What is a Part of Speech?

A part of speech is a group of words that are used in a certain way. For example, "run,"
"jump," and "be" are all used to describe actions/states. Therefore they belong to the VERBS
group.

In other words, all words in the English language are divided into eight different categories.
Each category has a different role/function in the sentence.

The English parts of speech are:

Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.
A noun is a word that names a person, a place or a thing.

Examples:
Sarah, lady, cat, New York, Canada, room, school, football, reading.

Example sentences:
People like to go to the beach.
Emma passed the test.
My parents are traveling to Japan next month.

The word "noun" comes from the Latin word nomen, which means "name," and nouns are
indeed how we name people, places and things.
Abstract Nouns
An abstract noun is a noun that names an idea, not a physical thing.

Examples:
Hope, interest, love, peace, ability, success, knowledge, trouble.
Concrete Nouns
A concrete noun is a noun that names a physical thing.

Examples:
Boy, table, floor, coffee, beach, king, rain, children, professor.
Common Nouns
A common noun is a noun that names a general thing, not a specific thing.

Examples:
Boy, girl, city, country, company, planet, location, war.
Proper Nouns
A proper noun is a noun that indicates the specific name of a thing. It begins with a capital
letter.
Examples:
Robin, Alice, London, Sweden, Google, Earth, Eiffel Tower, Civil War.
(Compare these examples to ones in the "Common nouns" section to see the difference.)
Countable Nouns
A countable noun is a noun that indicates something you could actually count.
For example, you could count horse: one horse, two horses, three horses...
However, you couldn't count water: one water, two water – no, it doesn't work...

A countable noun has both a singular and a plural form, and it can be used with the
indefinite articles (a/an).
Examples:
Window, teacher, tree, lion, eye, cloud, pencil, heart, movie.
Uncountable Nouns
An uncountable noun is a noun that indicates something you cannot count.
For example, you could count horses: one horse, two horses, three horses...
However, you couldn't count water: one water, two water – no, it doesn't work...
An uncountable noun has only one form (no plural), and it cannot be used with the indefinite
articles (a/an).
Examples:
Furniture, advice, mail, news, equipment, luggage, work, coffee, information.
Pronoun

A pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun. For example, you could say, "Lisa is a
nice girl."
Then you could replace the noun "Lisa" with the word "She" and get the following sentence:
"She is a nice girl."
"She" is a pronoun.
Examples:
I, he, it, we, them, us, mine, itself.
Example sentences:
He doesn't want go with them.
Would they help us?
His house is bigger than ours.
Who is she?
The word "pronoun" comes from "pro" (in the meaning of "substitute") + "noun."
Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns represent people or things. The personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she, it,
we, they, me, him, her, us, them.
Demonstrative Pronouns
"Demonstrative" means "showing, making something clear."
Demonstrative pronouns point to things. The demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these,
those.
Use "this" and "these" to talk about things that are near in space or in time.
Use "that" and "those" to talk about things that are farther away in space or time.
Example sentences:
This cannot go on.
That was beautiful!
He wanted those, but decided to compromise on these.
Interrogative Pronouns
"Interrogative" means "used in questions."
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns
are: who, whom, which, what, whoever, whatever, etc.
Use "who" and "whom" to talk about people.
Use "which" and "what" to talk about animals and things.

Example sentences:
Who is your father?
Whom did you speak to?
Which bag did you buy?
What are my choices?
Possessive Pronouns
"Possessive" means "showing ownership."
Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to somebody/something. The
possessive pronouns are: my, your, his, her, its, our, their, mine, yours, his, hers, ours,
theirs.
Example sentences:
I've lost my wallet.
He married his girlfriend.
This place is theirs.
Is that cat yours?
My car is slow. Hers is much faster.
Relative Pronouns
"Relative" means "connected with something."
Relative pronouns are pronouns that link different parts of a sentence.
The relative pronouns are: who, whom, which, that, whoever, etc.
Examples sentences:
The girl who called yesterday came to see you.
The teacher whom you wrote has answered your questions.
She lives in Kiev, which is the capital city of Ukraine.
I really liked the book that you gave me.
Reflexive Pronouns
"Reflexive" means "going back to itself."
Reflexive pronouns show that the action affects the person who performs the action.
Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural). The reflexive pronouns are:
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves.

Example sentences:
He cut himself while shaving.
I sent myself to bed.
He could hurt himself!
We must help ourselves.
She trusts herself.
Intensive Pronouns
"Intensive" means "giving force or emphasis."
An intensive pronoun is a pronoun used for emphasis. In other words, intensive pronouns
emphasize the subject of the sentence. They are written exactly the same way as the
reflexive pronouns, but their function is different.
I myself baked the cake.
The queen herself recommended this restaurant.
Have you yourself been there?
The project itself wasn't difficult.
We will do it ourselves.
Reciprocal Pronouns
Reciprocal means that two people or groups do the same thing to each other. They treat
each other in the same way.
For example, Joe loves Kate, and Kate loves Joe. So we can say, "Kate and Joe love each
other."
Another example: Mike helps Lucy, and Lucy helps Mike. So we can say, "Mike and Lucy help
each other."
There are two reciprocal pronouns in English:
Each other and one another.
The cat and the dog like each other.
The two politicians hate each other.
We must stop fighting one another.
They gave each other Christmas presents.
They can't hear one another.

Indefinite Pronouns
"Indefinite" means "not exact, not limited."
Indefinite pronouns are pronouns that do not refer to any specific person or thing.
Examples:
Anything, everybody, another, each, few, many, none, some.
Example sentences:
Many have died during the war.
Can anyone call her?
Everybody wants to see you.
Something can be done to help.
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes a person or thing.
Examples:
Big, pretty, expensive, green, round, French, loud, quick, fat.
Example sentences:
He has big blue eyes.
The new car broke down.
The old lady was talking in a quiet voice.
The word "adjective" comes from the Latin word jacere, which means "to throw."
Different Types of adjectives
Adjectives can be divided into several types:
Opinion
Nice, pretty, stupid, original, expensive, etc.
Size
Big, small, large, tiny, enormous, little, etc.
Age
Young, old, new, ancient, antique, etc.
Shape
Round, square, flat, straight, etc.

Color
Blue, red, white, black, dark, bright, yellowish, etc.
Origin
Italian, British, Mexican, western, southern, etc.
Material
Metal, wooden, plastic, golden, etc.
Determiners
A determiner is a word that comes before a noun to show which person or thing you are
talking about.

Examples:
A, an, the, my, your, some, any, several, enough, any.

Example sentences:
I have a red hat.
Please give me my bag.
Some people decided to leave.
She doesn't want any money.
They watched several movies.
Some people consider determiners to be a type of adjective. What's special about
determiners is that you usually can use only one determiner at a time.
Incorrect: He has the my ticket.
Correct: He has my ticket / He has the ticket.
Nouns that act like adjectives
Sometimes nouns function as adjectives. In other words, they come before another noun
and describe it.
Examples:
Sports car
Orange juice
Television station
Coffee shop
Book cover
The order of adjectives
A noun can have several adjectives describing it.
Examples:
"She bought a new red Italian table."
"He is a great, successful father."
There are certain rules on the correct order of those adjectives.
This is the order you should generally follow:

Determiner -> opinion -> size -> age -> shape -> color
-> origin -> material -> a word describing purpose/function

Examples:
A nice little coffee shop
(Determiner -> opinion -> size -> purpose/function word)
My huge new swimming pool
(Determiner -> size -> age -> purpose/function word)
Several Chinese plastic cups
(Determiner -> origin -> material)
The round yellow ball
(Determiner -> shape -> color)
Adjectives of the same type:
When you have several adjectives of the same type, you should separate them with commas
or a conjunction (and, but).
Examples:
A cheap, good meal
A happy, smart man
The beautiful, original painting
My nice and sweet cat
An expensive but important trip
Comparative adjectives
"Comparative" means "comparing something to something else."
Comparative adjective show us which thing is better, worse, stronger, weaker, and so forth.
Examples:
Better, worse, bigger, smaller, nicer, fatter, thinner, more dangerous.
Example sentences:
She is a better student than her brothers.
The test was worse than I'd expected.
You are stronger than me.
He seems healthier.
You are more beautiful than her.
Superlative adjectives
"Superlative" means "of the highest degree."
Superlative adjectives show us which thing is the best, the strongest, and so forth.
Examples:
Best, worst, strongest, smallest, cheapest, most expensive.
Example sentences:
You are my best friend.
This is the worst day of my life.
Even the smallest donation helps.
This is the most expensive restaurant I've ever heard of.
Verbs
A verb is a word or group of words that express an action or a state.

Examples:
Go, jump, sleep, eat, think, be, change, become, drive, complete.

Example sentences:
We had a nice lunch.
I think that he is right.
He drove for hours.

The word "verb" comes for the Latin word verbum, which means "word."

Auxiliary Verbs (also called "helping verbs")

Auxiliary verbs are verbs that are used together with the main verb of the sentence to
express the action or state.

Main verb + auxiliary verb = complete idea

The main auxiliary verbs are:
be, am, is, are, was, were, do, did, have, has, had.

Example sentences (the auxiliary verb is in bold, and the main verb is underlined):
They are jogging.
She was sitting.
We were waiting for hours.
Is she sleeping?
He didn't know the answer.
We have gone a long way.
Has she received any of my letters?
Do you smoke?
Will she help?

Compound Verbs
A compound verb = auxiliary verb + main verb.

Examples:
was playing, has eaten, doesn't want.

They were discussing their future.

He didn't tell us the truth.
I have finished my homework.
She will meet us there.

Stative Verbs

Stative verbs are verbs that express a state rather than an action.

Examples:
be, seem, love, own, want, sound, have, know, understand.

Examples sentences:
She is a great wife.
He seems rather strange.
He wanted to see you.
That sounds awesome!
We have enough things to do.

Stative verbs are usually not used in the progressive tenses.

Examples:
Incorrect: He is wanting to see you.
Correct: He wants to see you.

Incorrect: I am knowing what to do.

Correct: I know what to do.
Incorrect: They are seeming nice.
Correct: They seem nice.

However, if the same verb is used to describe an actual action (not a state), then it can be
used in the progressive tenses.

Example:
When the verb "have" means "own" – it is a state. So we do not use it in the progressive
tenses.

Incorrect: I am having a laptop.

Correct: I have a laptop.

When the verb "have" means "eat" – it is an actual action. So we can use it in the
progressive tenses.

Correct: I am having lunch with Kate.

Correct: I have lunch with Kate.

Dynamic Verbs
Dynamic verbs are the opposite of stative verbs. They express a real action.

Examples:
Jump, swim, catch, write, call, sleep, hit, open, speak.

Example sentences:
They swam to the other side.
She hit me on the head!
Open the window, please.

The dynamic verbs can be used in the progressive tenses.

Correct: He is drinking water.

Correct: He drinks water.

Regular Verbs
Regular verbs are verbs that follow this rule:
Past form of the verb = present form of the verb + ed / d.

Examples:
Past form of "check" = check + ed = checked.
Past form of "open" = open + ed = opened.
Past form of "bake" = bake + d = baked.

There are certain rules to adding "d" or "ed" to a verb

Irregular Verbs
Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow the above rule, and there are quite a lot of them!

Examples:
Past form of "drink" = drank.
Past form of "sleep" = slept.
Past form of "bring" = brought.

Phrasal Verbs

A phrasal verb is a verb that is combined with an adverb or a preposition. The combination
creates a new meaning.

Examples:
Run = to move very quickly with your legs. ("She can run fast!")
Into = in the direction of something. ("He looked into my eyes.")
Run into = to meet someone by accident. ("I ran into Joe yesterday.")

Make = to create or do something. ("He made a lot of noise.")

Up = to a higher point. ("Look up!")
Make up = invent (a story, an excuse). ("It never happened. He made the whole thing up!")

Put = to place something somewhere. ("Could you put this upstairs?")

Up = to a higher point. ("Look up!")
With = concerning ("She is happy with her workplace.")
Put up with = to tolerate. ("I cannot put up with his behavior any more!")
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that describes or gives more information about a verb, an adjective,
another adverb, or even the entire sentence.

Adverbs usually answer the following questions:

Where? Home. ("I went home.")
When? Yesterday. ("We met yesterday.")
How? Slowly. ("The turtle moves slowly.")
How often? Sometimes. ("Sometimes it stops responding.")
How long? Temporarily. ("She is staying with us temporarily.")
How likely? Surely. ("Our team will surely win!")
To what degree? Very. ("She was very pleased.")

An adverb can describe a verb:

She runs quickly.

An adverb can describe an adjective:

She is so beautiful.
An adverb can describe another adverb:
She smokes very rarely.

An adverb can describe an entire sentence:

Naturally, you don't have to come.

The word "adverb" comes for the Latin ad- (in addition) and verbum (word).

In many cases (but not always!) adverbs have the following form:
Adjective + "-ly"

Examples:
Quick + ly = quickly
Strange + ly = strangely
Dead + ly = deadly
Sudden + ly = suddenly
Clever + ly = cleverly
Brave + ly = bravely
Real + ly = really

When an adjective ends with "y" replace the "y" with an "i":
Heavy + ly = heavi + ly = heavily
Happy + ly = happi + ly = happily

When the adjective ends with an "e" drop the "e":

True + ly = tru + ly = truly

However, there are many adverbs that do not end in "-ly":

Fast, very, hard, home, just, too, well, never, sometimes, and so forth.

We can divide English adverbs into several categories:

Adverbs of degree, adverbs of manner, adverbs of place,
adverbs of time, adverbs of frequency, adverbs of duration,
adverbs of probability, comparative adverbs and superlative adverbs.

Adverbs of degree
Adverbs of degree show us the strength or degree of the action or state. They answer the
following questions:
How much? To what degree?

Examples:
Very, highly, totally, perfectly, partially, almost.

Example sentences:
He is very concerned with you.
You are totally right.
We almost made it to the train.

Adverbs of manner
Adverbs of manner show us the way the action is done. They answer the following question:
How?

Examples:
Well, badly, nicely, slowly, loudly, quietly, happily, sadly, secretly, weakly.

Example sentences:
He handled the situation well.
She listened secretly to their conversation.
The children ran happily to their father.

Adverbs of place
Adverbs of place show us the location of the action or state. They answer the following
question:
Where?

Examples:
Home, here, there, outside, inside, away, around, anywhere, abroad, up, down, out.

Example sentences:
We are here.
He went home.
We found him outside.
She looked up.

Adverbs of time
Adverbs of time show us the time of the action or state. They answer the following question:
When?

Examples:
Now, soon, later, yesterday, tomorrow, early, before, lately, recently.

Example sentences:
Let's talk now.
I will do it later.
He promised to write back soon.
What are you doing tomorrow?
We haven't met before.
Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency show us the frequency of the action or state. They answer the
following question:
How often?

Examples:
Always, never, sometimes, often, rarely, usually, occasionally.

Example sentences:
I always brush my teeth after a meal.
We often meet and chat.
He is usually here on time.

Adverbs of duration
Adverbs of duration show us the length of the action or state.
They answer the following question:
For how long?

Examples:
Forever, constantly, temporarily, briefly.

Example sentences:
He is working there temporarily.
We spoke briefly.
I will be forever grateful.

Adverbs of probability
Adverbs of probability show us the chances for the action or state to happen. They answer
the following question:
How likely?

Examples:
Certainly, maybe, probably, possibly, surely.

Example sentences:
She will certainly forget about it.
Maybe we'll come after all.
It will probably not work.
Surely you are not serious!

Comparative adverbs
"Comparative" means "comparing something to something else."

Comparative adverbs show us which action or state is better, worse, stronger, weaker, and
so forth.
Examples:
more, less, better, worse, faster, slower, farther, closer.

Example sentences:
Maggie works out more seriously than Donna.
She eats less than her friends.
You are better than this.
We couldn't go slower even if we wanted to.
Let's get closer.

Superlative adverbs
"Superlative" means "of the highest degree."

Superlative adverbs show us which action or state is the best, the strongest, and so forth.

Examples:
Best, most, least, worst, strongest, fastest, slowest.

Example sentences:
He knows best.
It was the most boring experience.
He shouted the loudest so he won.
He ran the slowest so he lost.