0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views11 pages

Week 10

Uploaded by

franck n1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
15 views11 pages

Week 10

Uploaded by

franck n1
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

Joule’s law

In the presence of an electric field ⃗𝑬⃗, free electrons in a conductor have a drift (average)

velocity, 𝑣⃗. Collisions among free electrons and immobile atoms transfer energy from the

electric field to thermal vibration. Quantitatively, the work done by ⃗𝑬⃗ in moving an amount

of charge q in unit volume for a differential “drift” displacement ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗


𝒅𝒍 = 𝒗⃗⃗dt is

⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜟𝑾 = 𝑭 ⃗⃗ • 𝒗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝐪𝑬 ⃗⃗𝜟𝒕

⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜟𝑾 = 𝐪𝑬 ⃗⃗ • 𝒗
𝒅𝒍 = 𝒒𝑬 ⃗⃗𝜟𝒕

Power dissipated is,

𝜟𝑾 𝒒𝑬⃗⃗ • 𝒗
⃗⃗𝜟𝒕
𝒑= =
𝜟𝒕 𝜟𝒕

⃗⃗ • 𝒗
𝒒𝑬 ⃗⃗𝜟𝒕
𝒑=
𝜟𝒕

⃗⃗ • 𝒗
𝒑 = 𝒒𝑬 ⃗⃗

𝑱⃗
⃗⃗ •
𝒑 = 𝒒𝑬
𝒒

⃗⃗ • 𝑱⃗ Per unit
𝒑= 𝑬 volume
(Ohmic) Power Density
𝒑= ⃗⃗ • 𝑱⃗
𝑬 (Watts/m3)

Total Power Dissipation with inhomogeneous


⃗⃗(𝑹) & 𝝈(𝑹), 𝑱⃗(𝑹)
𝑬
𝑷 = ∫ 𝒑𝒅𝑽

⃗⃗(𝑹) • 𝑱⃗(𝑹)𝒅𝑽
𝑷=∫𝑬 (Watts)
𝑽

If we apply a voltage difference 𝑽𝟏𝟐 across a homogeneous conductor of uniform cross-

sectional area S, conductivity 𝜎 and length L,⇒

⃗⃗(𝑹) • 𝑱⃗(𝑹)𝒅𝑽 = ∫ 𝑬
𝑷=∫𝑬 ⃗⃗(𝑹) • 𝑱⃗(𝑹)𝑺𝒅𝒍 =
𝑽 𝑪

𝑷 = ∫ ⃗𝑬⃗(𝑹) • 𝑱(𝑹)𝒍̂. 𝑺. 𝒅𝒍
𝑪

𝑷 = ∫ ⃗𝑬⃗(𝑹) • 𝑰𝒍̂𝒅𝒍 = ∫ 𝑬(𝑹). 𝑰. 𝒅𝒍 =


𝑪 𝑪

= ∫ ⃗𝑬⃗(𝑹) • 𝑰𝒍̂𝒅𝒍 = 𝑰 ∫ 𝑬(𝑹)𝒅𝒍 = 𝑰𝑽𝟏𝟐


𝑪 𝑪

Boundary Conditions

⃗⃗ = ⃗0⃗
𝛁 × ⃗𝑬

⃗⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫𝛁×𝑬 ⃗⃗⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 = ∮ 𝑬 𝒅𝒍 = 𝟎
𝑺 𝑪
𝑬𝟏// = 𝑬𝟐//

Tangential component of ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗𝟏 is equal to tangential component of ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗𝟐

=> 𝑱𝟏// 𝑱𝟐//


=
𝜎1 𝜎2

Boundary Condition 2

𝛁 • 𝑱⃗ = 𝟎

∫ 𝛁 • 𝑱⃗𝒅𝑽 = ∫ 𝟎𝒅𝑽
𝑽 𝑽

∮ ⃗⃗𝑱 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 = ∫ 𝟎𝒅𝑽
𝑺 𝑽

∮ 𝑱⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 = 𝟎
𝑺
∮ 𝑱⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 = ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟏 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 + ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟐 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 + ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟏 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 + ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟐 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺
𝑺 𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟐 𝑺𝟑 𝑺𝟒

∫ 𝑱⃗𝟏 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 → 𝟎
𝑺𝟑

∫ 𝑱⃗𝟐 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 → 𝟎
𝑺𝟒

∮ 𝑱⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 = 𝟎 = ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟏 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺 + ∫ 𝑱⃗𝟑 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺
𝑺 𝑺𝟏 𝑺𝟑

𝑱𝟏⊥ (−𝑺) + 𝑱𝟐⊥ (+𝑺) = 𝟎

=> 𝑱𝟐⊥ − 𝑱𝟏⊥ = 𝟎

=> 𝒏̂ 𝟏 • (𝑱⃗𝟐 − 𝑱⃗𝟏 ) = 𝟎

=> 𝒏̂ 𝟐 • (𝑱⃗𝟏 − 𝑱⃗𝟐 ) = 𝟎

Ex: Find 𝜌𝑠𝑖 in terms of 𝐷1⊥ , 𝐷2⊥ , 𝜀1 , 𝜀2 , 𝜎1 , 𝜎2


⃗⃗⃗𝟏⊥ = 𝑫𝟏⊥ (−𝒗
𝑫 ̂)

⃗⃗⃗𝟐⊥ = 𝑫𝟐⊥ (−𝒗


𝑫 ̂)

𝑫𝟐⊥ − 𝑫𝟏⊥ = 𝝆𝑺𝒊

𝜺𝟐 𝑬𝟐⊥ − 𝜺𝟏 𝑬𝟏⊥ = 𝝆𝑺𝒊

𝑱𝟐⊥ − 𝑱𝟏⊥ = 𝟎

𝝈𝟐 𝑬𝟐⊥ − 𝝈𝟏 𝑬𝟏⊥ = 𝟎

𝝈𝟐
𝑬𝟏 ⊥ = 𝑬
𝝈𝟏 𝟐⊥

𝝈𝟐
𝑫𝟏⊥ = 𝜺𝟏 𝑬𝟏⊥ = 𝜺𝟏 𝑬
𝝈𝟏 𝟐⊥

𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝑫𝟏 ⊥ = 𝑫
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 𝟐⊥

𝝈𝟏
𝑬𝟐 ⊥ = 𝑬
𝝈𝟐 𝟏⊥

𝝈𝟏
𝑫𝟐⊥ = 𝜺𝟐 𝑬𝟐⊥ = 𝜺𝟐 𝑬
𝝈𝟐 𝟏⊥

𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏
𝑫𝟐 ⊥ = 𝑫
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 𝟏⊥

𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝝆𝑺𝒊 = (𝟏 − )𝑫
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 𝟐⊥

𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏
𝝆𝑺𝒊 = ( 𝑫𝟏⊥ − 𝟏)𝑫𝟏⊥
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐

𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝝆𝑺𝒊 = 𝟎 if = 𝟏, ( = )
𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 𝜺𝟏 𝜺𝟐
Or,
𝝆𝑺𝒊 = 𝟎 if 𝝈𝟏 = 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟎
Both media is lossless, thus no free charge can exist

Ex: Find J , E in the two lossy media between two parallel conducting plates biased by a dc

voltage V0. Also find the surface charge densities on the two conducting plates and on the

interface between the two lossy media.

𝑱⃗𝟏 = 𝑱𝟏⊥ (−𝒛̂)

𝑱⃗𝟏 = 𝑱𝟐⊥ (−𝒛̂)

𝑱𝟏⊥ = 𝑱𝟐⊥ = 𝑱

⃗⃗𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 (−𝒛̂) = 𝑬𝟏⊥ (−𝒛̂)


𝑬

𝑱𝟏 ⊥ 𝑱
⃗𝑬⃗𝟏 = 𝑬𝟏 (−𝒛̂) = (−𝒛̂) = (−𝒛̂)
𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟏

⃗𝑬⃗𝟐 = 𝑬𝟐 (−𝒛̂) = 𝑬𝟐⊥ (−𝒛̂)


𝑱𝟐⊥ 𝑱
⃗𝑬⃗𝟐 = (−𝒛̂) = (−𝒛̂)
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟐
+

𝑬 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑽 − 𝟎 = − ∫ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒍

𝑑2 𝑑2 +𝑑1

𝑬𝟐 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
∆𝑽 = (− ∫ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒍𝟐 ) + (− ∫ 𝑬𝟏 • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ 𝒅𝒍𝟏 )
0 𝑑2

𝑑2 𝑑2 +𝑑1

∆𝑽 = (− ∫ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝟐 • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂ ) + (− ∫ ⃗⃗⃗
𝑬𝟏 • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂)
0 𝑑2

𝑑2 𝑑2 +𝑑1
𝑱 𝑱
∆𝑽 = (− ∫ (−𝒛
̂) • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂ ) + (− ∫ (−𝒛
̂) • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂)
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟏
0 𝑑2

𝑑2 𝑑2 +𝑑1
𝑱 𝑱
∆𝑽 = ( ∫ (+𝒛
̂) • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂) + ( ∫ (+𝒛
̂) • 𝒅𝒛𝒛
̂)
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟏
0 𝑑2

𝑑2 𝑑2 +𝑑1
𝑱 𝑱
∆𝑽 = ( ∫ 𝒅𝒛) + ( ∫ 𝒅𝒛)
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟏
0 𝑑2

𝑱 𝑱
∆𝑽 = ( 𝒅𝟐 ) + ( 𝒅𝟏 )
𝝈𝟐 𝝈𝟏

∆𝑽 𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟐 ∆𝑽
𝑱= 𝒅 𝒅
=
( 𝟏 + 𝟐 ) (𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
𝝈𝟏 𝝈𝟐

𝑱 𝝈𝟐 ∆𝑽
𝑬𝟏 = =
𝝈𝟏 (𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
𝑱 𝝈𝟏 ∆𝑽
𝑬𝟐 = =
𝝈𝟐 (𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )

𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 ∆𝑽
𝑫𝟏 = 𝜺𝟏 𝑬𝟏 =
(𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )

𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 ∆𝑽
𝑫𝟐 = 𝜺𝟐 𝑬𝟐 =
(𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )

⃗⃗⃗𝜺 − 𝑫
̂ 𝝈𝟏 • (𝑫
𝒏 ⃗⃗⃗𝝈𝟐 ) = 𝝆
𝟏 𝒔𝟏

⃗⃗⃗𝟏 − 𝟎) = −𝒛̂ • (𝑫𝟏 (−𝒛̂) − 𝟎) = 𝝆


−𝒛̂ • (𝑫 𝒔𝟏

𝑫𝟏 = 𝝆𝒔𝟏

𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 ∆𝑽
𝝆𝒔𝟏 = 𝑫𝟏 =
(𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )

⃗⃗⃗𝜺 − ⃗𝑫
̂ 𝝈𝟐 • (𝑫
𝒏 ⃗⃗𝝈𝟐 ) = 𝝆
𝟐 𝒔𝟐

⃗⃗⃗𝟐 − 𝟎) = +𝒛̂ • (𝑫𝟐 (−𝒛̂) − 𝟎) = 𝝆


+𝒛̂ • (𝑫 𝒔𝟐

𝑫𝟐 = −𝝆𝒔𝟐

𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 ∆𝑽
𝝆𝒔𝟐 = −𝑫𝟐 = −
(𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )

𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐
𝝆𝒔𝒊 = (𝟏 − )𝑫𝟐⊥
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏

𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 ∆𝑽
𝝆𝒔𝒊 = (𝟏 − )
𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 (𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )

(𝜺𝟐 𝝈𝟏 − 𝜺𝟏 𝝈𝟐 )∆𝑽
𝝆𝒔𝒊 =
(𝝈𝟐 𝒅𝟏 + 𝝈𝟏 𝒅𝟐 )
|𝝆𝒔𝟏 | ≠ |𝝆𝒔𝟐 | but 𝝆𝒔𝟏 + 𝝆𝒔𝟐 + 𝝆𝒔𝒊 = 𝟎

Evaluation of Resistance

Resistance of single imperfect conductor

The resistance R of a piece of homogeneous lossy medium of finite conductivity σ can be

evaluated by the following steps:

(1) Assume a potential difference ∆𝑽 between the two conductors.

(2). Find the potential distribution 𝜱 by solving boundary-value problem.

(3) Find ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ by using ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ = 𝜵𝜱

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝛔𝐄
(4) Find the total current by 𝑰 = ∫ ⃗𝑱⃗ ⋅ 𝒅𝑺 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ ⋅ 𝒅𝑺

∆𝑽
(5) 𝑹 =
𝑰
Ex: Consider a quarter-circular washer of rectangular cross section and finite conductivity 𝝈.

Find the resistance if the two electrodes are located at 𝝋 = 𝟎 and 𝝋 = 𝝅 𝟐 .

𝑩𝑪𝟏 𝜱(𝟎) = ∆𝑽

𝑩𝑪𝟐 𝝅
𝜱( ) = 𝟎
𝟐
𝜱 = 𝜱(∅)

No free charge 𝛁 • ⃗𝑫
⃗⃗ = 𝝆𝒗 = 𝟎

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝟎
𝛁 • 𝛆𝑬

Simple medium 𝛆𝛁 • ⃗𝑬
⃗⃗ = 𝟎

⃗⃗⃗
−𝛁𝜱 = 𝑬 𝛆𝛁 • (−𝛁𝜱) = 𝟎

𝛁 • 𝛁 = 𝛁𝟐 −𝛆𝛁 • 𝛁𝜱 = −𝛆𝛁 𝟐 𝜱 = 𝟎
𝛁𝟐𝜱 = 𝟎

𝝏𝟐 𝜱
=𝟎
𝝏∅𝟐

𝝏𝜱
= 𝑪𝟏
𝝏∅

𝜱 = ∅𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐

Using BCs., 𝜱(𝟎) = ∆𝑽 = 𝟎𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐


𝝅 𝝅
𝜱 ( ) = 𝟎 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

𝟐∆𝑽
𝑪𝟏 =
𝝅

𝑪𝟐 = 𝟎

𝟐∆𝑽
𝜱= ∅
𝝅

𝟐∆𝑽 𝟏 𝟐𝑽𝟎 𝟏
⃗⃗ = −𝛁𝜱 = −∅̂
𝑬 == − ̂

𝝅 𝒓 𝝅 𝒓

⃗⃗ = 𝑬
𝑬 ⃗⃗(𝒓)∅̂
𝟐∆𝑽 𝟏
𝑱⃗ = 𝝈𝑬
⃗⃗ = −𝝈 ̂

𝝅 𝒓

𝑰 = ∫ 𝑱⃗ • ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝑺

𝒉𝒃
𝟐∆𝑽 𝒙𝒅 𝟏
𝑰 = ∬ −𝝈 ̂

𝝅 𝒓
𝟎𝒂
• (−∅̂ )𝒅𝒓𝒅𝒛

𝒃 𝒉
𝟐∆𝑽 𝟏
= (∫ +𝝈 𝒓𝒅𝒓) (∫ 𝒅𝒛)
𝝅 𝒓
𝒂 𝟎

𝒃 𝒉
𝟐∆𝑽 𝟏
= (𝝈 ) (∫ 𝒓𝒅𝒓) (∫ 𝒅𝒛)
𝝅 𝒓
𝒂 𝟎

𝟐∆𝑽 𝒃
𝑰 = (𝝈 ) . 𝒍𝒏 ( ) . 𝒉
𝝅 𝒂

∆𝑽
𝑹=
𝑰

∆𝑽
𝑹=
𝟐∆𝑽 𝒃
(𝝈 ) . 𝒍𝒏 ( ) . 𝒉
𝝅 𝒂
−𝟏
𝟐∆𝑽 𝒃
𝑹 = ((𝝈 ) . 𝒍𝒏 ( ) . 𝒉) (𝑶𝒉𝒎)
𝝅 𝒂

You might also like