DYNAMICS ACCELERATION

Branch of mechanics which deals with the

state of motion of particles and bodies under
the action of forces.

Two Branches of Dynamics

1. Kinematics – refers to the study of motion

without reference to the forces required to
produce or maintain the motion. FORMULAS TO USE:
2. Kinetics – relates the effect of unbalanced 𝑑𝑆
1. 𝑉 = 4. 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
forces of the motion of bodies. 𝑑𝑡
1
2. 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑉 5. 𝑆 = 𝑆𝑜 + 𝑉𝑖 𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2
KINEMATICS OF A PARTICLE 𝑑𝑡

3. 𝑎𝑑𝑆 = 𝑉𝑑𝑉 6. 𝑉𝑓 2 = 𝑉𝑖 2 + 2𝑎(𝑆 − 𝑆𝑜 )

The kinematic position of a particle is
determined by three components:
EXAMPLE 1
1. Position
2. Velocity The position coordinate of a particle which is
3. Acceleration confined to move along a straight line is given
by 𝑆 = 2𝑡 3 − 24𝑡 + 6, where s is measured in
POSITION AND DISPLACEMENT meters from a convenient origin and t is in
Position - specifies the seconds. Determine the following:
location of a particle at a. The time required for the particle to reach
a given instant. a velocity of 72 m/s from its initial condition at
Displacement - t=0s.
specifies the change in b. The acceleration of the particle when the
location of a particle. velocity is 30m/s.
c. Net displacement from t = 1s to t = 4s.
- Both are vector quantities (direction d. Total distance travelled from t = 1s to t =
and magnitude). 4s.
SPEED AND VELOCITY

Velocity - is the
displacement of a
particle over time.
▪ Average velocity
▪ Instantaneous velocity

Speed - is the distance

travelled of a particle
over time.
 EXAMPLE 3

A particle travels along a straight line with an

acceleration if 𝑎 = (10 − 0.2𝑠) 𝑚/𝑠 2 , where s is
measured in meters. Determine the velocity of
the particle when s = 10m if v = 5m/s at s = 0.

EXAMPLE 4

A small projectile is fired vertically downward

into a fluid medium with an initial velocity of
60 m/s. Due to the drag resistance of the fluid
EXAMPLE 2
the projectile experiences a deceleration of 𝑎
The velocity of a particle moving along the x- = (−0.4𝑣 3 ) 𝑚/𝑠 2 , where v is on m/s. Determine
axis is given by 𝑣 = 𝑠 3 − 4𝑠 2 + 7𝑠 where s is in the projectile's velocity and position 4 sec
meters and v is in m/s. Determine the after it is fired.
acceleration when s=2 meters.

SOLUTION:
EXAMPLE 5 CURVILINEAR AND PROJECTILE MOTION

During a test, a rocket travels upward at 75m/s Curvilinear motion - occurs when a particle
and when it is 40 m from the ground its engine moves along a curved path.
fails.
- While it can be generally described
a. Determine the maximum height 𝑠𝐵 with vector quantities, it can also be
reached by the rocket and its speed just simplified with the use of rectangular
before it hits the ground. coordinates.

While in motion the rocket is subjected to a FORMULAS TO USE:

constant downward acceleration of 9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
to gravity. Neglect the effect of air resistance.

b. Determine also the Velocity at Point C.

SOLUTION:
EXAMPLE 6 EXAMPLE 7

At instant, the horizontal position of the At time t = 0, the position vector of a particle
weather balloon in the figure below is defined moving in the x-y plane is r = 5i meters. By time
by x = 8t feet, where t is in seconds. If the t = 0.02s, its position vector has become 5.1i
equation of the path is y = 𝑥 2 /10, determine + 0.4j meters. Determine the magnitude of the
the magnitude and direction of the velocity average velocity during this interval and the
and the acceleration when t = 2s. angle θ made by the average velocity with the
positive x-axis.

SOLUTION:

EXAMPLE 8

If the velocity of a particle is defined as 𝑣 𝑡 =

1
(0.8𝑡 2 𝑖 + 12𝑡 2 𝑗 + 5𝑘) m/s, determine the
magnitude and coordinate direction angles
Alpha, Beta, Gamma of the particle’s
acceleration when t=2sec.
 PROJECTILE MOTION EXAMPLE 9

- The free-flight motion of a projectile is A sack slides off the ramp as shown, with a
often studied in terms of its horizontal velocity of 12m/s. If the height of
rectangular components. the ramp is 6m from the floor, determine the
time needed for the sack to strike the floor and
the range R where the sacks begin to pile up.

FORMULAS TO USE:

−FOR x:

1. 𝑉𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
SOLUTION:
2. 𝑆𝑥 = 𝑆𝑜𝑥 + 𝑉𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡

3. ∆𝑆𝑥 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑡
∆𝑆
4. 𝑡 = 𝑉 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑥
𝑜

−FOR y:
1. 𝑉𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝑔𝑡
1
2. 𝑉𝑦 2 = (𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 − 2𝑔(𝑉𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 )
1
3. 𝑆𝑦 = 𝑆𝑜𝑦 + 𝑉𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 EXAMPLE 10
1
4. ∆𝑆𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑡 − 2 𝑔𝑡 2 The chipping machine is designed to eject
wood chips at 𝑉𝑜 =25ft/s as shown in the figure.
∆𝑆 2
1
5. 𝑆𝑦 = 𝑆𝑜𝑦 + 𝑉𝑜 ∆𝑆𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 − 2 𝑔 𝑉 2𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑥 If the tube is oriented at 30 degrees from the
2𝜃
𝑜
horizontal, determine how high, h, the chips
strike the pile if at this instant they land on the
pile 20ft from the tube.
SOLUTION:

EXAMPLE 11

A team of engineering students designs a

medium-size catapult which launches 8-lb
steel spheres. The launch speed is
𝑉𝑜 =80ft/sec, the launch angle is θ=35 degrees
above the horizontal, and the launch position
is 6ft above the ground level. The students use
an athletic field with an adjoining slop topped
by an 8-ft fence as shown. Determine:

a. The time duration of the flight.

b. The x-y coordinates of the point of first
impact.
c. The maximum height h above the
horizontal field attained by the ball.
d. The velocity (expressed as a vector) with
which the projectile strikes the ground.
 KINETICS OF A PARTICLE FORCE-MASS-ACCELERATION METHOD

Kinetics - is a branch of dynamics that deals • When more than one force acts on a
with the relationship between the change in particle, the resultant force is
motion of a body and the forces that cause determined by a vector summation of
this change. all the forces.

- The basis for kinetics is Newton's EQUATIONS OF MOTION

second law, which states that when an
unbalanced force acts on a particle,
the particle will accelerate in the
direction of the force with magnitude
that is proportional to the force.

GENERAL APPROACHES IN KINETICS

1. FORCE-MASS-ACCELERATION METHOD EXAMPLE 1

- Newton's 2nd Law directly related to The 50-kg crate shown in the figure rests on a
forces and acceleration. horizontal surface for which the coefficient of
- Best used when acceleration or the kinetic friction is 𝜇𝑘 = 0.3. If the crate is
value of a force at an instant is desired. subjected to a 400-N towing force as shown,
2. WORK AND ENERGY PRINCIPLES determine the velocity of the crate in 3 s
starting from rest.
- Newton's 2nd Law integrated with
respect to position to get the principle
of work energy.

3. IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM METHOD

- Newton's 2nd law integrated with

respect to time to get the principle of
SOLUTION:
linear impulse and momentum.
- Best used when velocity of the body for
two different instants are to be related
and the forces involved can be related
as functions of time.
- Good for studying collisions between
bodies and variable mass systems.
EXAMPLE 2 SOLUTION:

A 10-kg projectile is fired vertically upward

from the ground, with an initial velocity of 50
m/s as shown in the figure. Determine the
maximum height to which it will travel if

(a) atmospheric resistance is neglected; and

(b) atmospheric resistance is measured as
FD=0.01𝑣 2 N, where v is the speed of the
projectile at any instant, measured in m/s.

EXAMPLE 4

The spring has a stiffness k = 200 N/m and is

unstretched when the 25-kg block is at A.
SOLUTION: Determine the acceleration of the block when
s = 0.4m. The contact surface between the
block and the plane is smooth.

SOLUTION:
EXAMPLE 3

The motor winds in the cable with a constant

acceleration, such that the 20kg crate moves
a distance s= 6m in 3s, starting from rest.
Determine the tension developed in the cable.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
crate and the plane is 𝜇𝑘 = 0.3.
 PRINCIPLES OF WORK AND ENERGY

• The principle of work and energy is

used to solve kinetic problems that
involve velocity, force, and
displacement.

FORMULAS TO USE:

Σ𝑈1−2 = 𝑇2 − 𝑇1

−FOR SLIDING:
1 1
𝑈 = 2 𝑚𝑣2 2 − 2 𝑚𝑣1 2
EXAMPLE 2
−FOR LIFTING:
The 200N block reaches a velocity of 12m/s in
𝑈 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ 40m starting from rest due to a 100N force.
−FOR SPRING: Compute the coefficient of friction between
the block and the floor.
1 1
𝑈 = 𝑘𝑠2 2 − 𝑘𝑠1 2
2 2
SOLUTION:
EXAMPLE 1

The 10-kg block shown in the figure rests on

the smooth incline. If the spring is originally
stretched 0.5 m, determine the total work
done by all the forces acting on the block
when a horizontal force P = 400 N pushes the
block up the plane s = 2 m.

SOLUTION:
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4

For a short time, the crane in the figure lifts the The platform P, shown in the figure below (a),
2.50-Mg beam with a force of F = (28 + 3𝑠 2 ) kN. has negligible mass and is tied down so that
Determine the speed of the beam when it has the 0.4-m-long cords keep a 1-m-long spring
risen s = 3 m. Also, how much time does it take compressed 0.6 m when nothing is on the
to attain this height starting from rest? platform. If a 2-kg block is placed on the
platform and released from rest after the
SOLUTION:
platform is pushed down 0.1 m, figure (b),
determine the maximum height h the block
rises in the air, measured from the ground.

SOLUTION:
 PRINCIPLES OF IMPULSE AND EXAMPLE 1
MOMENTUM AND PLANAR The 100-kg crate shown in the figure below is
KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES originally at rest on the smooth horizontal
surface. If a towing force of 200 N, acting at an
PRINCIPLE OF IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM
angle of 45°, is applied for 10 s, determine the
• The principle of linear impulse and final velocity and the normal force which the
momentum is obtained from a time surface exerts on the crate during this time
integration of the equation of motion. interval.
• The principle of linear impulse and
momentum is obtained from a time
integration of the equation of motion.

FORMULAS TO USE:

−FOR IMPULSE SOLUTION:

−FOR CONSERVATION OF LINEAR

MOMENTUM

−FOR COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION

wherein,
EXAMPLE 2 EXAMPLE 3

The bodies shown move toward each other A 0.60N bullet with a velocity of 360 m/sec
with the velocities indicated. If the coefficient strikes a 90N block of wood moving with a
of restitution e = 0.75, determine the resulting velocity of 10m/s in a direction opposite that
velocity of each body after impact. of the bullet. If the bullet embeds itself in the
block, determine their resulting velocity.

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:

−𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚:

−𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚:

−𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:

−2 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠, 2 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠:
 PLANAR KINEMATICS OF RIGID BODIES EXAMPLE 4

PLANAR RIGID BODY MOTION A cord is wrapped around a wheel in the figure,
Types of Rigid Body Planar Motion: which is initially at rest when θ=0. If a force is
applied to the cord and gives it an
1. Translation
acceleration a = (4t) m/𝑠 2 , where t is in
2. Rotation about a Fixed Axis
seconds, determine, as a function of time, (a)
3. General Plane Motion
the angular velocity of the wheel, and (b) the
angular position of line OP in radians.

equivalent:
SOLUTION:

FORMULAS TO USE:
EXAMPLE 5 SOLUTION:

A point on the rim of a rotating flywheel

changes its speed from 1.5m/s to 9m/s while
it moves 60m. If the radius of the wheel is 1m,
what are the normal, tangential, absolute
acceleration at the instant when the speed is
6m/s.

SOLUTION:

EXAMPLE 6

The rotation of a pulley is defined by the

relation θ = 2𝑡 4 – 30𝑡 2 + 6 where θ = rad and t
= sec 1.

1. Compute the value of angular

displacement θ when t = 4s 2.
2. Compute the value of angular velocity at
the instant t = 4s 3.
3. Compute the value of angular
acceleration at the instant t = 4s