FINAL REVISION

UNIT 1
1. Past perfect
The past perfect tense is used to describe an action that happened before another
action in the past.
The action happened before ⇒ past perfect
The action happened after ⇒ simple past

Exercise: Choose the correct option to complete the sentences with the past
perfect tense.

1. By the time the movie started, we ___ all our popcorn.

A. ate

B. eat

C. had eaten

D. have eaten

2. She realized she ___ her keys at home when she arrived at the office.

A. left

B. leaves

C. had left
 D. has left

3. They ___ to the museum before it closed for renovations.

A. go

B. went

C. had gone

D. have gone

4. After he ___ the book, he returned it to the library.

A. read

B. reads

C. had read

D. has read

5. The team celebrated because they ___ the championship.

A. won

B. wins

C. had won

D. have won

6. I was late for the meeting because I ___ the wrong bus.

A. take

B. took

C. had taken

D. have taken

7. When we arrived at the station, the train ___ already.

A. leaves
 B. left

C. had left

D. has left

8. She ___ dinner before her guests arrived.

A. cooked

B. cooks

C. had cooked

D. has cooked

9. They ___ to Paris several times before they moved there.

A. travel

B. traveled

C. had travelled

D. have travelled

10. He didn't know where to go because he ___ the instructions.

A. forget

B. forgot

C. had forgotten

D. has forgotten

2. Tag questions: A tag question is a short question, attached after a narrative

sentence so we can ask for information again. This is a Yes/No Question type of
question.
For example: They are students, aren't they?
Answer: Yes, they are.
Or He isn't a doctor, is he?
* NOTES:
•Use the same auxiliary verb as in the main clause to make the question ending.
 •If there is no auxiliary verb, use do, does, or did instead.
•If the main clause is affirmative, the ending is negative and vice versa.
•The tense of the verb in the ending must match the tense of the verb in the main
clause.
•The subject of the main clause and the double are the same.
•The pronoun at the end must always be in the subject form.
•If the ending is in the negative form, it is often shortened (n’t). If not shortened, it
must be in the following order: auxiliary verb + S + not?

Exercise: Choose the correct tag question to complete each sentence.

1. She's your sister, ___?

A. isn't she B. is she C. doesn't she D. wasn't she
2. They won't be late, ___?
A. aren't they B. will they C. won't they D. are they
3. You like coffee, ___?
A. don't you B. do you C. won't you D. didn't you
4. He wasn't at the meeting, ___?
A. isn't he B. was he C. weren't he D. wasn't he
5. She can drive, ___?
A. can't she B. can she C. doesn't she D. isn't she
6. We should go now, ___?
A. will we B. shouldn't we C. shouldn't you D. shall we
7. They have seen that movie, ___?
A. didn't they B. don't they C. haven't they D. have they
8. You haven't eaten lunch yet, ___?
A. have you B. do you C. haven't you D. had you
9. It’s raining, ___?
A. isn't it B. doesn't it C. won't it D. is it
10. She speaks French, ___?
A. doesn't she B. does she C. isn't she D. didn't she

UNIT 2

1. MUST

Must is used to express an obligation, or duty or give an order in the present and future
tense. Ex: You must obey this neighbourhood’s rules and not make noise after 10 o’clock.
Besides, Must also acts as a noun meaning "something that must be done".
Ex: If you are visiting somewhere for the first time, a high-quality map is a must.

1.1. Must + V

1.2. Must + be

1.3. Mustn't (Must not)

a. Forbid others from doing something
Ex: You must not cross the road while the traffic light is red.
b.Talk about an unacceptable event or situation
Ex: There must not be any spelling and grammatical mistakes in your formal email.

2. HAVE TO

MUST HAVE TO EXAMPLE

“Must” expresses the “Have to” expresses a ● You must do this

speaker's opinions and general opinion, not leaning now: Tôi yêu cầu
feelings towards any side bạn phải làm việc
này ngay.
● You have to do this
now: Quy định bắt
buộc bạn phải làm
việc này ngay.

when expressing an when expressing an ● I had to send the

obligation or duty at the obligation or duty in the past Director these
present or future documents yesterday
morning
Ex: I must send the Director
these documents now. ● I will have to send
the Director these
documents
tomorrow.

Mustn't expresses Don't have to means "it is ● You mustn’t drive

prohibition or compulsion not necessary to do (Bạn không được
anything" phép lái xe).
● You don’t have to
drive (Bạn không
cần phải lái xe đâu)

Exercise: Fill in “must, mustn't, have to, don't have to” in the blank boxes

1. Every player in a football team __________ have a number.

2. You ___________ forget his birthday again.

3. Doctors sometimes ___________ work at the weekend.

4. Nowadays in Spain pupils ____ learn Latin at school.

 5. You __________ smoke in public places.

6. My wife __________ go to work today. It’s a holiday.

7. You _________ shout. I can hear you.

8. We ___________ be quiet in the library.

9. You __________ use a computer on the plane.

10. She ___________ come to the dentist with me.

3. MAY & MIGHT

When we want to talk about possible situations in the future (or sometimes in the present or
in the past), we use 'may,' 'might,' or 'maybe.' These words indicate uncertainty and do not
imply complete confidence.
3.1. May and Might
Both 'may' and 'might' can be used to express possibility. There is only a subtle difference in
usage: 'might' sometimes implies slightly less certainty than 'may,' but in casual usage, they
are often interchangeable. Besides, we also use “may” and “might” when asking for
permission.
Structure: S + may/might + V0
Examples:
- She may come to the party tonight if she finishes her work.
- They might go on vacation this summer, but they haven't decided yet.
3.2. Maybe: 'Maybe' is an adverb and typically starts a sentence when expressing possibility.
It is less formal and is usually interchangeable with 'perhaps.'
Structure: Maybe + clause
Examples:
- Maybe we will get a bonus this year if the company performs well.
- Maybe he missed the train, which is why he’s late.
Usage Tips:
- Use may and might directly before the verb when you want to sound more
formal or structured.
- Use maybe at the beginning of a sentence when speaking informally or casually.
Comparison:
- 'May/Might': 'We may/might go to the concert if there are tickets available.'
- 'Maybe': 'Maybe we will go to the concert if there are tickets available.'

Exercise 1: Complete each sentence with may, might, or maybe.

1. ________ she will join us for dinner if she finishes her project on time.
2. They ________ visit Japan next year if they save enough money.
3. ________ I borrow your pen, please?
4. We ________ go hiking this weekend, depending on the weather.
 5. ________ he left his phone at home, which is why he isn’t answering.
6. I ________ start a new job soon, but I’m still waiting for confirmation.
7. ________ we should call and check if they are open today.
8. She ________ not come to the meeting because she’s feeling sick.

Exercise 2: Choose the correct answer.

1. ________ we should leave early to avoid traffic.

o a) May
o b) Might
o c) Maybe
2. They ________ come to the wedding if they can find a babysitter.
o a) may
o b) maybe
o c) might
3. ________ I sit here?
o a) May
o b) Maybe
o c) Might
4. ________ you can meet us at the restaurant if you finish work on time.
o a) May
o b) Maybe
o c) Might
5. ________ we will watch a movie tonight if we feel like it.
o a) May
o b) Maybe
o c) Might
UNIT 3: CAUSATIVE
1.Causative: expressing one person persuades or causes someone to do something

2. Passive Causative: you pay for the service

a. Have + object + past participle

● Example: She had her car washed.

● Meaning: She arranged for someone to wash her car.

b. Get + object + past participle (less formal, more conversational than using “have")

● Example: He got his hair cut.

● Meaning: He arranged for someone to cut his hair.

General Guidelines

Formality:

● Use "have" in formal contexts.

○ Example: She had her legal documents reviewed by a lawyer.
● Use "get" in informal contexts.
○ Example: He got his car washed at the new place.

Effort/Challenge:

● Use "get" if there's a sense of effort, difficulty, or personal initiative.

○ Example: They finally got their visa approved.
● Use "have" for straightforward, routine tasks.
○ Example: They had their windows cleaned by a service.
Professional Services:

● Both can be used, but "have" is more common.

○ Example: I had/got my eyes checked by an optometrist.

Tone and Nuance:

● "Have" is neutral and suitable for general use.

○ Example: I had the report printed.
● "Get" adds a personal touch or informality.
○ Example: I got my phone fixed.

Exercise A: Choose the correct causative verb to complete each sentence.

1. The manager ___ the team stay late to finish the project.
A. got B. let C. made D. helped
2. She ___ her brother to take out the trash.
A. made B. had C. let D. got
3. They ___ us use their car for the weekend.
A. made B. had C. let D. got
4. The teacher ___ the students solve the problems on the board.
A. got B. helped C. let D. made
5. He ___ his assistant book the tickets for him.
A. let B. had C. got D. made
6. I ___ my friend fix his bike.
A. had B. made C. helped D. got
7. We ___ the gardener to plant new flowers in the garden.
A. let B. had C. made D. got
8. She ___ her children eat their vegetables.
A. got B. made C. let D. helped
9. The coach ___ the players practice every day.
A. got B. let C. had D. made
10. They ___ us find a good restaurant in the area.
A. made B. let C. got D. helped

Exercise B: Choose the correct option to complete each sentence using the passive
causative structure.

1. She ___ her phone repaired after it broke.

A. had B. got
2. We ___ the house cleaned by a professional service.
A. had B. got
3. He ___ his watch fixed at the mall. A. had B. got
 4. They ___ their documents translated for the meeting.
A. had B. got
5. I ___ my hair cut yesterday.
A. had B. got

UNIT 4: NOUN CLAUSE

Exercise: Rewrite the sentences by replacing the underlined part with a noun clause.

1. The truth is surprising.

=>

2. His reason for being late was unclear.

=>
3. Her job is a mystery to everyone.
=>
4. Her thoughts on the matter are important.
=>
5. The place they chose for the meeting was convenient.
=>
6. Her response to the news was unexpected.
=>
7. Their reason for moving was unknown.
=>
8. The moment of his arrival surprised us.
=>
UNIT 5: REPORTED SPEECH
Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is a way of reporting what someone else has
said without quoting their exact words. In reported speech, the structure and pronouns often
change, and the tense of the verbs may need to be adjusted according to the context.

REPORTED SPEECH: IMPERATIVES (CÂU TRẦN THUẬT MỆNH LỆNH)

In reported speech, imperatives (commands, requests, or advice) change in structure. Instead
of keeping the imperative form, we typically use verbs like ask, tell, advise, or urge along
with the to-infinitive form of the verb. If the imperative is negative (a command not to do
something), we use "not to."

Structure:

• Direct Speech: "Verb (imperative) ..."

• Reported Speech: [Subject] + [reporting verb] + to-infinitive

Common Reporting Verbs:

• tell (often for commands)

• ask (often for requests)
• advise (often for advice)
• urge (for strong advice or encouragement)

Examples

1. Commands
o Direct Speech: "Close the door."
o Reported Speech: He told me to close the door.
2. Requests
o Direct Speech: "Please sit down."
o Reported Speech: She asked me to sit down.
3. Advice
o Direct Speech: "Take an umbrella with you."
o Reported Speech: He advised me to take an umbrella with me.
4. Negative Commands
o Direct Speech: "Don’t touch the stove."
o Reported Speech: She told the child not to touch the stove.
5. Suggestions
o Direct Speech: "Try to arrive early."
o Reported Speech: He suggested trying to arrive early.
Key Changes in Reported Speech (TENSE)

1. Pronoun Changes:
○ Direct: He said, "I am tired."
○ Reported: He said that he was tired.
2. Tense Changes (see more in the PDF file uploaded in COURSES): ○ Present Simple
to Past Simple:
■ Direct: She says, "I like ice cream." ■
Reported: She said that she liked ice cream.
○ Present Continuous to Past Continuous:
■ Direct: He says, "I am reading a book." ■
Reported: He said that he was reading a book.
○ Present Perfect to Past Perfect:
■ Direct: She says, "I have finished my homework." ■
Reported: She said that she had finished her homework.
○ Past Simple to Past Perfect:
■ Direct: He said, "I saw the movie." ■ Reported:
He said that he had seen the movie.
3. Time and Place Changes:
○ Now → Then
○ Today → That day
○ Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
○ Yesterday → The previous day / The day before
○ Here → There
○ This → That
○ These → Those
4. Reporting Verbs:
○ Common reporting verbs include say, tell, ask, report, explain, and mention.
○ Tell is used when addressing someone directly (e.g., She told me that...), while
say can be more general (e.g., She said that...).

* Notes: We don’t need to change the tenses (backshifting) when talking about a
general truth/fact or a scheduled future event (like a timetable of fixed
schedule).
- General truth: a fact is always true or a well-known piece of knowledge.
Example:
Direct Speech: “Water boils at 100 degree Celsius” she said.
=> Reported Speech: She said that water boils at 100 degree Celsius.

- Scheduled future plans: if the original sentence refers to a scheduled future plan (like a train
schedule, flight time, or event with a fixed time), there is no need to backshift, as the
schedule remains valid at the present time.
Example:
Direct speech: “The train leaves at 6PM tomorrow.”
=> Reported Speech: She said that the train leaves at 6PM tomorrows.
Note:
However, if the information is no longer true at the present time or may change, backshifting
is still applied.

Example:

• Direct Speech: "I am meeting John tomorrow." (A personal plan that may change)
• Reported Speech: She said she was meeting John the next day.

Exercise 1: Choose the correct option to transform the direct speech into reported
speech.

1. "I am going to the market," she said.

A. She said that she was going to the market.
B. She said that she is going to the market.
C. She said that she will go to the market.
D. She said that I was going to the market.

2. "We will finish the project tomorrow," they said.

A. They said that we would finish the project tomorrow.
B. They said that they will finish the project the next day.
C. They said that they would finish the project the next day.
D. They said that they finish the project tomorrow.

3. "Do you like coffee?" he asked. A. He asked do you like coffee.

B. He asked if I liked coffee.
C. He asked that I like coffee.
D. He asked if I like coffee.

4. "Where did you go yesterday?" she asked.

A. She asked where did I go yesterday.
B. She asked where I had gone the day before.
C. She asked where I went yesterday.
D. She asked where had I gone the day before.

5. "Close the window," he said to her.

A. He said her to close the window.
B. He told her to close the window.
C. He asked her close the window.
D. He told her that close the window.
Exercise 2: Rewrite each command or request in reported speech. Use tell, ask, advise, or
urge as appropriate.

1. "Turn off the lights," he said to her.

2. "Please call me later," she said.
3. "Don’t walk on the grass," the sign read.
4. "Bring your own lunch," the teacher said to the students.
5. "Don’t be late for the meeting," my manager told me.
6. "Remember to take your medicine," the doctor told him.
7. "Please send the documents by tomorrow," the boss said.
8. "Don’t park here," the guard told them.
9. "Check the oil before a long trip," my father advised me.
10. "Don’t open that window," she told the children.