Inheritance (cont.

Vũ Thị Hồng Nhạn

([email protected])

Dept. of Software Engineering, UET

Vietnam National Univ., Hanoi

Abstract classes in Java
 Abstract class & method
 Goal: hiding the internal implementation of the features and
only showing the functionality to the users

 There are some related classes that need to share some lines of
code, so these lines of codes can be put within abstract class

 this abstract class should be extended by all these related classes

 can include abstract method

 But, abstract method must be overridden in the inherited classes

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Cannot create an object of an abstract class
abstract class Shape {
protected int x, y;
Shape(int x1, int y1) {
x = x1; y = y1;
}
}
class Circle extends Shape
{ ...
}

Shape s = new Shape(10, 10) // compile error

Shape s = new Circle();

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Constructor of abstract class is called

when creating an object of inherited class

abstract class MyBase {
MyBase() { System.out.println(“MyBaseClass Constructor called"); }
abstract void fun();
}
class DerivedClass extends MyBase {
DerivedClass() { System.out.println("DerivedClass Constructor called"); }
void fun() { System.out.println("DerivedClass fun() called"); }
}

class Main {
public static void main(String args[]) {
DerivedClass d = new DerivedClass();
Output:
}
} MyBaseClass Constructor called
DerivedClass Constructor called

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Example
import java.io.*;
abstract class Shape {

String objectName = " ";

Shape(String name) {
this.objectName = name;
}

public void moveTo(int x, int y) {

System.out.println(this.objectName + " " + "has been moved to"
+ " x = " + x + " and y = " + y);
}

// abstract methods which will be

// implemented by its subclass(es)
abstract public double area();
abstract public void draw();
}

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Example…
class Rectangle extends Shape{

int length, width;

// constructor
Rectangle(int length, int width, String name) {
super(name);
this.length = length;
this.width = width;
}

@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Rectangle has been drawn ");
}

@Override
public double area() {
return (double)(length*width);
}
}
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Example…
class Circle extends Shape {
double pi = 3.14; int radius;

//constructor
Circle(int radius, String name) {
super(name);
this.radius = radius;
}
@Override
public void draw() {
System.out.println("Circle has been drawn "); }

@Override
public double area() {
return (double)((pi*radius*radius)/2); }
}

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Example…
class MAIN{
public static void main (String[] args) {

// creating the Object of Rectangle class

// and using shape class reference.
Shape rect = new Rectangle(2,3, "Rectangle");
System.out.println("Area of rectangle: " + rect.area());
rect.moveTo(1,2);

System.out.println(" ");

// creating the Objects of circle class

Shape circle = new Circle(2, "Cicle");
System.out.println("Area of circle: " + circle.area());
circle.moveTo(2,4);
}
}

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Access modifiers in Java
 Example
Person Employee e = new Employee();
-name ...
-birthday
+setName()
e.setName("John");
+getName() e.setSalary(3.0);
+setBirthday()
System.out.print(e.getName());
extend
Employee
-salary
+setSalary()
+getDetail()

2024-10-23 Kế thừa 11
 Accessing members of the base class from subclass

Person
-name
-birthday
+setName()
class Employee extends Person { +getName()
... +setBirthday()
public String getDetail() { extend
String s;
Employee
s = name + "," + birthday; -salary
//s = getName() + "," + getBirthday(); +setSalary()
s += "," + salary; +getDetail()
return s;
}
}
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 Access modifiers
 Help restrict the scope of a class, constructor, variable, method,
or data member

 Four types of access modifiers in java

1. default: no keyword required

2. private

3. protected

4. public

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Example

in the same package

public class Person {
Date birthday; default
String name;
...
}

public class Employee extends Person {

...
public String getDetail() {
String s;
s = name + "," + birthday;
s += "," + salary;
return s;
}
}

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 The protected access modifier
 The method or data members declared as protected are
accessible within
 same package
 or sub classes in different packages

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Example: in same package

public class Person {

protected Date birthday;
protected String name;
...
}

public class Employee extends Person {

...
public String getDetail() {
String s;
s = name + "," + birthday;
s += "," + salary;
return s;
}
}
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Example

in different packages
package abc;
public class Person {
protected Date birthday;
protected String name;
...
}

import abc.Person;
public class Employee extends Person {
...
public String getDetail() {
String s;
s = name + "," + birthday;
s += "," + salary;
return s;
}
}
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 4 types of access modifiers…

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Casting objects
 Upcasting vs. Downcasting
 Java allows an object of a subclass to
be treated as an object of any super
class

 This is called upcasting

 Upcasting is done automatically

 Downcasting is also allowed but it

must be done manually

 But upcasting & downcasting are

not like casting primitive data types

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 Upcasting
 Cat & Dog are both Mammals, which parent
extends from Animal, which
automatically extends from Object

 in Java, everything is an Object except children

primitives

 Is a Cat an Object?

 Yes, because by inheritance Cat gets all

the properties its ancestors have

 Cat is also an Animal and a Mammal too

Animal hierarchy

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Upcasting: example

class Animal {
int health = 100;
}
class Mammal extends Animal { }
class Cat extends Mammal { }
class Dog extends Mammal { }

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Cat c = new Cat();
System.out.println(c.health);
Dog d = new Dog();
System.out.println(d.health);
}
}

Output?

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Upcasting: example

Cat c = new Cat();

System.out.println(c);
Mammal m = c; // upcasting
System.out.println(m);

Output?

 Cat is exactly the same after casting . Cat didn’t change to a

Mammal, it is just being labeled Mamal now

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 Upcasting…

 Upcasting can be done automatically

 E.g.,

Mammal m= (Mammal) new Cat();

is equal to

Mammal m = new Cat();

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 Downcasting
 Downcasting must always be done manually

 Cat c1 = new Cat();

 Animal a= c1; //upcasting to an Animal automatically
 Cat c2= (Cat) a; //manually downcasting back to a Cat

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 instanceof
 is used to test if an object is an instance of some class
Cat c1 = new Cat();
Animal a = c1; //upcasting to Animal
if(a instanceof Cat){ // testing if the Animal is a Cat
System.out.println("It's a Cat! safely downcast it to a Cat");
Cat c2 = (Cat)a;
}
 What about?
Dog d=new Dog(); Animal a=d; Cat c2=(Cat)a;
 Don’t confuse variables with instances!
 Cat from a Animal variable can be cast to a Cat
 but, Animal from a Animal variable cannot be cast to a Cat

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 Casting…
 Casting cannot always be done in both ways
 if you’re creating a Mammal (by calling new Mammal())
 but it cannot be downcasted to Dog or Cat
 E.g.
Mammal m = new Mammal();
Cat c = (Cat)m;
 This code passes compiling, but throw java.lang.ClassCastException
exception while running because Mammal is not a Cat but we’re trying to cast to
a Cast

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Casting…
 If you upcast an object, it will lose all the
properties which were inherited from its
current position
 Data will not be lost, you just can’t use it
till you downcast the object to the right
level
 Why?
 If you have a group of animals, then you
cannot be sure which one can meow() and
which one can bark()
 That’s why you cannot make animal do
things!

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 Upcasting during method calling
 We can make general methods, which can take different classes as an
argument

public static void stroke(Animal a){

System.out.println(“you stroke the ” + a);
}

Cat c= new Cat();

Dog d= new Dog();

stroke(c);
stroke(d); //automatic upcast to an Animal

Animal aa=c;
stroke(aa);
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