Marc Kelvin A.

Katigbak
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Part1: Introduction to the Emerging Technology

1. Technology Overview

 5G is the fifth-generation wireless technology with the potential to transform

communication systems. It offers higher speeds, low latency and other benefits
that will open up and power a wide range of existing and emerging
technologies. The 5G network delivers faster connections with much larger
capacity and low latency (less than 1 millisecond compared to 30 milliseconds
for 4G and 100 milliseconds for 3G).

Providers promise theoretical speeds up to a maximum of 10Gps, which is

about a hundred times the 100Mbps 4G peak speed. Although the actual speeds
will vary according to a range of factors and are unlikely to reach the
maximum, the technology will offer a much better experience and
opportunities than existing wireless technologies.

Today, a good number of technology companies and providers are developing

and deploying these networks either in trial or commercial setups. Among the
many possible use cases, mobile broadband deployment is currently leading
and enabling high-speed data transfers for mobile devices.

How Does 5G Work?

5G networks, just like older generations, comprise of several cell sites with
sectors that send coded signals. Each cell site connects to the main network
backbone through fast wireless or a wired backhaul connection.

The 5G network uses OFDM encoding, just like 4G LTE, but more efficiently
to provide better speeds. However, by design, the air interface for 5G has more
flexibility and lower latency than LTE.

The main reason why 5G is faster is the larger channels it uses. For example,
the majority of 4G channels are 20MHz channels, and these are usually
bundled together to provide a maximum of 160MHz at a time. On the other
hand, 5G has channels which can be as high a 100MHz, and a potential to
combine several of them up to 800 MHz.
 In practice, these 5G base stations use less transmit power than 4G systems.
This is due to energy-efficient advanced radio and core architectures that
optimize the EMF levels based on the requirements. Also, the 5G network
design allows the stations to control their power and use the least possible to
achieve satisfactory communication.

2. Historical Context:
 In the past few decades, mobile communication has witnessed remarkable
advancements, transforming the way we connect, communicate, and access
information. From the early days of brick-sized mobile phones with limited
capabilities to today’s sleek smartphones with lightning-fast data speeds, the journey
of mobile networks has been nothing short of astonishing. In this blog post, we’ll take
a trip down memory lane and explore the evolution of mobile communication from
1G to 5G, understanding how each generation of mobile networks has shaped the
world we live in.

1G: The Birth of Mobile Communication

The foundations for today’s modern mobile networks were laid as early as the 1940s with
early car phone services, but it would take some time for the technology itself to develop for
personal use. We can consider the 1980s as the first real milestone in the development of the
mobile networks in use today.
These early mobile networks that we would now refer to as 1G, used analogue technology
and examples included AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) in the United States and the
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) System in Europe.
1G was primarily designed for voice calls and the technology itself was much simpler when
compared with later generations. 1G networks had several limitations, the analogue
technology provided limited capacity and relatively poor call quality. Perhaps the biggest
limitation of these early networks was the complete lack of security, meaning calls were
susceptible to eavesdropping and interference.

2G: The Advent of Digital Communication

The 1990s witnessed the emergence of 2G mobile networks, which marked a significant leap
forward from the limitations of their 1G predecessors. 2G networks adopted digital
transmission methods, bringing about a host of improvements that revolutionised the mobile
telecommunications industry. The use of digital signals made 2G networks much more
efficient allowing for a greater number of concurrent calls and users on the network. This
improved capacity as well as developments in reducing the physical size and cost of mobile
phones were crucial in the explosion of demand for mobile services.

Another defining feature was the introduction of

SMS (Short Message Service), allowing users to
send text messages for the first time. Although this
feature was available from the earliest iteration of
the GSM network it wouldn’t become popular
until later in the 1990s and 2000s – where usage surged as it became an increasingly popular
and cost-effective method of communication between users.
There were several competing (and incompatible) technologies in use in 2G networks from
GSM which was initially deployed in Europe but became popular worldwide, to D-AMPS (a
digital evolution of the earlier AMPS technology) and cdmaOne (Code Division Multiple
Access) in the USA, through to PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) in Japan.

3G: The Era of Mobile Internet

As we stepped into the new millennium, 3G networks were introduced, ushering in the era of
mobile internet. The third generation of mobile communication brought faster data speeds,
enabling users to browse the web, send emails, and access basic multimedia content on their
phones. This breakthrough laid the foundation for various mobile applications and services,
transforming mobile devices into powerful tools for information and entertainment.

One of the defining characteristics of 3G was the significant increase in data and the new
opportunities that this facilitated. In the early days of 3G, video calling between mobile
devices became available and was expected to be a significant driver in terms of uptake of 3G
devices. This early video calling technology utilised circuit switching and was billed by the
minute making it an expensive option. It also had the problem that many of these early 3G
mobile devices were equipped with basic cameras and video quality was often poor.
The latter half of the 2000s heralded the introduction of both smartphones and app stored
which allowed users to download applications to extend the functionality of their handsets.

4G: The Rise of Mobile Broadband

Around 2010, 4G networks emerged, and they marked a substantial leap forward in mobile
communication. 4G significantly increased data speeds and reduced latency, making real-
time video streaming, online gaming, and high-quality video calls a reality. The improved
data speeds and low latency of 4G networks had a profound impact on the mobile application
ecosystem. The app-driven culture exploded, with a surge in mobile apps and services
catering to various needs and interests. Mobile app stores, such as Apple’s App Store and
Google’s Play Store, flourished, offering users access to a vast array of applications for
productivity, entertainment, social networking, and much more.
The improved capabilities of 4G networks also spurred the development of Internet of Things
(IoT) devices and applications. The lower latency and higher bandwidth allowed for real-time
data exchange between connected devices, creating new opportunities for smart homes,
wearables, and other IoT innovations.

5G: More Than Just Faster Internet

5G is the next step in the evolution of mobile communications. It was designed to provide
greater rates of data transfer, lower latency, and improved reliability compared to previous
generations, enabling new use cases, and transforming a wide range of industries.
5G networks can support a much larger number of devices than previous generations and can
also handle more data-intensive applications such as Virtual and Augmented Reality,
autonomous vehicles, and the IoT (Internet of Things). With 5G, we have seen new
innovations and opportunities in a variety of market verticals such as healthcare,
manufacturing, transportation, and entertainment. 5G is also a key driver for technologies
such as Edge Computing and Artificial Intelligence. 5G is continuing to grow and develop as
MSPs (Mobile Service Providers) throughout the world are rolling out their 5G networks, and
it will be exciting to see the new use cases it enables as we move through the 2020s. There
are a number of key technologies and features unique to 5G and they are outlined in the
figure below:

Massive IoT Connectivity: The Internet of Things (IoT) is set to flourish with 5G. The new
generation’s ability to connect a massive number of devices simultaneously will lead to smart
cities, smart homes, and an interconnected ecosystem that will change how we interact with
our surroundings. From smart appliances to autonomous vehicles, 5G will be the backbone of
a fully connected world.

 Identify key milestones that have led to its current state.

 Built on the foundation of 4G LTE, 5G, the next-generation mobile
network, will be here before we know it, ushering in a new wave of disruptive
technological innovation with ubiquitous high-speed connectivity. 5G will
transform entire industries and enable resilient, high-speed, high-volume
Internet connectivity from practically anywhere and on any device or sensor.

#1: Leveraging Current 4G Cellular Infrastructure

The 5G future does not require a "rip and replace" approach to network
infrastructure. In fact, many of today's 4G innovations will enable the 5G
networks of the future for a broad range of applications. An all IP-based
network core is an important requirement for 5G networks, and is already a
goal that mobile carriers are aggressively working toward in the 4G cellular
infrastructures.

#2: Greatly Expanding the Available Spectrum

Some use cases in 5G access networks will require very wide contiguous
carrier bandwidths. To support these wide contiguous bandwidths, new carrier
frequencies below 6 gigahertz (GHz), as well as millimeter wave (mmWave)
will be required.

#3: Expanding Carrier Aggregation

Carrier aggregation (CA) combines multiple LTE component carriers (CCs) across the
available spectrum for higher data rates and lower latency. CA technology is evolving rapidly
with current CA deployments supporting 5 CA in the downlink direction and 2 CA in the
uplink direction.

#4: Increasing Densification

Densification using small cell technology enables carriers to provide more users with lower
latency, better mobile device battery life, and expanded cellular coverage.

#5: Deploying Massive Multiple Input/Multiple Output (MIMO)

Massive MIMO, consisting of hundreds and even thousands of active antenna elements, will
work together to provide vastly more mobile capacity, coverage, and reliability for the 5G
future.

#6: Enabling Vehicle to Everything (V2x) Communication

Today, autonomous ("driverless" or "headless") vehicles, are increasingly in the news —
unfortunately, often the subject of a sensational crash or accident. However, as 5G
technology continues to develop, autonomous vehicles will become as commonplace as
traditional vehicles with drivers that don't use their heads! These vehicles will become less
expensive, more popular, and — most important — much safer.
Smart cars with human drivers will also leverage 5G technology to improve vehicle safety
and efficiency, as well as the overall driving experience.

#7: Providing More Options with Fixed Wireless Access

Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) provides subscribers with more alternatives for connecting to
the cloud using wireless broadband data communication to connect two or more fixed
locations.
#8: Using Your Mobile Phone as a Hub
If you think your life revolves around your smartphone today, wait until you get your first
5G smartphone! With high-speed mobile broadband access and truly ubiquitous coverage, the
5G smartphone will enable devices to communicate directly with each other, without routing
the data paths through a network infrastructure.

#9: Active Antenna Systems

Active Antenna Systems (AAS) is an advanced base station platform that meets carrier
extended mobile broadband services and massive full-dimensional MIMO technologies.

#10: Low Latency: Key for AR, VR, V2x, and Mission Critical
Mission-critical services requiring very high reliability, global coverage, and very low
latency, will become more native to support 5G infrastructure. Latency may be more
important than throughput in some applications.

PART 2: SOCIAL IMPACT ANALYSIS

1. Communication and Media

 The 5G network is a next-generation wireless network that offers significantly
faster download and upload speeds, lower latency, and greater connectivity
than its predecessors. This technology has the potential to revolutionize varios
aspects of communication and media, including:
A. Enhanced mobile broadband: with 5G, mobile devices can now support high-
definition video streaming, online gaming and other data-intensive applications
without experiencing lag or buffering.
B. Massive machine-type communications (mMTC): it enables the connection of a
large number of low-power, low-data-rate devices such as smart sensors, smartt
meters, and IoT devices.
C. Ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC): 5g offers ultra-reliable
and low-latency communication which is crucial for mission-critical applications such
as autonomous vehicles, remote surgery and smart grids.
D. New media Services: provide immersive and interactive experiences for users,
changing the way people consume and interact with media.
E. enhanced video media: mobile video quality has making it possible to watch
high-definition videos without buffering. This has transformed the way people
consume video content, making it more accessible and convenient.
The 5G network is influencing communication and media by enabling faster
download and upload speeds, lower latency, and greater connectivity. This technology
opened up new possibilities for mobile internet experiences, IoT applications, and
media services, and it has the potential to transform various industries and change the
way people consume and interact with media.

 The 5G network has brought several changes in how people access, share and
consume information. These changes include faster access to information,
increased connectivity, an improved mobile internet experience, new media
services and enhanced remote access to information. These advancements
have transformed the way people access and share information, making it
more convenient and efficient.
 2. Education and Learning:
 5G networks bring lightning-fast speeds and virtually no latency, ensuring
seamless connectivity for students and teachers alike. With 5G, we can access
vast amounts of information in an instant, stream high-definition videos, and
collaborate with peers worldwide without the frustrating lag of previous-
generation technologies. This transformative technology empowers us to
explore, learn, and communicate like never before.
G paves the way for immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality
(AR) experiences while enriching the learning process. Through interactive
simulations, students can engage in hands-on learning, contributing to
enhanced comprehension and retention. And, with 5G’s low latency, the
responsiveness and realism of these experiences are elevated, making learning
captivating and memorable.
5G enables seamless teamwork regardless of distance. Students can connect,
brainstorm, and collaborate on projects in real time, breaking down
geographical barriers. Video conferencing, file sharing, and online
collaboration tools become more efficient and reliable, facilitating dynamic
group work and encouraging communication. With 5G’s reliability and speed,
students can work together effortlessly, fostering creativity and encouraging
diverse perspectives.
As we continue to explore and embrace the power of 5G, we can see the
opportunities for education to transform into an engaging, dynamic, and
accessible reality. From supercharged connectivity and immersive experiences
to seamless collaboration and personalised learning, this revolutionary
technology empowers us to unlock our full learning potential.

 The 5G network has the potential to impact both formal education and
informal in several ways:
1. Enhanced remote learning: students can participate in virtual classrooms,
collaborate with peers, and access educational resources without
experiencing lag.
2. Increased access to educational content: this can help students access
educational resources more easily and broaden their learning opportunities.
3. Improved remote access to libraries and archives: this can help them
access a vast array of educational materials, including rare books,
historical documents and other resources that may not be locally.
These advancements can help bridge the digital divide, provide equal access to
education, and enhance the overall learning experience for students.

3. Industry and Economy:

 5G networks enable the connection of a large number of low-power, low-data-
rate devices such as sensors and smart machines. These advancements can
help companies improve efficiency, reduce costs and enhance product quality.
It can enable remote healthcare services, such as telemedicine and remote
patient monitoring. With the increased bandwidth and reduced latency of 5G
networks, healthcare provide more accurate diagnoses, monitor patients health
in real time and collaborate with other healthcare providers more effectively.
 These advancements can help companies improve efficiency, reduce costs and
enhance product quality, making industries more sustainable, efficient and
innovative.
 The 5G network has the potential to bring significant economic impacts:
1. Job creation: the growth of 5g network and related industries can lead to the
creation of new jobs in areas such as telecommunications, network
infrastructure and IoT development. This can help stimulate economic growth
and provide new employment opportunities for people in various regions.
2. Job Displacement: there is a risk of job displacement in certain industries
such as retail and transportation as automation and AI technologies become
more prevalent.
3. New business opportunities: This can help stimulate economic growth and
provide new avenues for entrepreneurs and small businesses to innovate and
expand.

4. Personal Life and Privacy:

 The 5G network has the potential to significantly affect daily life, offering
both potential benefits and challenges. Some of the potential benefits are:
faster internet access that can help people stay connected, access information
more easily and engage in data intensive activities such streaming, online
gaming. Improved mobile internet more seamless and enjoyable, changing the
way people consume information. Enhanced remote access to information
with 5G users can access and share information more accessible and
convenient. Improved connectivity, allowing more devices to be connected to
the internet simultaneously.
o The potential challenges are increased demand for bandwidth can put
strain on network infrastructure and potential congestion in densely
populated areas. The deployment and maintenance of 5G networks can
be expensive, which may result in higher costs for consumers and
businesses. The increased connectivity and data transfer of 5G
networks can raise security concerns, as there is a greater risk of data
breaches and cyber attacks. 5G networks are still in the early stages of
deployment and there may be limited availability in certain regions or
areas. This can make difficult for people to access 5G services and take
full advantage of the potential benefits.

 The 5G network has raised several privacy concerns and ethical considerations,
which need to be addressed to ensure the responsible and ethical use of this
includes: data privacy, surveillance, ethical considerations, security and
inclusivity. To addressed these concerns and considerations, it is essential to
establish clear guidelines and regulations for the responsible and ethical use of
5G networks. This can help ensure that this technology is used in a manner that
respect users privacy, protects sensitive information, and promotes social and
environment well being.

PART 3: FUTURE IMPLICATIONS

1. Potential Developments:

 The future trajectory of the 5G network is expected to be shaped by technological

advancements, market demand, and regulatory environments. As research and
development continue, we can expect further advancements in 5G technology,
expanded deployment of 5G networks, increased competitions and growing demand
for IoT and smart city applications. By addressing these factors, we can help ensure
that the 5G network continues to drive innovation, economic growth, and social
progress in the years to come.
 Upcoming advancements in the 5G network have the potential to significantly impact
society in several positive ways such as increased connectivity, smart cities and IoT,
remote healthcare, and enhanced entertainment. However, there are also potential
challenges and concerns that need to be addressed to ensure that this technology is
used in a responsible and ethical manner.

2. Challenges and Risks:

 5g Network has the potential to bring numerous benefits to society, there are also
potential risks and challenges that need to be addressed including increased demand
for bandwidth, potential security risks, ethical consideration, inclusivity and
interference. By addressing these concerns and challenges, we can help ensure that the
5G network is used in a responsible manner, benefiting society as a whole.

 To addressed the potential risks and challenges associated with the 5G network several
possible solutions or mitigations can be considered including increased bandwidth
allocation, improved security measures, clear guidelines and regulations, inclusive
deployment, and interference mitigation. By implementing these solutions we can
help ensure that the 5g network is used in a responsible manner benefiting society as a
whole.

3. Ethical Considerations:

 5G network has several ethical implications including:

A. Data Privacy: it is essential to establish clear guidelines and regulations for data
privacy, and protection to ensure that user’s personal data is kept secure and
confidential.
B. Human Rights: the deployment of 5G network can raise concerns about human
rights, as it may have an impact on marginalized communities to this technology. It is
essential to have clear guidelines for the equitable distribution of the 5G network to
 ensure that everyone has access ti this technology and can benefit from its potential
benefits.
C. Environmental Sustainability: as it may contribute to greenhouse gas emissions
and other forms of pollution. It need to ensure that it does not have a negative impact
on the environment.
D. Social well-being: the increased connectivity and data transfer of the 5G network
can raise concerns about social well being, may exacerbate the digital divide and
contribute to social inequality.

 Developers: have a responsibility to design and develop technologies and applications

that are ethical, secure and environmentally sustainable. These includes strong
encryption and authentication protocols, as well as regularly testing and updating their
products to address any potential vulnerabilities or issues.

Users: have a responsibility to use the 5G network responsibly and ethically, including
respecting data privacy and human rights, as well as minimizing their environmental
impact. This includes using strong passwords and enabling security features on their
devices, as well as being mindful of their data usage and reducing unnecessary
consumption.

Policymakers: have a responsibility to establish clear guidelines and regulations for

the responsible use and ethical use of 5G network, including requirements for data
privacy, human rights, environmental sustainability, and social well-being. This
includes working with other stakeholders, such as developers, carriers and
telecommunications companies to develop policies that promote the equitable
distribution of the 5G network and minimize any potential risks or challenges.