Class XI Biology

Sample Paper – 4
Time: 3 hrs Total marks: 70

General instructions:
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. The question paper consists of four sections A, B, C and D.
3. Internal choice is given in all the sections. A student has to attempt only one of the
alternatives in such questions.
4. Section A contains 5 questions of 1 mark each.
5. Section B has 7 questions of 2 marks each.
6. Section C is of 12 questions of 3 marks each.
7. Section D has 3 questions of 5 marks each.
8. Wherever necessary, the diagrams drawn should be neat and properly labelled.

SECTION A

1. Mention two places where methanogens are present. [1]

2. What is the function of phloem parenchyma? [1]

OR
In the absence of a nucleus, how are the functions of a sieve tube maintained?

3. Name two surface extensions in the bacterial cells which are not concerned with
motility. [1]

4. Why are majority of plant nutrient elements called mineral nutrients? [1]

5. Name the cell which forms a myelin sheath for the nerve fibres in PNS. [1]
OR
Which type of neurons are found in the
(a) dorsal root of a spinal nerve
(b) ventral root of a spinal nerve
 SECTION B

6. [2]
i. Name three poisonous snakes.
ii. Why are they included in Class Reptilia?

7. Mention any two types of vacuoles found in animal cells along with their functions. [2]
OR
What are nucleic acids? Name the two types of nucleic acids.

8. Give two reasons why all minerals cannot be passively absorbed by the roots. [2]

9. Differentiate between absorption spectrum and action spectrum. [2]

10. What is metagenesis? Mention an example which exhibits this phenomenon. [2]

11. Give one basic structural difference between phellogen and phelloderm. [2]
OR
How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?

12. What is trihydroxy propane commonly called? Write its structural formula. [2]

SECTION C

13. Ctenophora and Cnidaria are diploblastic animals, while Chordates, Annelids and
Arthropods are triploblastic. [3]
(a) What is meant by diploblastic animals?
(b) What are triploblastic animals?
(c) What value is represented here?

14. Where is the gizzard located in a cockroach? Explain its muscular arrangement and give
its function. [3]
OR
Name the three types of cell junctions found between the cells of the epithelial tissue.
List the functions of these junctions.

15. [3]
(a) What is the name given to the common axis where several leaflets are arranged?
(b) What does it represent morphologically?
(c) Give one difference between leaf and leaflet.
16. Draw illustrations to bring out the anatomical difference between monocot root and
dicot root. [3]
OR
Answer the following with reference to the anatomy of a dicot root:
(a) Where is the pericycle located?
(b) How are xylem vessels arranged?
(c) Which type of cells constitute the cortex?

17. What is cell wall? Mention the functions of a plant cell wall. [3]

18. Describe the following: [3]

(a) Synapsis (b) Bivalent (c) Chiasmata
Draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.

19. How does cytokinesis in plant cells differ from that in animal cells? [3]

20. How is ubiquinone reduced in the electron transport system? Where is it located? [3]
OR
RuBisCO is an enzyme which acts as both carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do you think
RuBisCO carries out more carboxylation in C4 plants?

21. When any material or seeds are kept in water, they swell up. Name and define the
phenomenon involved in this change. Describe the two conditions necessary for the
phenomenon to occur. [3]

22. What would happen if HCl was not secreted in the stomach? [3]

23. What is the importance of plasma proteins? [3]

OR
Explain the process of transmission of a nerve impulse across a chemical synapse.

24. What is the significance of the step-wise release of energy in respiration? [3]
 SECTION D

25. Describe the transpiration pull model of water transport in plants. What are the factors
influencing transpiration? How is it useful to plants? [5]
OR
What are the conditions necessary for fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by Rhizobium?
What is the role of Rhizobium in N2 fixation?

26. Give a brief account of the counter current mechanism. [5]

OR
i. Study the given figure of the respiratory passage and label parts a, b, c, d and e.
ii. How many secondary bronchi are present in the right and left human lungs?
iii. What is the approximate length and width of the human trachea?
iv. What is the role of the epiglottis?
v. In which body cavity are the lungs located?

27. What is meant by a reflex arc? Mention its components in a proper sequence and their
functions in a reflex action. [5]
OR
Name the peptide hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal tract and mention their
functions in detail. Give two examples of hyperglycaemic hormone.
 CBSE
Class XI Biology
Sample Paper – 4 Solution

SECTION A

1.
i. Marshy areas
ii. Gut of ruminant mammals

2. It stores food materials, resins, latex and mucilage.

OR
In the absence of a nucleus, functions of a sieve tube are maintained by the nucleus of
companion cells.

3. Pili and fimbriae

4. Most plant nutrient elements are derived from rock minerals; hence, they are called
mineral nutrients.

5. Schwann cell
OR
(a) Sensory neurons
(b) Motor neurons

SECTION B

6.
i. Poisonous snakes: Naja (cobra), Bangarus (krait) and Vipera (viper)
ii. They are included in Class Reptilia due to their crawling mode of locomotion.

7.
i. In Amoeba, the contractile vacuole is involved in excretion and osmoregulation.
ii. In protists, food vacuoles contain digestive enzymes with the help of which
nutrients are digested.
OR
Nucleic acids are long-chain macromolecules formed by polymerisation of a large
number of repeated units called nucleotides.
The two types of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid
(RNA).
8. All minerals cannot be passively absorbed by the roots from the soil for two reasons:
i. Minerals exist in the soil as ions which cannot directly cross the cell membranes.
ii. The concentration of minerals in the soil is usually lower than the concentration of
minerals in the root.

9.
Absorption Spectrum Action Spectrum
It is a graph plotted with the It is a graph plotted with the amount of
amount of light absorbed as a photosynthesis (in terms of CO2 fixed
function of wavelength. or O2 liberated) as a function of
wavelength.

10. Metagenesis is the phenomenon of the alteration of generations. For example, in

cnidarians, polyps produce medusa asexually and medusa produce polyps sexually.

11. Difference between phellogen and phelloderm:

Phellogen Phelloderm
 It is a meristematic tissue and  It stores food materials.
produces new cells.

OR
Study of plant anatomy is useful to us in the following ways:
 To solve taxonomic problems
 To identify the adulteration of spices, tea and tobacco by analysing the
microstructure
 To differentiate inferior quality wood from superior quality wood
 To extract compounds for use as medicine

12. Trihydroxy propane is commonly called glycerol.

Structural formula:
 SECTION C
13.
(a) An animal which has two layers of cells in its early embryonic stage is called a
diploblastic animal.
(b) An animal which has three layers of cells in its early embryonic stage is called a
triploblastic animal.
(c) There is always scope for change and improvement; this leads to innovations.

14. The gizzard follows the crop of the alimentary canal.

It is a thick-walled somewhat rounded structure. Its walls are muscular and greatly
folded. Its wall consists of strong circular muscles. The gizzard has six teeth which help
in grinding food particles.
OR
Three types of cell junctions:
 Tight junctions
 Gap junctions
 Adhering junctions
Functions of junctions:
 Tight junctions: To prevent the leaking of substances across a tissue
 Gap junctions: To facilitate cells to communicate with each other by connecting
their cytoplasm
 Adhering junctions: To perform cementing of the adjacent cells to keep them
together

15.
(a) It is called rachis.
(b) The rachis represents the midrib.
(c) A bud is present in the axil of a leaf, while a leaflet does not have a bud in its axil.

16. Anatomical difference between monocot root and dicot root:

i. Monocot root: ii. Dicot root:
 OR
(a) The pericycle is located just inner to the endodermis.
(b) The protoxylem elements are towards the outer surface, while the metaxylem
elements are found towards the centre or pith.
(c) Parenchyma cells constitute the cortex.

17. The cell wall is a non-living rigid structure which forms an outer covering for the
plasma membrane of fungi, plants and some protists.
Functions of the cell wall:
(a) Protects the protoplasm against mechanical injury and infection
(b) Provides rigidity and shape to the cell
(c) Helps in cell-to-cell interactions
(d) Acts as a barrier to unwanted molecules

18.
(a) Synapsis: During zygotene of prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair
together. This pairing is called synapsis.

(b) Bivalent: The complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes

during zygotene of prophase I of meiosis is called a bivalent.

(c) Chiasmata: During diplotene, the paired chromosomes make an X-shaped structure.
This is called chiasmata. These are the sites where crossing over between two non-
sister chromatids occurs.
19. Differences between plant cytokinesis and animal cytokinesis:
Plant Cytokinesis Animal Cytokinesis
(i) It occurs by cell plate formation. (i) It occurs by cleavage.
(ii) The cell plate appears at the centre (ii) Cleavage begins at the periphery and
and extends outwards. proceeds inwards.
(iii) Fusion of vesicles begins cell plate (iii) Cleavage is started by contraction of
formation. the peripheral ring of microfilaments.

20. Ubiquinone receives the electrons after its oxidation by NADH dehydrogenase
(Complex I). It also receives reducing equivalents through FADH2 which is generated
during oxidation of succinate through the activity of succinate dehydrogenase
(Complex II). This leads to reduction of ubiquinone to ubiquinol.
Ubiquinone is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
OR
 RuBisCO is present in the bundle sheath cells of C4 plants.
 The mesophyll cells of C4 plants have a mechanism to concentrate the CO2 in the
bundle sheath cells.
 Since the concentration of CO2 in the bundle sheath is higher, RuBisCO functions as a
carboxylase.

21. The phenomenon involved is imbibition.

Absorption of water by the solid particles of an adsorbent without forming a solution is
called imbibition.
The two conditions necessary are
i. Water potential gradient between the adsorbent and the liquid/water imbibed.
ii. Affinity between the adsorbent and the imbibed liquid.

22. HCl converts pepsinogen (proenzyme) and prorennin (proenzyme) to pepsin and
rennin. It provides the acidic pH (pH 1.8) which is optimal for pepsin. Rennin is a
proteolytic enzyme found in the gastric juice of infants which helps in the digestion of
milk proteins. So, without HCl, infants would not be able to digest milk proteins.
HCl is also necessary to kill harmful bacteria which may be present in food. In the
absence of HCl, harmful bacteria will not be killed and may cause diseases.

23. The major plasma proteins are fibrinogens, globulins and albumins.
Importance of plasma proteins:
i. Fibrinogens help in the clotting or coagulation of blood.
ii. Globulins, also called immunoglobulins, are involved in defence mechanisms of the
body.
iii. Albumins and globulins retain water and thus help in maintaining the osmotic
balance.
iv. Plasma proteins help in the uniform distribution of heat all over the body.
 OR
Transmission of a nerve impulse across chemical synapse: The nerve impulse is
conducted across the synapse always from the axon to the dendron with the help of
chemicals called neurotransmitters. The transmission of a nerve impulse involves two
processes—neurosecretion and chemoreception.
i. Neurosecretion: When a nerve impulse reaches the end knob of the axon, a large
number of sodium and calcium channels open due to which ions diffuse rapidly
inside and become more concentrated in the synaptic cleft. Inside the synaptic knob,
calcium ions bind the proteinous release sites on the inner surface of the
presynaptic membrane and stimulate the synaptic vesicles to secrete
neurotransmitter chemicals.
ii. Chemoreception: It is characterised by the reception of neurotransmitters at some
special proteinous molecular sites, the chemoreceptors, on the postsynaptic
membrane. This chemoreception causes depolarisation of the membrane by
opening the Na+ ion channels and initiates a new action potential on the next
neuron.

24. Significance of step-wise release of energy in respiration:

 The step-wise release of energy facilitates the utilisation of a relatively higher
proportion of that energy in the synthesis of ATP.
 This provides a mechanism to control the rate of the pathway and the energy output
according to the need of the cell because activities of enzymes for the different steps
can be enhanced or inhibited by specific compounds.
 The same pathway may be utilised for forming intermediates used in the synthesis
of other biomolecules.
 SECTION D

25. Xylem vessels are tubular structures extending from the roots to the top of the plant.
Water is filled inside the xylem capillaries and forms a continuous water column due to
its cohesion and adhesion properties. A pull called the transpiration pull is generated
due to transpiration. Loss of water from the mesophyll cells causes a decrease in the
water potential. Water moves from cell to cell along the water potential gradient. This
exerts the pull, and the water filled in the xylem comes to a state of tension. This tension
which is generated at the top of the unbroken water column is transmitted downwards
from the stem and finally reaches the roots. This tension or pull results in the upward
movement of water.

Factors affecting transpiration:

i. Temperature: The rate of transpiration increases with the increase in atmospheric
temperature because the temperature increases the rate of water evaporation from
the cell surface, opens the stomata and decreases the relative humidity of the
atmosphere.
ii. Relative humidity: Relative humidity is the percentage of water vapour present in
the air at a given time and temperature relative to the amount required to be
present to make the air saturated at that temperature. The rate of transpiration is
inversely proportional to the relative humidity.
iii. Light: In most plants, the stomata open in the presence of light and close in
darkness. The rate of transpiration increases in the presence of light and decreases
in darkness.
iv. Wind: Transpiration is lower in still air because the water vapour accumulates
around the transpiring organs. The movement of air increases the rate of
transpiration by removing the saturated air around the leaves.

Importance of transpiration:
i. Ascent of sap: Ascent of sap mostly occurs due to the transpiration pull exerted by
the transpiration of water.
ii. Turgidity: Transpiration maintains the shape and structure of plant parts by
keeping the cells turgid.
iii. Removal of excess water: Plants absorb far more amount of water than actually
required by them. Thus, transpiration removes excess of water.
iv. Distribution of mineral salts: Mineral salts are mostly distributed by the rise of sap.
 OR
The following conditions are necessary for fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by
Rhizobium:
i. Reducing environment
ii. Presence of enzyme nitrogenase
iii. Source of energy as ATP
iv. Source of reducing power, NAD(P)H2 or FMNH2
v. Ferredoxin as electron donor
vi. Keto acids for picking up the amino group
vii. Reduced availability of nitrate in the substrate

Role of Rhizobium in N2 fixation:

Rhizobium fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere into a plant usable form, ammonium,
using the enzyme nitrogenase. In return, the plant supplies the bacteria with
carbohydrates, proteins and sufficient oxygen so as not to interfere with the fixation
process. Leghaemoglobin, a plant protein, helps to provide oxygen for respiration while
keeping the free oxygen concentration low enough not to inhibit nitrogenase activity.

26. The loop of Henle and vasa recta play an important role in counter current mechanism.
Glomerular fluid in the loop of Henle and blood in the vasa recta flow in opposite
directions and thus form a counter current mechanism which helps in concentrating
urine.
i. Loop of Henle: The glomerular filtrate passes through the ascending limb of the loop
of Henle. NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. The
increased concentration of the solutes, Na+ and Cl− in the interstitial fluid draws out
water by osmosis from the descending limb and collecting duct. Water enters the
vasa recta and is carried away. This maintains the high concentration of solutes in
the interstitial fluid around the loop of Henle and the collecting duct. This helps turn
the isotonic glomerular filtrate into hypertonic urine.
 ii. Vasa recta: The walls of vasa recta are permeable to ions, water and urea. As the
blood flows in the descending capillary of the vasa recta towards the renal medulla,
water is drawn out from the blood plasma by osmosis. Sodium and chloride ions and
urea enter the plasma by diffusion. As the blood flows in the ascending capillary
towards the renal cortex, water re-enters the plasma and Na+, Cl− and urea leave it
due to a decrease in concentration of the interstitial fluid.
The counter current exchange in the vasa recta prevents the loss of sodium and
chloride ions from the renal medulla and helps maintain the concentration gradient
in the renal medulla. Hence, the counter current mechanism concentrates the urine
by maintaining a high salt concentration and the production of hypertonic urine
conserves the water in the body.

OR
i.
(a) Alveolar sac
(b) Secondary bronchus
(c) Alveoli
(d) Bronchioles
(e) Trachea
ii. 3 in the right lung and 2 in the left lung
iii. 11 cm long and 2.5 cm wide
iv. It closes the glottis during swallowing to check the entry of food into the food pipe.
v. Thoracic cavity
27. The path followed by a stimulus while eliciting a response in a reflex action is called a
reflex arc.
Components and functions of a reflex arc in a reflex action:
 The sensory receptor receives a stimulus and sets up a sensory impulse.
 The afferent neuron brings the sensory impulse from the receptor to the central
nervous system.
 The association neuron transfers the impulse from the afferent neuron to the
efferent neuron. The efferent neuron carries the motor impulse from the central
nervous system to the specific effector.
 The effector is the organ/gland which functions according to the impulse received.

OR
Peptide hormones secreted by the gastrointestinal tract and their functions:
Hormones Functions
Gastrin Controls the secretion of gastric juice by the gastric
glands
Secretin Acts on the exocrine region of the pancreas and
stimulates the secretion of water and bicarbonate
ions
Cholecystokinin (CCK) Acts on the pancreas to secrete pancreatic enzymes.
Acts on the gall bladder to release bile juice into the
duodenum
Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) Inhibits gastric secretion and motility

Examples of hyperglycaemic hormone:

 Glucagon
 Cortisol