EE 101: Basic Electronics

Shabari Nath

Dept. of Electronics and Electrical Engg.

IIT Guwahati
[email protected]

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Lecture Plan

1 Polyphase circuits
Balanced three phase system
Y − ∆ connection
Three phase power measurement
2 Magnetic circuits
3 Filter circuits and resonance

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Polyphase circuits

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Polyphase Circuits

a A

VP 0ο +- ZL1
n N
VP f +
-
ZL

VP -90ο +- ZL2
b B
Figure: Single-phase system
Figure: Two-phase three-wire system
Circuits or systems in which the ac sources operate at the same frequency but different phases are known
as polyphase.

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Three-phase Transmission Lines over IIT Guwahati Campus

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Three-phase Lines

Figure: 3-phase Transmission Figure: 3-phase distribution

line line

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Three Phase System

AC systems came into existence in the late 1880s because of

the generation, transmission and consumption limitation of
DC power .
During the first use of AC, one basic problem remained: single
phase motors are not able to start by themselves. This led to
the invention of poly phase system in the early 1890s.

Figure: Motor

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Three Phase System (cont..)

Consequently some advantages of 3-phase system over 1-phase system came out to be:
3-phase generators, motors and transformers are simpler, cheaper and more efficient.
The instantaneous power in a three-phase system can be constant (not pulsating). This results in
uniform power transmission and less vibration of three-phase machines.
3-phase transmission lines deliver more power for a given cost or for a given weight of conductor.
Voltage regulation of a 3-phase system is inherently better.

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Three Phase System (cont..)
van vbn vcn

!t
a 0 120ο 240ο
Three-
Phase
output c
b
Stator
b N a Rotor

c VP 0ο ZL1
a A
S -+
a b
VP -120ο ZL2
c b B
-+
VP +120ο
c C ZL3
-+
n n N

Figure: Three-phase
four-wire system
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Three Phase System (cont..)

√ √
van = 2Vp cosωt, vbn = 2Vp cos(ωt − 120◦ )
√
vcn = 2Vp cos(ωt + 120◦ )

Note:

van + vbn + vcn = 0

Vp is rms value of the phase voltages

Phasor representation of the equations are

Van = Vp 0◦ = |Van | 0◦
Vbn = Vp −120◦ = |Vbn | −120◦
Vcn = Vp +120◦ = |Vbn | +120◦
= Vp −240◦ = |Vcn | −240◦

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Y and ∆ Connections

a a
+ Van
- Vca Vab
n
Vcn Vbn - b

+
b Vbc
c c

(a) (b)
Figure: Three-phase voltage sources: (a) Y-connected source, (b) ∆ connected source

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Balanced Three Phase Voltages

Van + Vbn + Vcn = 0

|Van | = |Vbn | = |Vcn |

Van + Vbn + Vcn = Vp 0◦ + Vp −120◦ + Vp +120◦

= Vp (1 − 0.5 − j0.866 − 0.5 + j0.866)
=0

Balanced phase voltages are equal in magnitude and are shifted from each other by 120◦ .

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Phase Sequence
Vcn
!
Positive phase sequence (One direction of rotation of 120ο
rotor)
120ο
Van
Van = Vp 0◦ -120ο
Vbn = Vp −120◦
Vcn = Vp −240◦ = Vp +120◦ Vbn
(a)
Vbn
Negative phase sequence (Another direction of
rotation of rotor) !
120ο
Van = Vp 0◦ 120ο Van
Vcn = Vp −120◦ -120ο
Vbn = Vp −240◦ = Vp +120◦
Vcn (b)
The phase sequence is the time order in which the
voltage pass through their respective maximum Figure: Phase sequences: (a) abc or
values. positive sequence, (b) acb or negative
sequence
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Balanced Three Phase Loads
a
b Z2

n Z1
A balanced load is one in which the phase impedances are Z3
equal in magnitude and in phase.
c
(a)
Z1 = Z2 = Z3 = ZY a
Zc Zb

b
Za = Zb = Zc = Z∆ Za
c
(b)

Figure: Two possible three-phase

load configurations: (a) Y-connected
(b) ∆-connected

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∆ - Y conversion
For circuit analysis, the star connected loads can be represented using the delta connected loads and
vice-versa.
The impedance seen between the lines a and b in the star connected load is Z1 +Z2 (series combination of
Z1 and Z2 ). In the delta connected load, the impedance seen between a and b is Zc in parallel with the
series combination of Zb and Za ·

Z1 + Z2 = Zc ∥ (Za + Zb )
Zc (Za + Zb )
=
Za + Zb + Zc

Similarly,

Za (Zc + Zb )
Z2 + Z3 =
Za + Zb + Zc

Zb (Zc + Za )
Z3 + Z1 =
Za + Zb + Zc

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∆ - Y conversion (cont..)

Solving these three equations,the star connected impedances can be represented with equivalent delta
connected impedances as

Zc Zb
Z1 =
Za + Zb + Zc
Zc Za
Z2 =
Za + Zb + Zc
Za Zb
Z3 =
Za + Zb + Zc

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Y - ∆ conversion (cont..)

Similarly, delta connected loads (Za , Zb and Zc ) can be derived in terms of star connected loads (Z1 , Z2
and Z3 ).

Z1 Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1
Za =
Z1
Z1 Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1
Zb =
Z2
Z1 Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3 Z1
Zc =
Z3

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Y - ∆ conversion for Balanced Loads

If loads are balanced then

1
Z∆ = 3ZY or ZY = Z∆
3

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Y-∆ connections

Since both the three-phase source and the three-phase load can be either wye- or delta-connected, we have
four possible connections:
Y-Y connection (i.e., Y-connected source with a Y-connected load).
Y-∆ connection.
∆-∆ connection.
∆-Y connection.

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Y-Y system

Zl Ia
a A
a A
Zs
ZY
ZL Van +- In
Van +- n
Zn N
n N
Vcn Vbn
Ib ZY ZY
Vcn Vbn
ZL c Ic b C
Zs Zs ZL B

c b C A balanced Y-Y system, showing the

B source, line, and load impedances
Zl
Zl ZY = Zs + Zl + ZL

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Y-Y system (cont..)
Vcn Vab=Van+Vnb
ο
30
Van
Van = Vp 0◦
Vbn = Vp −120◦ , Vcn = Vp +120◦
Vbn
(a)
Vca
Vcn Vab
Vab = Van + Vnb = Van − Vbn
= Vp 0◦ − Vp −120◦
√ Van
1 3 √
= Vp (1 + + j ) = 3Vp 30◦
2 2 Vbn

√ Vbc
Vbc = Vbn − Vcn = 3Vp −90◦
(b)

√ Figure: Phasor diagrams

Vca = Vcn − Van = 3Vp −210◦ illustrating the relationship between
line voltages and phase voltages

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Y-Y system (cont..)

√
VL = 3Vp

Vp = |Van | = |Vbn | = |Vcn |

VL = |Vab | = |Vbc | = |Vca |

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Y-Y system (cont..)

Van Vbn Van −120◦

Ia = , Ib = = Ia
ZY ZY ZY a A
= Ia −120◦
Van +- ZY
Vcn Van −240◦ n N
Ic = =
ZY ZY
= Ia −240◦
Figure: A single-phase equivalent
circuit
Ia + Ib + Ic = 0

In = −(Ia + Ib + Ic ) = 0 Van
Ia =
ZY

VnN = Zn In = 0

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Y-∆ system

Ia
a
Van = Vp 0◦
Vbn = Vp −120◦ , Vcn = Vp +120◦ Van +-
n A
IAB
√ Vcn
Vab = 3Vp 30◦ = VAB , Vbn
√ ZD ZD
Vbc = 3Vp −90◦ = VBC
√ IBC ICA
Vca = 3Vp −150◦ = VCA Ib B ZD
c
Ic b C

VAB VBC
IAB = , IBC = ,
Z∆ Z∆
VCA − Van + Z∆ IAB + Vbn = 0
ICA =
Z∆ Van − Vbn Vab VAB
IAB = = =
Z∆ Z∆ Z∆

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Y-∆ system (cont..)

Ic
Ia = IAB − ICA , Ib = IBC − IAB ,
Ic = ICA − IBC
ICA
Since ICA =IAB −240◦ , 30ο

Ia = IAB − ICA = IAB (1 − 1 −240◦ ) IAB

30ο
= IAB (1 + 0.5 − j0.866)
√ 30ο Ia
= IAB 3 −30◦ IBC
Ib

Figure: Phasor diagram illustrating

√ the relationship between phase and
IL = 3IP line currents

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Y-∆ system (cont..)

|IL | = |Ia | = |Ib | = |Ic |

|IP | = |IAB | = |IBC | = |ICA |

Z∆
ZY =
3

Ia

Van +- ZD
3

Figure: A single-phase equivalent circuit of a balanced circuit

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∆-∆ system

Ia
a A
Vab = Vp 0◦
Vca IAB
Vbc = Vp −120◦ , Vca = Vp +120◦ Vab
ZD ZD

IBC ICA
Vab = VAB , Vbc = VBC , Ib B
c - C

+
Vca = VCA b ZD
Vbc Ic

VAB Vab
IAB = = ,
Z∆ Z∆
VBC Vbc Ia = IAB − ICA , Ib = IBC − IAB ,
IBC = = ,
Z∆ Z∆ Ic = ICA − IBC
VCA Vca
ICA = =
Z∆ Z∆
√
IL = 3IP

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∆-Y system

Ia
Vab = Vp 0◦ , Vbc = Vp −120◦ a A
Vca = Vp +120◦
Vca Vab ZY
N
− Vab + ZY Ia − ZY Ib = 0 ZY ZY
Ib
ZY (Ia − Ib ) = Vab = Vp 0◦
c - C

+
Vp 0◦ b B
Ia − Ib = Vbc
ZY Ic

Ia − Ib = Ia (1 − 1 −120◦ )
√ Vp −30◦
√
1 3 √ 3
= Ia (1 + + j ) = Ia 3 30◦ Ia =
2 2 ZY

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∆-Y Transformation of Source
a

Vca +- Vab
Vp Van
Van = √ −30◦ ,
3
n
Vp Vp Vcn Vbn
Vbn = √ −150◦ , Vcn = √ +90◦
3 3 c +- b
Vbc
Figure: Transforming a ∆-connected source
Vp −30◦
√ to an equivalent Y-connected source
3
Ia =
ZY

Ia
Vp
VAN = Ia ZY = √ −30◦ VP -30ο + ZY
3 -
3
VBN = VAN −120◦ ,
VCN = VAN +120◦ Figure: Transforming a ∆-connected source
to an equivalent Y-connected source

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Unbalanced Three Phase Systems

Ia
A
An unbalanced system is due to unbalanced
voltage sources or an unbalanced load.
VAN ZA
In
VAN VBN VCN N
Ia = , Ib = , Ic =
ZA ZB ZC ZB ZC
VBN
Ib
C
B
Ic VCN
In = −(Ia + Ib + Ic )
Figure: Unbalanced three-phase
Y-connected load

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Three Phase Power

√ √
vAN = 2Vp cosωt, vBN = 2Vp cos(ωt − 120◦ )
√
vCN = 2Vp cos(ωt + 120◦ )

√ √
ia = 2Ip cos(ωt − θ), ib = 2Ip cos(ωt − θ − 120◦ )
√ ◦
ic = 2Ip cos(ωt − θ + 120 )

P = Pa + Pb + Pc = vAN ia + vBN ib + vCN ic

= 2Vp Ip [cosωtcos(ωt − θ)
+ cos(ωt − 120◦ )cos(ωt − θ − 120◦ )
+ cos(ωt + 120◦ )cos(ωt − θ + 120◦ )]

1
cosAcosB = [cos(A + B) + cos(A − B)]
2

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Three Phase Power (cont..)

P = Vp Ip [3cosθ + cos(2ωt − θ) + cos(2ωt − θ − 240◦ ) + cos(2ωt − θ + 240◦ )]

= Vp Ip [3cosθ + cosα + cosαcos240◦ + sinαsin240◦ + cosαcos240◦ − sinαsin240◦ ]
where α = 2ωt − θ
1
= Vp Ip [3cosθ + cosα + 2(− )cosα]
2
= 3Vp Ip cosθ

The total instantaneous power in a balanced three-phase system is constant. It does not change with time as
the instantaneous power of each phase does. This result is true whether the load is Y or ∆ connected.

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Three Phase Power (cont..)

Active power per phase is

Pp = Vp Ip cosθ

and the reactive power per phase is

Qp = Vp Ip sinθ

The apparent power per phase is

Sp = Vp Ip

The complex power per phase is

∗
Sp = Pp + jQp = Vp Ip

where Vp and Ip are the phase voltage and phase current with magnitudes Vp and Ip respectively.

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Three Phase Power (cont..)
The total average power is the sum of the average powers in the phases:
√
P = Pa + Pb + Pc = 3Pp = 3Vp Ip cosθ = 3VL IL cosθ

√
Q = 3Vp Ip sinθ = 3QP = 3VL IL sinθ

and the total complex power is

3Vp2
S = 3Sp = 3Vp Ip ∗ = 3Ip2 Zp = ∗
Zp

where Zp = Zp θ is the load impedance per phase. (Zp could be ZY or Z∆ .) Alternatively,

√
S = P + jQ = 3VL IL θ

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Power Measurement

Wattmeter is the instrument used for power measurement. The figure below shows a wattmeter (W ) and its
connection with a single-phase load. It has two coils, one is called as current coil (cc) and the other is the
voltage coil (vc). The current coil is connected in series and the voltage coil is connected across the load or
supply whose power is intended to be measured.

W W
cc I cc

V LOAD
vc vc

(a) (b)

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Two Wattmeter Method

a
P1 = Re[Vab Ia ∗ ] = Vab Ia cos(θ + 30◦ ) Three-phase
= VL IL cos(θ + 30 )◦ load (wye
b or delta,
balanced or
P2 = Re[Vcb Ic ∗ ] = Vcb Ic cos(θ − 30◦ ) c unbalanced)
= VL IL cos(θ − 30◦ )

Figure: Two-wattmeter
cos(A + B) = cosAcosB − sinAsinB method for measuring
cos(A − B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB three-phase power

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Two Wattmeter Method (cont..)

W1
P1 + P2 a
+
= VL IL [cos(θ + 30◦ ) + cos(θ − 30◦ )] Ia
Vab
◦
= VL IL (cosθcos30 − sinθsin30 ◦ Ib ZY ZY
-
+ cosθcos30◦ + sinθsin30◦ ) b
-
ZY
= VL IL 2cos30◦ cosθ Vcb
√ W2 Ic
= 3VL IL cosθ +
c

Figure: Two-wattmeter
P = P1 + P2 method applied to a balanced
wye load

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Two Wattmeter Method (cont..)

P1 − P2 = VL IL [cos(θ + 30◦ ) − cos(θ − 30◦ )]

= VL IL (cosθcos30◦ − sinθsin30◦ − cosθcos30◦ − sinθsin30◦ )
= −VL IL 2sin30◦ sinθ
= −VL IL sinθ

√
Q= 3(P2 − P1 )

p
S= P 2 + Q2

Q √ P2 − P1
tanθ = = 3
P P1 + P2

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Two Wattmeter Method (cont..)

1. If P2 = P1 , the load is resistive.

2. If P2 > P1 , the load is inductive.
3. If P2 < P1 , the load is capacitive.

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Thank You!

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