Chapter 1: Operating System - Notes

1.1 INTRODUCTION

An **operating system (OS)** is the cornerstone software layer in a computer system. It acts as an

intermediary between the hardware and the user, ensuring smooth and efficient interaction by

managing resources such as memory, processes, storage, and input/output devices. Without an OS,

a computer cannot perform basic operations. The operating system is loaded into the computer's

main memory (RAM) during the booting process. Over the decades, operating systems have

evolved significantly, supporting various devices and providing advanced functionalities.

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1.1.1 OPERATING SYSTEM

**Definition:** An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and

software resources and provides services for computer programs. It acts as a bridge between users

and the computer hardware, enabling interaction and efficient resource utilization.

**Examples:** Windows, macOS, Linux, UNIX.

### **Functions of an Operating System:**

1. **Process Management:** Handles the creation, execution, and termination of processes. It

ensures efficient CPU utilization and task scheduling.

2. **Memory Management:** Optimizes allocation and deallocation of memory to processes.

3. **File Management:** Provides mechanisms for file creation, deletion, reading, writing, and

organization.

4. **I/O Device Management:** Manages communication between hardware peripherals (e.g.,

keyboards, printers) and the system.

5. **Multitasking:** Enables multiple programs to run concurrently, increasing productivity.

6. **Networking:** Facilitates communication between systems over a network.

7. **Security:** Protects the system from unauthorized access and threats like viruses and malware.

8. **Error Detection and Handling:** Identifies and resolves hardware or software failures.

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1.1.2 COMMONLY USED OPERATING SYSTEMS

1. **DOS (Disk Operating System):**

- A simple command-line-based operating system where users interact by typing commands like

`COPY` or `DIR`.

- Examples: MS-DOS, PC-DOS.

- **Advantages:** Lightweight and efficient for basic tasks.

- **Limitations:** No graphical interface; lacks multitasking.

2. **Windows OS:**

- Developed by Microsoft; offers a user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI).

- Supports multitasking, gaming, productivity tools, and more.

- **Examples:** Windows 10, Windows 11.

3. **Mac OS:**

- Developed by Apple; known for its sleek interface, robust security, and seamless integration with

Apple hardware.

- **Advantages:** Strong focus on user experience and security.

- **Examples:** macOS Monterey, macOS Ventura.

4. **UNIX:**

- A multiuser, multitasking operating system developed in the 1970s.

- Known for its stability, security, and scalability.

- **Examples:** AIX, HP-UX.

5. **Linux:**

- Open-source operating system based on UNIX principles.

- Widely used in servers, desktops, and embedded systems.

- **Examples:** Ubuntu, Fedora, Debian.

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1.1.3 TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

1. **Batch Operating System:**

- Jobs are collected and processed in batches without direct user interaction.

- **Example:** Payroll systems.

- **Advantages:** Efficient for repetitive tasks.

- **Disadvantages:** Lacks real-time processing.

2. **Multiprogramming Operating System:**

- Multiple programs reside in memory, and the CPU executes one program at a time based on

priority.

- **Example:** Early versions of UNIX.

- **Advantages:** Increases CPU utilization.

- **Disadvantages:** Complex memory management.

3. **Multitasking Operating System:**

- Allows multiple tasks or programs to run simultaneously.

- **Example:** Windows.

- **Advantages:** Enhances productivity.

4. **Time-Sharing Operating System:**

- Provides multiple users with access to a system by allocating small time slices for tasks.

- **Example:** Banking systems.

- **Advantages:** Reduces idle CPU time.

5. **Real-Time Operating System (RTOS):**

- Responds immediately to inputs and is used in critical applications.

- **Example:** Air traffic control systems.

- **Advantages:** Ensures timely task execution.

6. **Distributed Operating System:**

- Manages a network of computers as a single cohesive system.

- **Example:** Google's cluster systems.

- **Advantages:** Resource sharing and scalability.

7. **Embedded Operating System:**

- Designed for specific hardware devices, such as ATMs or microwave ovens.

- **Advantages:** Efficient and lightweight.

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1.1.4 SINGLE-USER VS MULTI-USER OS

Single-User Operating System:

- Designed to support a single user at a time.

- **Example:** MS-DOS, Windows (non-server versions).

- **Advantages:** Simple and easy to use.

- **Limitations:** Not suitable for multi-user environments.

Multi-User Operating System:

- Allows multiple users to access resources simultaneously.

- **Example:** UNIX, Linux.

- **Advantages:** Efficient resource sharing.

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1.2 OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

1. **Process Management:**

- Schedules and manages the execution of processes.

- Ensures fair distribution of CPU time.

2. **Memory Management:**

- Allocates and deallocates memory.

- Prevents memory leaks and ensures efficient utilization.

3. **File Management:**

- Controls file storage and retrieval.

- Ensures data integrity and security.

4. **I/O Management:**

- Coordinates communication between hardware devices and applications.

5. **Secondary Storage Management:**

- Organizes and manages data stored on hard drives and SSDs.

6. **Security Management:**

- Protects resources through authentication, encryption, and access control.

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Q2. SHORT QUESTIONS

1. **Define an Operating System:**

- An OS is software that manages hardware resources and provides services for applications.

2. **Examples of OS:**

- Windows, Linux, macOS.

3. **Advantages of UNIX:**

- Stable, secure, and resistant to malware.

4. **Time-Sharing OS:**

- Allows multiple users to share system resources efficiently.

5. **Purpose of Memory Management:**

- Ensures optimal allocation and utilization of memory.

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Q3. LONG QUESTIONS

1. **Explain the types of OS:**

- Include Batch, Multiprogramming, Multitasking, Real-Time, and Embedded OS.

2. **What are the major functions of an OS?**

- Process, Memory, File, I/O, and Security Management.

3. **Comparison of Single-User vs Multi-User OS:**

- Single-user supports one user; multi-user supports concurrent users.