NNPC FSTP Technicians

Physics

Course Code:
Lesson 2
 Contents

Newton’s Second Law,

Energy and Power
 Performance Objectives

Upon completion of this Course, students will be able to:

• State Newton’s Second Law and apply it to solve
relevant problems.
• Describe frictional forces and how they can be
overcome
• Evaluate forces on an Inclined plane, components
parallel and vertical to the surface
• Calculate the unbalanced force and the properties
associated with this force.
• Explain and state formulae for Work done, Potential
Energy, Kinetic Energy and
• Understand the terms Power Input and Power Output
and solve problems using the formulae to calculate
Efficiency.
 Newton’s First Law

• This Law states that “a body at rest or

move with a constant velocity unless
acted on by an unbalanced force”.
• An important implication in this
statement is that no unbalanced force is
required to keep an object moving with
constant velocity when the object is in
motion.
 Newton’s First Law

NOTE:
If an object speed in a straight line there must
be an unbalanced force acting on it. Once this
unbalanced force is removed the object travels
with constant speed.
If an object is traveling in a circle with a constant
speed there must be an unbalanced force on it
towards the centre of the circle. If this force is
removed the object will travel in a tangent to the
circle.
 Newton’s Second Law

This states that “the rate of change of

momentum of a body is equal to the
unbalanced force acting on the body and
takes place in the direction of this force”.
 Newton’s Second Law

This gives the relationship:

F = final momentum -initial momentum

time for change in momentum

F = mv – m u
t

Since a = v – u and F = m (v – u)
t t

then F = m a
 Newton’s Second Law

Note:
1. t is the time during which the unbalanced
force acts to cause the change in momentum.
2. A change in momentum may also arise
through a change in mass.
The equation F =m a may be used to define the
size of the unit force, the Newton.
An unbalanced force of 1 N is that force which
when acting on a mass of 1 kg produces an
acceleration of 1 ms-2
 Problem Solving Using F = ma

Draw a sketch of the problem solution.

Draw a free-body diagram for the object whose
motion is being analyzed and indicate all the
forces acting on this object.
On the free-body diagram mark the direction of
the acceleration of the object (or the unbalanced
force on the object).
Mark the positive direction of the vectors
Apply F= m a
 Example

A man has a mass 65 kg while he stands in a stationary

lift. When the lift accelerates his weight increases to
676.2 N. Calculate the acceleration of the lift.
 Example: The four scenarios with
lifts are as follows

Position 1 To accelerate upwards T > W, therefore T = W + unbalanced

force (U. F.)
Position 2 To decelerate to rest W > T, therefore W = T+ U.F.
Position 3 To accelerate downwards W > T, therefore W = T + U.F.
Position 4 To decelerate to rest T > W, therefore T = W + U.F.
At ALL other positions the lift is either at rest or moving with a constant
velocity
 Example

A lift of mass 1450 kg moves upwards with an

acceleration of 3 ms-2. Calculate the tension in the cable
 Example

Three identical railway trucks of mass 3000 kg are

coupled together and pulled by a 50 000 N force by an
engine.
Assuming the contacts to be frictionless,
(a) Calculate the acceleration of the tree trucks
(b) Find the tension in each couple T1 and T2.
Example
 Example

The force of friction is 15 N on the block of

mass 30kg and 10 N on the block of 20 kg.
Calculate the tension in the string between
the blocks.
First consider the forces acting on the
combined system of mass 50kg as in Figure 1
below:
 Example

This gives an unbalanced fore of 100 N acting

on the combined mass of 50kg to give an
acceleration of 2ms-2 to both blocks. Then the
block of mass 30kg is considered by itself as in
figure 2.
Unbalanced force F = m a
T + (-15) = 30 x 2
T = 75 N
Tension in the string is 75 N
 Example

Force is a vector quantity therefore it can be

split into two components. The horizontal
component and the
 Example

Inclined Plane

In the above example, if the mass of the block

is 400 kg, θ is 40o and the frictional force is 350
N the following:
Example
 Example

In the following diagrams explain which direction the

200kg mass will move, and with what acceleration if
fricton is 300N in each case.
Example
Example
Using the information gathered, a = 3.59ms-2, s = 18.93
m, u = 0, t =? To find the time taken to reach the bottom
use equation 3 (Laws of Motion)
 Work, Power and Energy

Work done is defined as the product of the force

and the distance through which the force acts (if
the force is constant over this distance).
Work done = Force x distance
w = F x d = Nm-1 = Joules
The area under a Force – distance graph will
give the work done by the force.
 Potential Energy

If a body of mass m is raised through a height

h, at constant speed, then work is being done
against the gravitational field.
The work done is a measure of the energy being
transformed into a gain of potential energy.
Energy
Energy and Power
Energy and Power
Energy and Power
 Efficiency

Because of friction and other losses of energy

all machines use more power than is
theoretically required to do the work.
The power supplied to a machine is called the
input power, and this is the power used by the
machine e.g. the electrical power supplied to a
crane, diesel or petrol supplied to a lifting
device.
The actual work done by the machine is called
the output power, and this is always less than
the input.
 Energy and Power

The relationship between output powers is the efficiency

of the machine
Efficiency = output power x 100% OR
Input power
Efficiency = Work output x 100%
Work input
A machine lifts a mass of 1500 kg through a vertical
height of 15 m in 2 minutes. If 500 kj energy are supplied
to the machine (i.e. used by the machine) to carry out
this work, calculate:
a. The power of the machine
b. the efficiency of the machine.
 Energy and Power

The relationship between output powers is the efficiency

of the machine
Efficiency = output power x 100% OR
Input power
Efficiency = Work output x 100%
Work input
A machine lifts a mass of 1500 kg through a vertical
height of 15 m in 2 minutes. If 500 kj energy are supplied
to the machine (i.e. used by the machine) to carry out
this work, calculate:
a. The power of the machine
b. the efficiency of the machine.
 Energy and Power

Power input = energy input = 500 x 103 = 4166.67 W

time taken 2 x 60

Power output =

Work done = Force x distance = 1500 x9.8 x 15 =220500 = 1837.5 W

time taken time taken 2 x 60 120

Efficiency = power output x 100 = 1837.50 x 100 = 44.10 %

power input 4166.67

The efficiency of the above lift is 44.10 %

 Energy and Power

A crane lifts a mass of 3.5 tonnes a distance of 20 m in 2 minutes.

The efficiency of the crane is 70%, what power is required by the
crane to lift the mass.
Work done by the crane = Force x distance moved = (m g) x d
= 3500 x 9.8 x 20 = 686 000 J
Power output by the crane = work done = 686 000 = 5716.67
time taken 2 x 60
Efficiency = power output x 100%
power input
70 = 5716.67 i.e. power input = 5716.67 x 100 = 8166.67 W
100 power input 70

The power required by the crane to do the operation is 8166.67 W =

817 kW
 Work, Power and Energy
Problems
Work:
Work done = Force x Distance = N x m = joules
Power:
Power = work done = joules = Watts
time taken seconds
Efficiency:
Efficiency = power out (useful) x 100%
power input
The efficiency of a machine is usually expressed as a percentage.
Example
A machine lifts a mass of 1500 kg through a vertical height of 25 m in 3
minutes. If 1200kJ of energy are supplied to the machine (i.e. used by the
machine) to carry out this work, calculate:
(a) The power used by the machine.
(b) The efficiency of the machine.
 Work, Power and Energy
Problems

Power input = energy supplied = 1200 x 103 = 6666.67 W = 6.67 kW

time the energy is supplied (seconds) 3 x 60

Power input= work done = F x distance =1500 x 10 x 15 =1250 W

time the energy to do the work (seconds) 3 x 60 3 x 60

Thus the power supplied is 4 kW but only 1.25 k W are used (power out) in lifting the load.
Efficiency = power output x 100 = 1250 x 100 = 18.75%
power input 6666.67
Examples
Examples
Examples
Examples