DYNAMICS: Newton’s Laws of Motion (II)

SHITTU T.
DOSUNMU G.O.
INCLINED PLANE PROBLEMS

 Case 1. object sliding down an incline

frictionless plane, the acceleration is given as
Fnet  ma
Fnet  Fgx  mg sin 
mg sin   ma

mg sin 
a  g sin 
m
 Case 2. object sliding down an inclined plane
Fnet  ma
with friction, the acceleration is given as
Fnet  F gx  Fk
Fk   k F N
F N  mg cos 
F gx  mg sin 
mg sin    k mg cos   ma
m  g sin    k g cos  
a  g (sin    k cos  )
m
MOTION OF CONNECTED BODIES
A mass, m1 = 3.00kg, is resting on a frictionless horizontal table is
connected to a cable that passes over a pulley and then is fastened
to a hanging mass, m2 = 11.0 kg as shown below. Find the
acceleration of each mass and the tension in the cable.
FN
FNet  ma
T m2 g  T  m2 a
T  m1a
T
m2 g m1a  m2a
m1g
m2 g  m2a  m1a
m2 g  a(m2  m1 )
m2g
m2 g (11)(9.8)
a   7.7 m/ s2
m1  m2 14
 Linear momentum and its conservation laws
Momentum is defined as the product of mass of a body and its
velocity.
p = mv
The law of conservation of linear momentum states that If no
external forces act on the system of two colliding objects, then
the vector sum of the linear momentum of each body remains
constant and is not affected by their mutual interaction. i.e. the
sum of linear momentum before collision is equal to the sum of
linear momentum after collision
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
 Elastic and Inelastic collision
Elastic Collison is the collision that involves system of bodies in
which both Momentum and kinetic energy is conserved.
This implies that, like conservation of linear momentum , the kinetic
energy before Collison is equal to kinetic energy after Collison.
Some Cases of elastic Collison
A B A B

uA uB vA vB

Before collision After collision

MAuA + MAuB = MAvA + MBvB

A B A B

u
A u =0
B v A v B

mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB

mAuA = mAvA + mBvB

A B B
A

u A -uB v A v B

mAuA + (-mBuB ) = mAvA + mBvB

Inelastic collision is the collision that involves system of
bodies in which kinetic energy is NOT conserved but
transformed to thermal or sound energy.
This implies that, the kinetic energy before Collison is NOT equal to
kinetic energy after Collison

Some Cases of inelastic Collison

A B A B

mAuA = (mA + mB)V

A B A B

u
A UB v
mAuA + mBvB = (mA + mB)V
 Perfectly elastic collision is an idealized situation
where friction and other external forces are negligible.
The colliding particles do not disintegrate or join, and
therefore P and KE are perfectly conserved.
 perfectly Inelastic collision is one which two object
stick together after collision so that the objects have the
same final velocity.
 coefficient of restitution
The extent to which the collision is elastic or inelastic is
described by the coefficient of restitution.
It is the ratio of the relative speed after collision to the relative
speed before collision.

v v
e  vr  2 1
ur u2  u1

When e is 1 it implies perfectly elastic

When e is 0 it is perfectly inelastic
 Example 1
A ball of mass M kg that is moving with a speed of 6m/s collides head-on and
elastically with another ball of mass 2M initially at rest. Immediately after
the collision, the incoming ball bounces backward with a speed of 4m/s
Calculate the velocity of the target ball after the collision.
Solution

Given:
The total momentum before and after collision
Mass of the incoming ball: M

is conserved
 Velocity of the incoming ball before the collision:
u1=6 m/s m 1 u1 + m 2 u2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2
 Velocity of the incoming ball after the collision: m(6) + 2m(0) = m(-4)+ 2mv2
v1= −4 m/s (negative because it bounces backward)
6m = -4m +2mv2
 Mass of the target ball: M2=2M
 Initial velocity of the target ball: u2=0 m/s 10m = 2mv2
 Final velocity of the target ball: v2=? v2= 5 m/s
Example 2
Two trams, 1 and 2, have an equal mass of m = 5,000 kg each. Tram 1 is
traveling with a speed v1 = 15 m/s before striking tram 2, which was at rest.
If the two trams lock together as the result of the collision as shown below,
what is their common speed immediately after collision?

Solution

m1u1 = (m1+ m2) V

5000(15) = (5000 + 5000)V
5000(15) = 10000V
V = 30 m/s
Example 3
A tennis ball of mass m1 = 0.06 kg, moving with a speed of 4 m/s, has an
elastic head-on collision with a target ball of mass m2 = 0.09 kg initially
moving in the same direction at a speed of 3 m/s. What is the velocity of
each ball after the collision?
Example 4
Consider a ball of certain mass moving with a velocity of 12 m/s strikes a
comparatively heavier ball which is moving with a velocity of 3 m/s. After
the collision, this lighter ball rebounds with a velocity of 12 m/s, as shown
in the figure below
Let. m & M be the masses of
lighter and heavier balls
respectively. Now the initial
momentum (Pi) is given by,
Pi=12m+3M
Assume v is the velocity with which the
heavy ball is moving final momentum (Pf)
or the momentum after the collision is
given by,
Pf=12m+vM
Now according to the law of conservation of
momentum, we can say that,
Pi=Pf
Hence the final velocity of the heavy ball
will be, v = 3 m/s and the ball will keep
moving in the same direction.
 TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
1. A 750 kg car is traveling along a straight horizontal road at 48 km/hr. Calculate the magnitude of constant
braking force that will stop the car at a distance of 30 m.
2. . A 3.0 kg mass falls freely from a height of 12.0 m. When it hits the floor it sinks to a depth of 0.01 m.
Assume the stopping force is constant, calculate the magnitude of the force and the time it takes the mass
to come to a stop after it hits the floor.
3. A 54 N constant force is applied to stop a 600 g body that is initially moving with velocity u. If it takes
0.5 s to stop the body, calculate u.
4. A 12.0 N force is applied for 6.0 s to a 3.6 kg mass moving with a velocity of 5 m/s. If the force is in the
same direction in which the mass is moving, find the final momentum of the mass.
5. A 0.2 kg ball is kicked by a footballer with a velocity of 25 m/s. The ball hits the goal post and bounces
back in the opposite direction with a velocity of 20 m/s. What is the impulse imparted on the ball by the
post?
6. A 0.25 kg ball is released from a height of 15 m. The ball hits the floor and bounces in the opposite
direction with 80% of its velocity. Calculate the impulse imparted by the floor on the ball.
7. A 4.5 kg mass is suspended from a rope. Calculate the tension in the rope if the mass is (a) accelerating
upwards at 0.75 m/s2 (b) moving upwards at uniform speed, and (c) accelerating downwards at 0.50 m/s2
8. A 65 kg person stands on a scale placed
11. A horizontal cable pulls a golf cart of mass 400 kg along a
on the floor of an elevator. What is the
horizontal track. As in the diagram below, the tension in the
scale's reading (a) when the elevator
cable is 800 N. (a) Starting from rest, how long will it take the
accelerates upwards at 1.50 m/s2, and (b)
cart to reach a speed of 10 m/s? (b) Find the distance covered
when the accelerator descends with an
during this time.
acceleration of 3.5 m/s2
9. A horizontal force F pushes a 9 kg, load
up an inclined plane with an acceleration of
1.2 m/s2. What is the magnitude of the
force if the plane makes an angle of 30∘
with the horizontal and the coefficient of
kinetic friction between the load and the 12. (a) Calculate the momentum of a 2000-kg elephant charging a hunter
plane is 0.150? at a speed of 8 m/s (b) Compare the elephant’s momentum with the
momentum of a 0.0400-kg tranquilizer dart fired at a speed of 400 m/s. (c)
10. The top of a 4.5 m long inclined plane What is the momentum of the 90.0kg hunter running at 6.5 m/s after
is 2.6 m above the horizontal. An 8.0 kg missing the elephant?
load slides down a 21.1∘ incline, its motion
impeded by a 21.1 N frictional force. 13. A 4 kg object is moving at 3 m/s î, and collides with a 3 kg object
Calculate (a) the acceleration of the load traveling at -10 m/s î. If the collision is inelastic. What is the velocity
down the plane, and (b) the coefficient of of the combined mass immediately after the collisions?
kinetic friction between the load and the
plane.
14. A 19 kg mass is moving at 10 m/s î, and collides elastically with a 8 kg mass at rest. What is the velocity
of the 8 kg mass immediately after the collision?
15. A 70.0-kg ice hockey goalie, originally at rest, catches a 0.150-kg hockey puck slapped at him at a
velocity of 35.0 m/s. Suppose the goalie and the ice puck have an elastic collision and the puck is reflected
back in the direction from which it came. What would their final velocities be in this case?
16. A 0.240-kg billiard ball that is moving at 3.00 m/s strikes the bumper of a pool table and bounces
straight back at 2.40 m/s (80% of its original speed). The collision lasts 0.0150 s. (a) Calculate the average
force exerted on the ball by the bumper. (b) How much kinetic energy in joules is lost during the collision?
(c) What percent of the original energy is left?
17. What is the velocity of a 900-kg car initially moving at 30.0 m/s, just after it hits a 150-kg deer initially
running at 12.0 m/s in the same direction? Assume the deer remains on the car.

18. A 1.80-kg falcon catches a 0.650-kg dove from behind in midair. What is their velocity after impact if
the falcon’s velocity is initially 28.0 m/s and the dove’s velocity is 7.00 m/s in the same direction?

19. What is the acceleration of a 5000-kg rocket taking off from the Moon, where the acceleration due to
gravity is only 1.06 m/s2, if the rocket expels 8.00 kg of gas per second at an exhaust velocity of 22000 m/s.
20.