result, such models perform very well on training data but has high error rates
on test data.
Mathematically
Let the variable we are trying to predict as Y and other covariates as X. We assume
there is a relationship between the two such that
Y=f(X) + e
Where e is the error term and it’s normally distributed with a mean of 0.
We will make a model f^(X) of f(X) using linear regression or any other modeling
technique.
So the expected squared error at a point x is

The Err(x) can be further decomposed as


Err(x) is the sum of Bias², variance and the irreducible error.
Irreducible error is the error that can’t be reduced by creating good models. It is
a measure of the amount of noise in our data. Here it is important to understand
that no matter how good we make our model, our data will have certain amount
of noise or irreducible error that can not be removed.
Bias and variance using bulls-eye diagram

In the above diagram, center of the target is a model that perfectly predicts correct
values. As we move away from the bulls-eye our predictions become get worse
and worse. We can repeat our process of model building to get separate hits on
the target.
In supervised learning, underfitting happens when a model unable to capture the
underlying pattern of the data. These models usually have high bias and low
variance. It happens when we have very less amount of data to build an accurate
model or when we try to build a linear model with a nonlinear data. Also, these
kind of models are very simple to capture the complex patterns in data like Linear
and logistic regression.
In supervised learning, overfitting happens when our model captures the noise
along with the underlying pattern in data. It happens when we train our model a
lot over noisy dataset. These models have low bias and high variance. These
models are very complex like Decision trees which are prone to overfitting.

Why is Bias Variance Tradeoff?


If our model is too simple and has very few parameters then it may have high bias
and low variance. On the other hand if our model has large number of parameters
then it’s going to have high variance and low bias. So we need to find the
right/good balance without overfitting and underfitting the data.
This tradeoff in complexity is why there is a tradeoff between bias and variance.
An algorithm can’t be more complex and less complex at the same time.
Total Error
To build a good model, we need to find a good balance between bias and variance
such that it minimizes the total error.
An optimal balance of bias and variance would never overfit or underfit the
model.
Therefore understanding bias and variance is critical for understanding the
behavior of prediction models.

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