Week 10
Week 10
In the presence of an electric field ⃗𝑬⃗, free electrons in a conductor have a drift (average)
velocity, 𝑣⃗. Collisions among free electrons and immobile atoms transfer energy from the
electric field to thermal vibration. Quantitatively, the work done by ⃗𝑬⃗ in moving an amount
⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜟𝑾 = 𝑭 ⃗⃗ • 𝒗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝐪𝑬 ⃗⃗𝜟𝒕
⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜟𝑾 = 𝐪𝑬 ⃗⃗ • 𝒗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝒒𝑬 ⃗⃗𝜟𝒕
𝜟𝑾 𝒒𝑬⃗⃗ • 𝒗
⃗⃗𝜟𝒕
𝒑= =
𝜟𝒕 𝜟𝒕
⃗⃗ • 𝒗
𝒒𝑬 ⃗⃗𝜟𝒕
𝒑=
𝜟𝒕
⃗⃗ • 𝒗
𝒑 = 𝒒𝑬 ⃗⃗
𝑱⃗
⃗⃗ •
𝒑 = 𝒒𝑬
𝒒
⃗⃗ • 𝑱⃗ Per unit
𝒑= 𝑬 volume
(Ohmic) Power Density
𝒑= ⃗⃗ • 𝑱⃗
𝑬 (Watts/m3)
⃗⃗(𝑹) • 𝑱⃗(𝑹)𝒅𝑽
𝑷=∫𝑬 (Watts)
𝑽
⃗⃗(𝑹) • 𝑱⃗(𝑹)𝒅𝑽 = ∫ 𝑬
𝑷=∫𝑬 ⃗⃗(𝑹) • 𝑱⃗(𝑹)𝑺𝒅𝒍 =
𝑽 𝑪
𝑷 = ∫ ⃗𝑬⃗(𝑹) • 𝑱(𝑹)𝒍̂. 𝑺. 𝒅𝒍
𝑪
Boundary Conditions
⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗
𝛁 × ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫𝛁×𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 = ∮ 𝑬 𝒅𝒍 = 𝟎
𝑺 𝑪
𝑬𝟏// = 𝑬𝟐//
Tangential component of ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗𝟏 is equal to tangential component of ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗𝟐
Boundary Condition 2
𝛁 • 𝑱⃗ = 𝟎
∫ 𝛁 • 𝑱⃗𝒅𝑽 = ∫ 𝟎𝒅𝑽
𝑽 𝑽
∮ ⃗⃗𝑱 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 = ∫ 𝟎𝒅𝑽
𝑺 𝑽
∮ 𝑱⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 = 𝟎
𝑺
∮ 𝑱⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 = ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟏 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 + ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟐 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 + ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟏 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 + ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟐 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺
𝑺 𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟐 𝑺𝟑 𝑺𝟒
∫ 𝑱⃗𝟏 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 → 𝟎
𝑺𝟑
∫ 𝑱⃗𝟐 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 → 𝟎
𝑺𝟒
∮ 𝑱⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 = 𝟎 = ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟏 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 + ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟑 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺
𝑺 𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟑
𝑱𝟐⊥ − 𝑱𝟏⊥ = 𝟎
𝝈𝟐 𝑬𝟐⊥ − 𝝈𝟏 𝑬𝟏⊥ = 𝟎
𝝈𝟐
𝑬𝟏 ⊥ = 𝑬
𝝈𝟏 𝟐⊥
𝝈𝟐
𝑫𝟏⊥ = 𝜺𝟏 𝑬𝟏⊥ = 𝜺𝟏 𝑬
𝝈𝟏 𝟐⊥
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝑫𝟏 ⊥ = 𝑫
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 𝟐⊥
𝝈𝟏
𝑬𝟐 ⊥ = 𝑬
𝝈𝟐 𝟏⊥
𝝈𝟏
𝑫𝟐⊥ = 𝜺𝟐 𝑬𝟐⊥ = 𝜺𝟐 𝑬
𝝈𝟐 𝟏⊥
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏
𝑫𝟐 ⊥ = 𝑫
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 𝟏⊥
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝝆𝑺𝒊 = (𝟏 − )𝑫
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 𝟐⊥
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏
𝝆𝑺𝒊 = ( 𝑫𝟏⊥ − 𝟏)𝑫𝟏⊥
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝝆𝑺𝒊 = 𝟎 if = 𝟏, ( = )
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 𝜺𝟏 𝜺𝟐
Or,
𝝆𝑺𝒊 = 𝟎 if 𝝈𝟏 = 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟎
Both media is lossless, thus no free charge can exist
Ex: Find J , E in the two lossy media between two parallel conducting plates biased by a dc
voltage V0. Also find the surface charge densities on the two conducting plates and on the
𝑱𝟏⊥ = 𝑱𝟐⊥ = 𝑱
𝑱𝟏 ⊥ 𝑱
⃗𝑬⃗𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 (−𝒛̂) = (−𝒛̂) = (−𝒛̂)
𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟏
𝑬 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑽 − 𝟎 = − ∫ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒍
−
𝑑2 𝑑2 +𝑑1
𝑬𝟐 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑽 = (− ∫ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒍𝟐 ) + (− ∫ 𝑬𝟏 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒍𝟏 )
0 𝑑2
𝑑2 𝑑2 +𝑑1
∆𝑽 = (− ∫ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝟐 • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂ ) + (− ∫ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝟏 • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂)
0 𝑑2
𝑑2 𝑑2 +𝑑1
𝑱 𝑱
∆𝑽 = (− ∫ (−𝒛
̂) • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂ ) + (− ∫ (−𝒛
̂) • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂)
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟏
0 𝑑2
𝑑2 𝑑2 +𝑑1
𝑱 𝑱
∆𝑽 = ( ∫ (+𝒛
̂) • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂) + ( ∫ (+𝒛
̂) • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂)
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟏
0 𝑑2
𝑑2 𝑑2 +𝑑1
𝑱 𝑱
∆𝑽 = ( ∫ 𝒅𝒛) + ( ∫ 𝒅𝒛)
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟏
0 𝑑2
𝑱 𝑱
∆𝑽 = ( 𝒅𝟐 ) + ( 𝒅𝟏 )
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟏
∆𝑽 𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟐 ∆𝑽
𝑱= 𝒅 𝒅
=
( 𝟏 + 𝟐 ) (𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝑱 𝝈𝟐 ∆𝑽
𝑬𝟏 = =
𝝈𝟏 (𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
𝑱 𝝈𝟏 ∆𝑽
𝑬𝟐 = =
𝝈𝟐 (𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 ∆𝑽
𝑫𝟏 = 𝜺𝟏 𝑬𝟏 =
(𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 ∆𝑽
𝑫𝟐 = 𝜺𝟐 𝑬𝟐 =
(𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
⃗⃗⃗𝜺 − 𝑫
̂ 𝝈𝟏 • (𝑫
𝒏 ⃗⃗⃗𝝈𝟐 ) = 𝝆
𝟏 𝒔𝟏
𝑫𝟏 = 𝝆𝒔𝟏
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 ∆𝑽
𝝆𝒔𝟏 = 𝑫𝟏 =
(𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
⃗⃗⃗𝜺 − ⃗𝑫
̂ 𝝈𝟐 • (𝑫
𝒏 ⃗⃗𝝈𝟐 ) = 𝝆
𝟐 𝒔𝟐
𝑫𝟐 = −𝝆𝒔𝟐
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 ∆𝑽
𝝆𝒔𝟐 = −𝑫𝟐 = −
(𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝝆𝒔𝒊 = (𝟏 − )𝑫𝟐⊥
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 ∆𝑽
𝝆𝒔𝒊 = (𝟏 − )
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 (𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
(𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 )∆𝑽
𝝆𝒔𝒊 =
(𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
|𝝆𝒔𝟏 | ≠ |𝝆𝒔𝟐 | but 𝝆𝒔𝟏 + 𝝆𝒔𝟐 + 𝝆𝒔𝒊 = 𝟎
Evaluation of Resistance
(3) Find ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ by using ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ = 𝜵𝜱
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝛔𝐄
(4) Find the total current by 𝑰 = ∫ ⃗𝑱⃗ ⋅ 𝒅𝑺 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝒅𝑺
∆𝑽
(5) 𝑹 =
𝑰
Ex: Consider a quarter-circular washer of rectangular cross section and finite conductivity 𝝈.
𝑩𝑪𝟏 𝜱(𝟎) = ∆𝑽
𝑩𝑪𝟐 𝝅
𝜱( ) = 𝟎
𝟐
𝜱 = 𝜱(∅)
No free charge 𝛁 • ⃗𝑫
⃗⃗ = 𝝆𝒗 = 𝟎
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎
𝛁 • 𝛆𝑬
Simple medium 𝛆𝛁 • ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ = 𝟎
⃗⃗⃗
−𝛁𝜱 = 𝑬 𝛆𝛁 • (−𝛁𝜱) = 𝟎
𝛁 • 𝛁 = 𝛁𝟐 −𝛆𝛁 • 𝛁𝜱 = −𝛆𝛁 𝟐 𝜱 = 𝟎
𝛁𝟐𝜱 = 𝟎
𝝏𝟐 𝜱
=𝟎
𝝏∅𝟐
𝝏𝜱
= 𝑪𝟏
𝝏∅
𝜱 = ∅𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐
𝟐∆𝑽
𝑪𝟏 =
𝝅
𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎
𝟐∆𝑽
𝜱= ∅
𝝅
𝟐∆𝑽 𝟏 𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟏
⃗⃗ = −𝛁𝜱 = −∅̂
𝑬 == − ̂
∅
𝝅 𝒓 𝝅 𝒓
⃗⃗ = 𝑬
𝑬 ⃗⃗(𝒓)∅̂
𝟐∆𝑽 𝟏
𝑱⃗ = 𝝈𝑬
⃗⃗ = −𝝈 ̂
∅
𝝅 𝒓
𝑰 = ∫ 𝑱⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺
𝒉𝒃
𝟐∆𝑽 𝒙𝒅 𝟏
𝑰 = ∬ −𝝈 ̂
∅
𝝅 𝒓
𝟎𝒂
• (−∅̂ )𝒅𝒓𝒅𝒛
𝒃 𝒉
𝟐∆𝑽 𝟏
= (∫ +𝝈 𝒓𝒅𝒓) (∫ 𝒅𝒛)
𝝅 𝒓
𝒂 𝟎
𝒃 𝒉
𝟐∆𝑽 𝟏
= (𝝈 ) (∫ 𝒓𝒅𝒓) (∫ 𝒅𝒛)
𝝅 𝒓
𝒂 𝟎
𝟐∆𝑽 𝒃
𝑰 = (𝝈 ) . 𝒍𝒏 ( ) . 𝒉
𝝅 𝒂
∆𝑽
𝑹=
𝑰
∆𝑽
𝑹=
𝟐∆𝑽 𝒃
(𝝈 ) . 𝒍𝒏 ( ) . 𝒉
𝝅 𝒂
−𝟏
𝟐∆𝑽 𝒃
𝑹 = ((𝝈 ) . 𝒍𝒏 ( ) . 𝒉) (𝑶𝒉𝒎)
𝝅 𝒂