Galvanometer construction and working pdf

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The galvanometer, a crucial device, detects small current and voltage or measures their magnitude. It's mainly employed in bridges and potentiometers where it indicates null deflection or zero current. The galvanometer's construction comprises a moving coil, suspension, and permanent magnet. The moving coil is the current-carrying part, with fine
copper wire wrapped around it. It's suspended by a flat ribbon, which carries the current to the coil. A small mirror attached to the suspension casts a beam of light onto a scale measuring deflection. A torsion head controls the coil's position and adjusts the zero setting. The galvanometer has various applications: detecting direction of current flow,
determining null points in circuits, measuring currents, and determining voltage between circuit points. When an electric current flows through the moving coil, it experiences torque, expressed as a force on each side. The deflecting torque becomes proportional to the constant NBA. The controlling torque exerted by the suspension at deflection θF is
K × θF. For small deflection angles, the deflection is expressed as the product of radius and angle turned. The reflected beam turns through an angle 2θF, shown in the figure below. The equation 1000 Χ 2θF = 2000 Gi / K in millimetre demonstrates this relationship. The galvanometer's shunt resistance is connected in parallel, where the voltage
difference between the voltage and shunt resistance are equal. The shunt current (Is) is very small compared to the supply current. To convert a galvanometer into a voltmeter, high resistance is added in series with the circuit, and the range depends on the value of this connected resistance. A galvanometer is a sensitive instrument that measures
small currents and voltages, often used for detecting low electrical values. There are various types of galvanometers classified based on usage (ballistic or deadbeat), construction (moving coil or magnet), and supply current type (DC or AC). The permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) galvanometer is the most commonly used type today. It operates
by experiencing a magnetic torque when a current-carrying coil is placed in a magnetic field, using the principle of force on a conductor in a magnetic field. A galvanometer consists of a strong horseshoe magnet, moving coil, iron core, suspension system, damping system, indication part, and zero adjustments. The moving coil is suspended between
the magnet's pole pieces with an iron core to provide a low reluctance path for the magnetic flux. The suspension system allows the moving coil to rotate freely about its vertical axis within the radial magnetic field. The moving coil galvanometer consists of a single fine strip made up of phosphor-bronze serving as one lead of the coil, while the other
lead is a loosely coiled spiral wire leading downwards from the bottom of the coil called lower suspension. Some galvanometers require perfect leveling to prevent the coils from rubbing against the magnet's poles or iron core, whereas others use taut suspensions with straight strips kept under tension. Eddy current damping is used in this type of
system, where the eddy current developed in the metal former present on which the coil is mounted produces the damping torque. A small mirror attached to the suspension reflects a beam of light cast through a glass window in the instrument's outer brass case onto the scale, typically 1 meter away from the mirror. For adjusting the coil position
and zero settings, a torsion head is provided. When a current 'i' flows through the coil with 'n' turns and area 'A', placed in a uniform magnetic field 'B', a torque experiences the coil. The deflecting torque of the coil is given by NBiA, while the restoring torque developed in the suspension fiber is Cɵ, where ɵ is the angle of twist and C is the torsional
constant. When the coil reaches equilibrium, the deflecting and restoring torques are equal, leading to a linear relationship between 'i' and ɵ. This linear relationship makes moving coil galvanometers useful for current measurement and detection. The sensitivity of the moving coil galvanometer can be defined as the ratio of dɵ/di, representing how
much the deflection changes when the current changes by an amount di. There are four types of sensitivities in a moving coil galvanometer: current sensitivity, voltage sensitivity, megohm sensitivity, and ballistic sensitivity. Current sensitivity refers to the change in deflection of the coil for a given change in current flowing through it, making it an
essential parameter for determining the galvanometer's performance. A galvanometer's sensitivity is defined as the ratio of its deflection to the current flowing through it. The formula for current sensitivity, Si, is given as Si = θ / i = NBA / c, where B is magnetic induction, C is torsional constant, A is coil area, N is number of turns, and θ is deflection.
Voltage sensitivity, Sv, is defined as the deflection per unit voltage applied, which can be expressed as Sv = θ / v = θ / (iR), since v = iR. Given that θ / i represents current sensitivity, Si, then Sv can also be represented as Sv = Si / R = NBA / RC. The factors affecting the sensitivity of a moving coil galvanometer include an increase in magnetic
induction, a decrease in torsional constant, an increase in coil area, and an increase in the number of turns. Additionally, terms like megohm sensitivity and ballistic sensitivity are defined within this context. Megohm sensitivity refers to the resistance required for a deflection of one scale division on impressing 1v. Ballistic sensitivity is defined as the
first maximum deflection caused by a unit charge suddenly passed through the galvanometer. Accuracy in moving coil galvanometers is discussed, with accuracy being maximized when the relative error in current measurement is minimal. The relationship between errors in current and deflection measurements is established, leading to the
conclusion that high accuracy is achieved when the value of θ (deflection) is large for a given value of dθ (error in deflection). Lastly, D'Arsonval Galvanometer is highlighted as a widely used instrument for current/voltage detection and measurement. Its construction involves a suspended coil moving within an air gap between pole pieces, with
damping torque provided by eddy currents in the non-magnetic former. The motion of the coil enables efficient damping, making the instrument dead beat. Damping can also be achieved by adjusting a low resistance across the galvanometer. The coil is suspended using phosphor bronze filaments that act as leads. Adjusting these resistances allows
for control over sensitivity and deflection. In a D’Arsonval Galvanometer, when current flows through the coil, it rotates due to a deflecting torque proportional to flux density, current, and coil dimensions. Suspension filaments apply controlling forces, causing the pointer to stop at equilibrium. The amount of deflection indicates current magnitude on
a calibrated scale. For improved sensitivity, some galvanometers feature mirrors with light beams reflected onto glass scales. However, these instruments require careful handling due to weak upper and lower suspensions. A torsion head facilitates coil adjustment and zero setting. To convert the D’Arsonval Galvanometer into an ammeter or
voltmeter, a small resistance (shunt) is connected in parallel for current measurement, while a high resistance (multiplier) is added in series for voltage measurement.