EVERGREEN PUBLIC SCHOOL

SUMMARY OF FORMULAS
CHAPTER 1- REAL NUMBERS
Theorem 1.1 (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic) : Every composite number can be expressed (factorised)
as a product of primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors
occur.
Theorem 1.2 : Let p be a prime number. If p divides 𝑎2 , then p divides a, where a is a positive integer.
HCF x LCM = a x b (where a and b are two positive integers)

CHAPTER 2- POLYNOMIALS
IMPORTANT POINTS-
# Degree is the highest power of x in p(x).
# Polynomial of degree 1 is called linear polynomial.
# Polynomial of degree 2 is called quadratic polynomial.
# Polynomial of degree 3 is called cubic polynomial.
# Number of zeroes of polynomial mean number of intersections on graph on x-axis.
# For formation of quadratic polynomial= x2 –(sum of zeroes)x + product of zeroes OR x2 – (α+β)x + αβ
# For zeroes of quadratic polynomial, 𝑝(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0
1) Sum of zeroes=α+β= -(Coefficient of x)/(Coefficient of x2)= -b/a
2) Product of zeroes= αβ= Constant term/ Coefficient of x2= c/a

# IMPORTANT FORMULAE-
1) (a+b)2 = a2+b2+2ab
2) (a-b)2 = a2+b2-2ab
3) (a2 – b2)= (a+b)(a-b)
4) (a+b)3= a3+b3+3ab(a+b)
5) (a-b)3= a3-b3-3ab(a-b)
6) (a+b+c)2= a2+b2+c2+2(ab+bc+ca)
7) (a3-b3)= (a-b)(a2+b2+ab)
8) (a3+b3)=(a+b)(a2+b2-ab)
9) (a3+b3+c3-3abc)=(a+b+c)(a2+b2+c2-ab-bc-ca)
10) If a+b+c=0 then a3+b3+c3=3abc
1 1 𝛼+𝛽 −𝑏 𝑐
11) 𝛼 + 𝛽= 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎 / 𝑎= -b/c
12) 𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 = = (𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 − 𝛽) = (𝛼 + 𝛽)√(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 4𝛼𝛽
13) (α3-β3)= (α-β)(α2+β2-αβ), where (α-β)= √(𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 4𝛼𝛽
14) (α3+β3)=(α+β)(α2+β2-αβ)
15) (α2+β2)=(α+β)2-2αβ

CHAPTER3- PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES

# Methods of solving a linear equation in two variables-
1) Substitution Method
2) Elimination Method
𝑎1 𝑏
# 𝑎 ≠ 𝑏1 (Intersecting lines, Consistent, Unique Solution)
2 2
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
# 𝑎1 = 𝑏1 ≠ 𝑐1 (Parallel lines, Inconsistent, No Solution)
2 2 2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
#𝑎 = 𝑏 = 𝑐 (Coincident/superseding lines, Consistent, Infinitely many solutions)
2 2 2

CHAPTER4- QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

# ax2+bx+c=0, where a≠0 and a, b, c are real numbers
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
1) Quadratic Formula - 𝑥 = 2𝑎

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 2) Discriminant (D)= b2-4ac
• If D>0, then two distinct real roots/zeroes
• If D=0, then two equal roots/repeated roots
• If D<0, then no real roots i.e. imaginary roots

CHAPTER5- ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number to
the preceding term except the first term. This fixed number is called the common difference of the AP.
Remember that it can be positive, negative or zero.

General Formula of AP = a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ……..,a+(n-1)d

1) An=a+(n-1)d
𝑛
2) Sn=2 [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑]
𝑛
3) Sn=2 (𝑎 + 𝑙) {l=an last term of AP}
4) An=Sn-S(n-1) i.e. n>1
5) Nth term of AP from end= l-(n-1)d ,(where l is last term, n is number of terms, d is common
difference)
𝑎+𝑐
6) If a, b c are in AP then b= 2 or b-a=c-a or 2b= a+c
7) For three terms of AP, we take a-d, a, a+d.(common difference=d)
8) For four terms of AP, we take a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d (common difference = 2d)
9) For five terms of AP, we take a-2d, a-d, a, a+d, a+2d
10) For six terms of AP, we take a-5d, a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d, a+5d

CHAPTER6- TRIANGLES
IMPORTANT POINTS-
1) Two figures are said to be congruent, if they have the same shape and the same size.
2) Two figures having the same shape (and not necessarily the same size) are called similar figures.
3) All congruent figures are similar but the similar figures need not be congruent.
4) Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (i) their corresponding angles are equal and (ii) their
corresponding sides are in the same ratio (or proportion).
5) Two triangles are similar, if (i) their corresponding angles are equal and (ii) their corresponding sides are in the
same ratio (or proportion).
6) The ratio of any two corresponding sides in two equiangular triangles is always the same.
7) Theorem 6.1 : If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points,
the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
8) Theorem 6.2 : If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is parallel to the third
side.
9) Theorem 6.3 : If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same
ratio (or proportion) and hence the two triangles are similar
10) Theorem 6.4 : If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are proportional to (i.e., in the same ratio of ) the sides of
the other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence the two triangles are similar.
11) Theorem 6.5 : If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides including these
angles are proportional, then the αtwo triangles are similar.

CHAPTER7- COORDINATE GEOMETRY

#The distance of a point from the y-axis is called its x-coordinate, or abscissa. The distance of a point from
the x-axis is called its y-coordinate, or ordinate. The coordinates of a point on the x-axis are of the form (x,
0), and of a point on the y-axis are of the form (0, y).
1) Distance Formula= √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
2) Distance of point(x,y) from origin= √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑚 𝑥 +𝑚 𝑥 𝑚 𝑦 +𝑚 𝑦
3) Section Formula= 1𝑚2 +𝑚2 1, 1𝑚2+𝑚2 1
1 2 1 2
𝑥1 +𝑥2 𝑦1 +𝑦2
4) Mid point formula= ,
2 2

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CHAPTER 8- TRIGONOMETRY
#The word ‘trigonometry’ is derived from the Greek words ‘tri’ (meaning three), ‘gon’ (meaning sides) and ‘metron’
(meaning measure). In fact, trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and angles of a triangle.
Ratios-
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
• Sinθ= 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
• Cosθ=𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
• Tanθ= 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒

Conversions-
1
• Sinθ=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1
• Cosθ=𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1
• Tanθ=𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
1
• Cosecθ=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
1
• Secθ=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
1
• Cotθ=𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
• Tanθ=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
• Cotθ=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
• Sinθ x cosecθ= 1
• Cosθ x secθ= 1
• Tanθ x cotθ=1
Identities-
• Sin2θ+Cos2θ=1 OR Sin2θ=1-Cos2θ OR Cos2θ=1-Sin2θ
• Sec2θ-Tan2θ=1 OR Sec2θ=1+Tan2θ OR Tan2θ=Sec2θ-1
• Cosec2θ-Cot2θ=1 OR Cosec2θ=1+Cot2θ OR Cot2θ=Cosec2θ-1
θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
Sinθ 0 1/2 1√2 √3/2 1
Cosθ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0
Tanθ 0 1/√3 1 √3 Not Defined
Cosecθ Not Defined 2 √2 2/√3 0
Secθ 0 2/√3 √2 2 Not Defined
Cotθ Not Defined √3 1 1/√3 0

# Expression of one t-ratio in terms of other t-ratio-

sinθ cosθ tanθ cotθ secθ cosecθ
Sinθ sinθ √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 1 2
√𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 1 1
√1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 √1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
Cosθ √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cosθ 1 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 1 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
√1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 √1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
Tanθ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 tanθ 1 √𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 − 1
2 1
√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
Cotθ √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 1 cotθ 1 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
Secθ 1 1 √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 √1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 secθ
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
Cosecθ 1 1 √1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 √1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 cosecθ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 √1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
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CHAPTER9- SOME APPLICATION OF TRIGONOMETRY
IMPORTANT POINTS-
#The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the object viewed by the
observer.
#The angle of elevation of the point viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when
the point being viewed is above the horizontal level.

#The angle of depression of a point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of sight with
the horizontal when the point is below the horizontal level.

# Horizontal Plane- A plane parallel to earth’s surface is called horizontal plane.

#Horizontal Line- A line parallel to earth’s surface is called horizontal line.
#Angle of elevation=Angle of depression
#Angle of elevation and depression is always measured with horizontal line.

CHAPTER10- CIRCLES
IMPORTANT POINTS-
#The word ‘tangent’ comes from the Latin word ‘tangere’, which means to touch and was introduced by the
Danish mathematician Thomas Fineke in 1583.
#A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at only one point.
#There is only one tangent at a point of the circle.
#The tangent to a circle is a special case of the secant, when the two end points of its corresponding chord
coincide.
#The common point of the tangent and the circle is called the point of contact.
#Theorem 10.1 : The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point of
contact.

#Theorem 10.2 : The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

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CHAPTER11- AREA RELATED TO CIRCLES

#Sectors of a circle-

#Segments of a circle-

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CHAPTER 12- SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME

CHAPTER 13- STATISTICS

MEAN-

Mean

Direct
∈𝑓 𝑥
Method= 𝑖 𝑖
𝜖𝑓𝑖

Assumed Mean
∈𝑓 𝑑
Method=𝑎 + 𝑖 𝑖
∈𝑓𝑖

Step Deviation
∈𝑓 𝑢
Method=a+( 𝑖 𝑖)h
∈𝑓𝑖

𝑓 −𝑓
1 0
Mode- l+[2𝑓 −𝑓 ]h
1 −𝑓
0 2
l=lower limit of modal class.
h= size of the class interval
f1= frequency of modal class.
f0= frequency of the class preceding the modal class.
f2= frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.

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 𝑛
−𝑐𝑓
Median- l+[ 2 𝑓 ]h
l=lower limit of median class.
n= number of observations.
cf= cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class.
f= frequency of median class
h= class size
3Median-2Mean=Mode

CHAPTER14- PROBABILITY
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
1) P(E)= 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
2) P(E)+P(𝐸̅ )=1 ; P(E) = 1- P(𝐸̅ ) ; P(𝐸̅ ) = 1- P(E)
3) Probability always lies between 0 and 1.(Range of probability)
4) Minimum probability=0
5) Maximum probability=1
Sample Space(Outcome)- A collection of all the possible outcomes in an experiment is called the
sample space of the experiment. It is denoted by ‘S’.
TOSSIN OF COIN-
• One coin sample space= (H) or (T) (S=2)
• Two coins are tossed once or one coin is tossed twice= S=(HH),(TT),(HT),(TH) (S=4)
• Three coins are tossed= (HHH),(TTT),(HHT),(HTT),(THH),(TTH),(HTH),(THT) (S=8)

THROWING OF DIE-
1) Throwing of 1 Die- S=6 -1,2,3,4,5,6
2) Throwing of 2 Die- S=36-

Total Cards=52

Prepared by:- Maths Department

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