CE-427-11TH-WEEK-DESIGN-OF-FOOTING-1

DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
Types of Footing
Strip Footing
- also known as wall footings that display
essentially one-dimensional action, cantilevering
out on each side of the wall.
- Is a continuous strip of concrete that supports a

bearing wall.
Spread Footings
- are pads that distribute the column load in two
directions to an area of soil around the column.
Sometimes spread footings have pedestals, are
stepped, or are tapered to save materials.
is a square, rectangular, or circular slab of

concrete that supports an individual column.
These are widely used for columns with light load
and are not closely spaced.
Combined Footings
- transmit the loads from two or more columns to
the soil. Such a footing is often used when one
column is close to a property line.
- Is a longer rectangular slab strip that supports

two or more individual columns.
Mat or Raft Foundation
- transfers the loads from all the columns in a
building to the underlying soil. Mat foundations are
used when very weak soils are encountered.
- Is a single thick mat or slab that supports the

entire structure. This kind of foundation is used
where soil strength is low or where column loads
are large but where piles or caissons are not used.
For these types of footings, the excavations are
deep. The goal is to remove an amont of earth
approximately equal to the building weight.
Pile Caps
- Are slabs of reinforced concrete used to
distribute column loads to group of piles.
Soil pressure under footing
Footing on sand Footing on clay
- The sand near the edges of the - As the footing is loaded, the
footing tends to displace laterally soil under the footing deflects in
when the footing is loaded, a bowl shaped depression,
causing a decrease in soil relieving the pressure under the
pressure near the edges. middle of the footing.
Design Methods
1. Allowable Stress Design
- footing design is based on the allowable 𝑃𝑠 - is the specified (unfactored)
stresses acting on the soil at unfactored or load acting on the footing. Section
service loads. For a concentrically loaded 2.4.1 of ASCE 7 gives an updated
spread footing, set of load combinations for
allowable stress design [15-3].
෍ 𝑃𝑠 ≤ 𝑞𝑎 𝐴 𝑞𝑎 - is the allowable stress for the

soil
𝐴 - area of footing in contact with

soil
2. Limit-States Design
- Current estimates of values for shallow footings
are as follows:
Vertical resistance, ∅ = 0.5
Sliding resistance dependent on friction, with

cohesion equal to zero, ∅ = 0.8
Sliding resistance dependent on cohesion, with

friction equal to zero, ∅ = 0.6
Limit States for the Design of Foundations
1. Limit States Governed by the Soil
- Three primary limit states of the soil supporting an isolated
foundation are;
1. Ultimate Limit State of Bearing Capacity(ULS – Bearing Capacity
2. Serviceability Limit State of Settlement (SLS – Settlement)
3. Serviceability Limit State of Settlement (SLS – Tilting of Rotation)

2. Limit States Governed by the Structure
- primary limit states of the soil supporting an isolated foundation are;
1. Flexural failure of the portions of the footing that project from the
column or wall.
2. Shear failure of the footing.
3. Bearing failure at member interfaces.
4. Inadequate anchorage of the flexural reinforcement in the footing.

Elastic Distribution of Soil Pressure under a Footing
The soil pressure under a footing is calculated by assuming linearly elastic action in
compression, but no tensile strength across the contact between the footing and the
soil. If the column load is applied at, or near, the middle of the footing, the stress, q,
under the footing is,
𝑃 𝑀𝑦
𝑞= ±
𝐴 𝐼
Where
P – vertical load, positive in compression
A – area of the contact surface between the soil and the footing
I - moment of inertia of this area
M – moment about the centroidal axis of the footing area
y – distance from the centroidal axis to the point where the
stresses are being calculated
a. Loads on footing b. Soil pressure distribution
c. Plan view showing Kern dimensions

Kern Distance
The moment, M, can be expressed as Pe, where e is the eccentricity of the load
relative to the centroidal axis of the area A. The maximum eccentricity e for which
applies is that which first causes q = 0 at some point. Larger eccentricities will cause
a portion of the footing to lift off the soil, because the soil–footing interface cannot
resist tension. For a rectangular footing, this occurs when the eccentricity exceeds,
𝑙 𝑏
𝑒𝑘 = , 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑘 =
6 6
Loads applied within the kern will cause compression over the entire area
of the footing.
Load and Resistance Factors for Footing Design
ACI Code load and resistance factors are given in ACI Code Sections 9.2 and 9.3.
The examples in this chapter are based on those load and resistance factors.
Gross and Net Soil Pressures
a. Self-weight and soil surcharge

b. Gross soil pressure
c. Net soil pressure
Development of Reinforcement
A footing may fail in shear as a wide beam, as shown in Fig. a or as a
result of punching, as shown in Fig. b. These are referred to as one-
way shear and two-way shear.
One-way Shear
A footing failing through one-way shear is designed as a beam.
𝑉𝑢 ≤ ∅(𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠 )
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑉𝑐 = 2𝜆 𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝜆 = 1.0
𝑉𝑠 = 0
The inclined crack shown in Fig. a intercepts the bottom of the member about
d from the face of the column. As a result, the critical section for one-way
shear is located at d away from the face of the column or wall, as shown in
plan view in Fig. a.
Two-way Shear
The critical section for punching shear is at the face of the column,
while the critical loaded area is that lying outside the area of the
portion punched through the slab. To simplify the design equations, the
critical-shear perimeter for design purposes has been defined as lying
d/2 from the face of the column, as shown by the dashed line in Fig. b.
The length, 𝑏𝑜 , of this perimeter is:
𝑏𝑜 = 2 𝑐1 + 𝑑 + 2 𝑐2 + 𝑑
where c1 and c2 are the lengths of the sides of the column and d is the
average effective depth in the two directions.
END

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DESIGN OF FOOTINGS

- Is a continuous strip of concrete that supports a

is a square, rectangular, or circular slab of

- Is a longer rectangular slab strip that supports

- Is a single thick mat or slab that supports the

Footing on sand Footing on clay

෍ 𝑃𝑠 ≤ 𝑞𝑎 𝐴 𝑞𝑎 - is the allowable stress for the

𝐴 - area of footing in contact with

Vertical resistance, ∅ = 0.5

Sliding resistance dependent on friction, with

Sliding resistance dependent on cohesion, with

1. Ultimate Limit State of Bearing Capacity(ULS – Bearing Capacity

2. Serviceability Limit State of Settlement (SLS – Settlement)

3. Serviceability Limit State of Settlement (SLS – Tilting of Rotation)

2. Shear failure of the footing.

3. Bearing failure at member interfaces.

4. Inadequate anchorage of the flexural reinforcement in the footing.

c. Plan view showing Kern dimensions

a. Self-weight and soil surcharge

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