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CXB-3985 Quantum Coding Notes

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4 views

CXB-3985 Quantum Coding Notes

Uploaded by

zoldewyknoalnxmrlz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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### Notes for a Quantum Coding Class

---

#### **1. Introduction to Quantum Computing**


- **Quantum Computing**: A computing paradigm leveraging the principles of quantum
mechanics (e.g., superposition, entanglement) to solve complex problems.
- **Why Quantum Computing?**
- Faster solutions for problems in cryptography, optimization, and simulations.
- Solves certain problems exponentially faster than classical computers.

---

#### **2. Key Quantum Mechanics Principles**


- **Superposition**:
- A qubit can exist in a combination of states (|0⟩ and |1⟩) simultaneously.
- Analogous to a coin spinning in the air before landing on heads or tails.
- **Entanglement**:
- Qubits become interconnected such that the state of one affects the state of
another, regardless of distance.
- Enables coordinated operations in quantum systems.
- **Interference**:
- Amplifies correct solutions while canceling out incorrect ones during
computation.

---

#### **3. Quantum Bits (Qubits)**


- **Classical Bits**: Represent 0 or 1.
- **Qubits**: Represent |0⟩, |1⟩, or any quantum superposition of these states.
- **Representation**:
A qubit state is denoted as:
\[ |\psi⟩ = \alpha|0⟩ + \beta|1⟩ \]
where \(\alpha\) and \(\beta\) are complex numbers, and \(|\alpha|^2 + |\beta|^2
= 1\).

---

#### **4. Quantum Gates**


- Quantum gates manipulate qubits, similar to logic gates in classical computing.
- Common gates:
- **Pauli-X Gate**: Flips |0⟩ to |1⟩ and vice versa.
- **Hadamard Gate (H)**: Creates superposition.
- **CNOT Gate**: Entangles two qubits.
- **Phase Gates**: Modify the phase of qubits.

| Gate | Matrix Representation |


|-------|-----------------------------------------------|
| X | \(\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}\) |
| H | \(\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & -1 \end{bmatrix}\) |

---

#### **5. Quantum Algorithms**


- **Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT)**:
- Basis of many quantum algorithms (e.g., Shor's algorithm).
- **Shor's Algorithm**:
- Factorizes large integers, breaking RSA encryption.
- **Grover's Algorithm**:
- Searches unsorted databases quadratically faster than classical algorithms.
- **Quantum Teleportation**:
- Transfers a qubit's state from one location to another using entanglement.

---

#### **6. Tools and Frameworks for Quantum Coding**


- **Qiskit (IBM)**:
- Python-based framework for writing quantum programs.
- Example:
```python
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit
qc = QuantumCircuit(2)
qc.h(0) # Apply Hadamard gate
qc.cx(0, 1) # Apply CNOT gate
qc.measure_all()
print(qc)
```
- **Cirq (Google)**:
- Focused on near-term quantum computers.
- **Pennylane**:
- Combines quantum computing with machine learning.
- **Quipper**:
- Functional programming language for quantum computing.

---

#### **7. Hands-On Coding Exercise**


- **Objective**: Create a Bell state (entangled state).
- Step 1: Initialize two qubits in state |0⟩.
- Step 2: Apply a Hadamard gate to qubit 1.
- Step 3: Apply a CNOT gate with qubit 1 as control and qubit 2 as target.
- Step 4: Measure both qubits.

Example in Qiskit:
```python
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, Aer, execute

# Create a quantum circuit with 2 qubits and 2 classical bits


qc = QuantumCircuit(2, 2)

# Apply Hadamard gate on qubit 0


qc.h(0)

# Apply CNOT gate


qc.cx(0, 1)

# Measure the qubits


qc.measure([0, 1], [0, 1])

# Simulate the circuit


simulator = Aer.get_backend('qasm_simulator')
result = execute(qc, simulator).result()
counts = result.get_counts()

print("Result:", counts)
```

---
#### **8. Quantum Error Correction**
- Qubits are prone to errors due to decoherence and noise.
- Error correction codes (e.g., Shor code, surface code) protect quantum
information.

---

#### **9. Quantum Computing Challenges**


- **Hardware Limitations**: Limited number of stable qubits.
- **Decoherence**: Loss of quantum state over time.
- **Scalability**: Challenges in building large-scale quantum systems.

---

#### **10. Future of Quantum Computing**


- **Quantum Supremacy**: Achieving tasks beyond the capability of classical
computers.
- **Applications**:
- Cryptography (quantum-resistant algorithms).
- Drug discovery (molecular simulations).
- Optimization (logistics, finance).

---

#### **11. Resources for Learning**


- **Books**:
- *Quantum Computation and Quantum Information* by Nielsen and Chuang.
- *Programming Quantum Computers* by Eric Johnston et al.
- **Courses**:
- Qiskit Textbook: [Qiskit.org](https://qiskit.org/learn)
- Coursera: Quantum Computing Basics.
- **Simulators**:
- IBM Quantum Experience (free cloud-based quantum computer).
- Google Cirq Simulators.

---

Let me know if you'd like more exercises or additional topics covered!

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