International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, Vol 11(114)

ISSN (Print): 2394-5443 ISSN (Online): 2394-7454

Research Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.19101/IJATEE.2023.10102587

Total harmonic distortion mitigation and voltage control using distribution

static synchronous compensator and hybrid active power filter
Bonolata Biswas Taya, Arif Ahammad* and Fahmida Islam Jahin
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114,
Bangladesh

Received: 12-December-2023; Revised: 25-May-2024; Accepted: 27-May-2024

©2024 Bonolata Biswas Taya et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY)
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

Abstract
The incorporation of renewable energy sources (RESs) into power systems is now widely recognized as a crucial element
of modern civilization. A significant obstacle in this situation is the reduction of voltage distortion and total harmonic
distortion (THD), which can disrupt the smooth transfer of power and weaken the performance of electrical systems.
When a power generation system integrates RESs, it results in the generation of both THD and voltage instability.
Various types of active power filters (APFs), passive filters (PFs), compensators such as the synchronous condenser,
static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), distribution static synchronous compensator
(D-STATCOM), and hybrid active power filter (HAPF) have been developed in order to solve these problems. Along with
those methods, various other techniques have been deployed to regulate voltage and minimize THD. However, this study
involves a comparison of data between D-STATCOM and HAPF, with an emphasis on measurements of voltage waves,
the 3rd and 5th harmonics, and THD. Three distinct capacitor banks, with capacities of 40-kilovolt ampere reactive
(KVAR), 60 KVAR, and 80 KVAR, have been selected as references. All the relevant data for each of these referenced
capacitor banks has been collected using MATLAB/Simulink software. HAPF outperforms D-STATCOM in every aspect
of data analysis in this study. Although a simulation was conducted to determine if there would be any variations for
different loads, no alterations were observed. This study aims to facilitate the selection of an appropriate device for
industrialization, as failure to do so can have detrimental effects on the system.

Keywords
D-STATCOM, Hybrid active power filter, Total harmonic distortion, Voltage control, Renewable energy.

1.Introduction Another study was conducted where both developed

Since electricity is essential to our modern lifestyle, it and developing nations can benefit from renewable
is crucial that effective regulations be put in place. At energy's favorable and statistically significant impact
the same time, the global shift towards renewable on sustainable development [4]. An article by Li et al.
energy sources (RESs) demonstrates a collective [5] provides a concise overview of the current state of
effort to address environmental concerns. The search energy development on a global scale, specifically
for a mutually beneficial partnership between power focusing on the following countries: Brazil,
and sustainability is still vital to determining our Australia, India, the United States, and the European
course as we go through this challenging landscape. Union. A pattern of growth power sources, including
Some studies were conducted whose purpose is to hydroelectric, wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal
provide an introduction to the smart grid, including energy, have been studied. There is a great deal of
an explanation of its key components and untapped potential for electricity generation in
functionality. The overarching goal of these studies is Africa's abundant natural resources. Unfortunately,
to illustrate how Smart system technologies have Africa is still in the midst of a crisis because it is
impacted the evolution of today's power system. unable to harness its vast renewable energy
These studies trace the origins of the smart grid with resources. Redesigning the electrical system,
renewable energy [13]. developing new energy storage technologies, and
reducing environmental influences, along with
changes in the seasons. The study and assessment
*Author for correspondence that is being proposed would help improve the
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renewable energy position in Africa by addressing all Previous studies have investigated the functionality
concerns and finding sustainable solutions [6]. of both distribution static synchronous compensator
(D-STATCOM) and hybrid active power filter
Multiple studies have been conducted previously, (HAPF) individually. However, a comparative
revealing a range of issues. However, one of the analysis of these two technologies has not been
primary obstacles that arise when renewable energy undertaken in the manner demonstrated by this study,
is integrated is the issue of voltage instability and which aims to provide a comprehensive
total harmonic distortion (THD). The sporadic nature understanding of power systems that incorporate
of variable renewables, like wind and solar, presents RESs. When it comes to RESs, THD, and voltage
obstacles to grid stability, resulting in voltage instability are significant challenges for a power
fluctuations and system instabilities. system. This study was selected in order to lessen the
impact of these damaging problems. If it is possible
RESs can introduce harmonic distortions into the to do a comparison study between D-STATCOM and
power grid, which can have a negative impact on HAPF, then it will be simple to comprehend which
power quality and efficiency. A classification system device is superior to install in a power system in
in a paper improves visibility into the intricate terms of the issues that it encounters. The utilization
process of renewable energy integration, which in of a capacitor bank is essential in power systems to
turn aids in problem-solving and better specifies the ensure stability because it is crucial to note that the
need for targeted solution technologies [7]. Because selection of a capacitor bank value should not be
wind and sunlight are intermittent, RESs like these arbitrary. In addition to the aforementioned, this
are quite unpredictable. In the following paper, the study also assessed various load values that can be
main obstacles that high-level RESs face while trying employed.
to connect to the current grid have been taken. Each
problem has its own set of answers, and those This study aims to evaluate the values that can be
answers are showcased and analyzed [8]. The utilized for a specific power system operating at a
problems caused by greenhouse gases can be frequency of 50 Hz. This paper presents an analysis
adequately addressed by RESs. The effects of of the control strategy employed by the D-
flexible alternating current (AC) transmission system STATCOM and HAPF. The results of this study
technology on power systems that rely on RESs and assist power industries in making informed decisions
use flexible AC transmission system technology on regarding the selection of appropriate devices,
power systems controllers, a sort of flexible AC capacitor banks, and loads. This proposal presents a
transmission system, are also explored in this article viable approach for implementing a sustainable
[9]. Though renewable energies can be employed for power system that harnesses RESs. In order to
sustainable development, certain challenges come achieve this objective, various types of devices can
with them. Both THD and voltage instability can be be included in the power system. However, it is vital
caused by them. However, it is important to note that to figure out which equipment can yield superior
these issues can be resolved. Various devices, such as outcomes. This objective is achieved by the
active power filters (APFs), passive filters (PFs), utilization of this comparative analysis. Furthermore,
hybrid filters, and compensators, are employed to because of these issues, there is no damage to any of
alleviate these issues. The system mentioned in a the equipment.
study offers the added functionality of compensating
for either harmonics exclusively or both harmonics Literature review is explored in Section 2. Methods
and reactive power simultaneously [10]. The are discussed in Section 3. Section 4 covers the
objective of another study is to outline the various results and experimentation. A discussion of the
uses, difficulties, and patterns associated with results is presented in Section 5. The conclusion is
conventional active and passive harmonic filters. provided in Section 6.
These filters are employed to minimize harmonic
distortion and enhance power quality [11]. Semich et 2.Literature review
al. provided and discussed research on the effects of Liu et al. [13] proposed a real-time algorithm for
intermittent RESs on power systems' transient, small- computing switching angles in multilevel inverters,
signal, and frequency stability; the study also looked with the aim of minimizing THD. The algorithm is
at flexibility measurements and approaches to make implemented on a digital signal processor and tested
things more adaptive [12]. on a microprocessor. The algorithm's performance is
validated by conducting rigorous mathematical
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analysis and evaluating the THD. The computational sustainable development, the article lays out three
complexity is minimal, allowing for real-time criteria: project, firm, and market. Among the
handling. The performance of the proposed algorithm important elements that were identified using the
is confirmed through experimental results. However, hesitant interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy Decision
the paper could not discuss the long-term stability Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory, the most
and reliability of the proposed algorithm. It is crucial important of these were firm-based factors. In order
to examine if the algorithm can sustain its to predict electrical energy consumption in the future,
performance over extended periods without any both industrialized and developing economies have
decline or instability, as real-world systems often undergone research on sustainable development using
operate for long durations. RESs. The results demonstrate that this model can
reduce electrical energy consumption and CO2
Biswas et al. [14] proposed a differential evolution emissions in accordance with the Paris Agreement
algorithm called L-SHADE to optimize HAPF goals. It was created by analyzing scenarios based on
parameters. This algorithm enhances the efficiency of solar and wind energy sources using artificial neural
success history based parameter adaptation technique network modeling. One way to lessen the impact of
of differential evolution optimization process by renewable energy's intermittent nature is via a hybrid
gradually decreasing the population size in each wind-solar energy system [1522].
subsequent generation. The study examines two
frequently employed topologies of HAPF for A research work introduces a simplified control
parameter estimation, formulates a single objective approach for the parallel APFs. The approach
function, and aims to minimize harmonic pollution in effectively removes harmonic and reactive
a system with non-linear source and loads. The L- components from the load current, leading to source
SHADE algorithm demonstrates comparable currents that are sinusoidal and have a unity power
performance to other algorithms and consistently factor (PF). This improves system efficiency by
achieves superior solutions compared to previously preventing the source from handling harmonic and
reported results. However, factors such as grid reactive power. The proposed theory for three-phase
disturbances, voltage fluctuations, and environmental power systems offers a solution to the limitations of
interference can impact the performance of the traditional theories by allowing for the extraction of
optimized HAPF parameters. harmonic current. It also provides a compensator for
three-phase power systems with harmonic distortion
RESs, when integrated into the grid, can lessen our and zero-sequence components. Capacitor
reliance on fossil fuels and help lower carbon compensation can improve voltage at the point of
footprint. There are a number of issues that require common coupling, which in turn enhances the
fixing, including power availability, quality, cost, torque-speed capability of an induction generator.
power forecasting, generation unpredictability, speed Static var compensators (SVC) are commonly
variance, and accessibility. The promising alternative employed for parallel compensation, whereas series
to non-RESs such as coal and fossil fuels is wind compensation helps to counteract voltage drop
power, which is experiencing tremendous expansion caused by line impedance. Fixed capacitors can be
in New Zealand due to the government's aim of used for both types if they are the appropriate size.
achieving zero carbon emissions by 2050. It is Optimal compensation of reactive power is crucial
projected that by 2030, wind power will generate for maintaining power quality and voltage stability.
20% or more of New Zealand's electricity. An Thyristor-controlled reactors and thyristor-switched
impressive compound annual growth rate of 15.51% capacitors can be utilized in conjunction with the
has been recorded in India's renewable energy sector grid. Solving the issue of optimal reactive power
during the past five years. Ensuring widespread compensation in smart microgrids can be achieved
access to energy and massive deployment of through the utilization of quadratic optimization
renewable sources, especially solar and wind, are part frameworks and a distributed algorithm. A distributed
of the government's efforts to build a secure, algorithm is designed, which operates without a
affordable, and long-term energy system. central leader and incorporates randomization. It
Discontinuation of incentives, land acquisition, relies on local communication and knowledge of the
changes in bidding procedures, and obsolete wind network topology. A performance metric is
sites are only a few of the obstacles that the wind suggested, enabling the optimal clustering choice
sector must overcome. In order to make wind energy [2326]. Lam et al. [27] presented an innovative
investments that are more effective in terms of approach to address power quality issues in a three-
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phase four-wire system. The proposed solution is an to optimize the allocation of distributed generation
adaptive direct-current (DC) -link voltage-controlled and D-STATCOMs in a radial distribution system
inductor-capacitor coupling HAPF with dynamic using the gravitational search algorithm to improve
reactive power compensation capability. The system voltage and reduce power losses. The
simulation and experimental results demonstrate that approach is expanded to address the network
the proposed algorithm delivers excellent reconfiguration problem and allocate distributed
performance in dynamic reactive power generation and D-STATCOM with a focus on
compensation. It also effectively minimizes minimizing losses. The proposed approach is being
switching loss and noise, outperforming traditional tested on a standard 33-bus radial distribution system
fixed DC-link voltage-controlled inductor-capacitor to analyze its long-term viability. Seven cases were
coupling hybrid APFs. Zhang et al. [28] proposed simulated, and the minimum loss was reported to be
reactive power planning, which is a method that aims 202.68 kW. Additionally, the minimum bus voltage
to minimize costs and technical merits in power showed an improvement from 0.9131 p.u. to 0.9412
systems. Alzakkar et al. [29] other methods employ p.u. The voltage has increased from 0.9131 p.u. to
sensitivity analysis to simplify optimization 0.9692 p.u. The optimization results revealed a
formulations and minimize compromises in accuracy. significant 61.44% decrease in power loss when
MATLAB is commonly employed to model and compared to the base case [33]. Salkuti et al.
calculate transformer and filter parameters to manage presented a method for minimizing power losses in
reactive power in electrical grids effectively. radial distribution systems through the use of network
Mohseni‐bonab et al. [30] examined current research reconfiguration and distributed generation. An
on the optimal reactive power dispatch problem, with algorithm called differential evolution is utilized to
a particular emphasis on the growing adoption of solve the problem. Simulations indicate that the
stochastic multi-objective optimal reactive power combined use of distributed generation and D-
dispatch methods and the challenges posed by STATCOM units significantly decreases power
resource uncertainties. Introducing a new objective losses by 82.92% and raises the minimum voltage to
function, the variable cost of wind farms, is crucial 0.9805 p.u [34]. Goyal and Birla examined the
for maintaining voltage stability. performance of the Yd11 transformer in a traction
power substation, showcasing its advantages over
Research on reactive power compensation systems by Scott and V/V transformers. When comparing it with
Igbinovia et al. [31] shows that control coordination an existing fuzzy logic controller and a proportional-
is an important issue in static synchronous integral controller integrated with a type-2 fuzzy
compensator (STATCOM) and SVC situations. The logic controller, it is able to find results under both
ability to generate harmonics is a key feature that sets balanced and unbalanced conditions [35].
synchronous condensers apart from SVC and
STATCOM. On the other hand, synchronous Rajalingam et al. conveyed a pure wave distribution
condensers might be more attractive than SVC. These static compensator for solar power interconnection,
devices can endure low-voltage conditions and are ensuring power quality remains uncompromised. It
dependable reactive power sources. Both utilizes a seven-level inverter for solar energy
performance and cost are positively affected by conversion and an inductor-capacitor inductor filter
technical developments and the accessibility of for active damping, just like an electrical engineer
replacement parts. would. This configuration minimizes THD and
improves the stability of the system's voltage.
Nuhin et al. [32] exhibited a simulation of a power Simulation results indicate a THD of 3.00% and a
monitoring system for a grid-connected solar current of 2.26% using the proposed method,
photovoltaic system with an energy storage system. resulting in reduced costs and sizing for the filter.
The system operates with a peak capacity of 2.091 MATLAB Simulation software is utilized for the
kW and is designed to seamlessly integrate with both development and simulation [36].
the utility grid and solar plant. An energy storage
system utilizing lithium-ion batteries is incorporated THD is a technique used to measure the extent of
to provide power in the event of grid failure or load- distortion in a wave derived from the voltages and
shading situations. The simulation study showcases currents at the common coupling point for
the system's functionality, measuring power distribution systems and clients. It varies based on the
consumption, export of surplus power, and power source of distortion and can be achieved through a
generation during grid outages. Surender et al. sought straightforward algorithm. Inter-harmonics in signals

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can pose challenges in analysis and measurement of current and voltage-related power quality issues.
because of variations in waveform periodicity and An article by Qi et al. [42] demonstrated a
low amplitudes. There are certain sources of inter- comparison of SVC and STATCOM performance
harmonics that arise from devices that connect two using simulation tests and introduces a novel
frequencies of AC and direct current (DC). Applying coordination method for reactive power control of
Hanning windowing can enhance the accuracy of the doubly fed induction generator and STATCOM. The
results, whereas techniques such as phase-locked proposed control method is thoroughly tested under
loop, which involve synchronized processes, can be various working conditions to assess its effectiveness.
affected by uncertainties when estimating Additionally, the advantages of this control method
fundamental frequencies. Utilizing desynchronized are carefully analyzed and verified in different
process techniques and harmonic filtering ensures system short-circuit fault scenarios. An approach for
precise and consistent results without the need for re- improving the settings of HAPF based on differential
sampling. Non-stationary signals may result in non- evolution is presented: the L-SHADE optimization
integral bins. However, these bins should not be algorithm by Biswas et al. [14]. The aforementioned
considered genuine interharmonics. For accurate paper explores its application in HAPF parameter
identification of inter-harmonics, it is important to design and evaluates its performance in comparison
carefully choose the window size so that the to other similar algorithms. The L-SHADE technique
frequency resolution is a shared factor among all is straightforward yet powerful, assisting in the initial
signal components. By utilizing voltage-current selection of HAPF parameters prior to field
correlation, wave shape check, and zero-padding experiment validation. This study investigates the
techniques, one can effectively identify real inter- application of finite control set model predictive
harmonics. Solar photovoltaic energy is receiving control in a HAPF. It aims to enhance reactive power
more and more attention worldwide, but it does come control, dynamic response, and the separation of
with some drawbacks, including PF and THD issues. active and reactive power control. Various wind
These problems may result in excessive heat and speeds are utilized for the purpose of comparing
potential harm to the components of the power maximum power point tracking algorithms.
system. This study examined PF and THD values Additionally, a simulation model with a capacity of 2
under cloudy conditions using a mega-watt is developed and analyzed using
MATLAB/simulation program. It derived analytical MATLAB/Simulink [43, 22].
expressions for these factors based on the level of
irradiation. The findings make a valuable Another HAPF provides a range of benefits,
contribution to the field of science by conducting a including a low DC-link operating voltage, a wider
thorough comparison with existing literature. They operational range, and the ability to simultaneously
offer insights that can be utilized to mitigate issues compensate for reactive, harmonic, and unbalanced
related to low power quality in situations with limited powers. This paper explores linear control aspects
solar irradiation [3739]. and presents a multi-quasi-proportional-resonant
controller with gain scheduling for a thyristor-
Bilgin et al. [40] explored the application of controlled LC-coupling HAPF. The proposed
MATLAB in mitigating current harmonics generated controller effectively minimizes steady-state current
by current-source converters, resulting in a switching tracking errors and output current ripple and can be
frequency of 500 Hz. This approach can be utilized compared to hysteresis current and quasi-
for transmission and D-STATCOMs, broadening its proportional-resonant controllers [44].
range of possible applications beyond generation.
Awasth and Huchche [41] also presented a versatile Lee et al. developed a technique to monitor AC
control scheme for D-STATCOM utilization. It capacitor voltage in a grid-connected HAPF without
utilizes instantaneous symmetrical component theory the need for extra voltage sensors. This method
to calculate reference source currents, ensures the effectively safeguards against the burnout of AC
minimum allowable PF at the point at common capacitors caused by harmonic current and inverter
coupling, enhances PF if the reference load voltage voltage. Simulations and experiments have
drops below the lowest permissible operating voltage, successfully validated the sensorless AC capacitor
and keeps the load voltage stable during voltage voltage monitoring method, showing a small average
disturbances while protecting delicate loads. difference of 0.526[%] between the measured and
Simulation results demonstrate the effective predicted voltages [45].
management of energy and the successful resolution
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Long-term stability and reliability of the real-time was drawn in the Simulink section, incorporating
algorithm for multilayer inverters are the main components such as step-up and step-down
challenges. Grid interruptions, voltage variations, and transformers, a three-phase power source, resistive
environmental interference can affect optimal HAPF and resistive-inductive-capacitive loads, RESs, two
parameters, according to certain authors. Wind busbars, and two scopes. Two separate main circuits
energy faces challenges that include incentive were added to the system, with the inclusion of D-
discontinuance, land acquisition concerns, bidding STATCOM and HAPF in each circuit. These circuits
changes, and outmoded wind sites. Optimization and were then connected in parallel. A capacitor bank has
control methods address reactive power been added to each circuit. Next, the primary data
compensation and voltage stability, although collection involved measuring the three-phase
STATCOM and SVC coordination and synchronous voltage at busbars 1 and 2, as well as the THD of
condenser robustness remain important. HAPF and each voltage for both busbars. This was achieved by
hybrid energy system control methods and algorithms adjusting the capacitor values. If the results fell
must also be tested under various scenarios to assure within the stable and accepted range, then the
reliability and efficiency. analysis was conducted. If the values were not ideal,
the process would return to the step where the
3.Methods capacitor bank was selected. Figure 1 shows how the
For an optimal simulation, MATLAB/Simulink methodology proceeded.
software was selected. Next, the main or core circuit

Figure 1 Flow diagram of methodology

3.1D-STATCOM and HAPF integration of power derived from RESs into the
Figure 2(a) and Figure 2(b) depict the fundamental preexisting grid. The implementation of D-
block diagram of the power system, illustrating the
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STATCOM and HAPF has been undertaken as a The principal purpose of a HAPF is to mitigate and
means to achieve sustainable grid synchronization. regulate load harmonics [47]. The design of the
harmonic filter is innovative as it incorporates the
The regulation of voltage at the point of connection advantages of both active and PFs types. APFs, PFs,
to the power grid can be achieved through the a proportional-integral controller, a hysteresis current
utilization of a D-STATCOM. The D-STATCOM controller, and a three-phase voltage source inverter
device has been implemented in this study which are all part of the system as a whole. The
generates reactive power in instances where the instantaneous space vector values can be conveyed
voltage of the system is low. When the voltage is by observing the waveforms of the current and
high, the D-STATCOM causes the system to draw voltage in three-phase circuits, which do not change
reactive power, which reduces THD. The D- in real time. Thus, using Clark's transformation
STATCOM is installed parallel to the power system matrix, a b c coordinates with a 2Pi/3 phase
[46]. difference between each axis can be transformed into
alpha-beta coordinates [2, 3, 8].

(a)

(b)
Figure 2 Block diagram of the (a) D-STATCOM connected (b) HAPF connected with the main grid

3.2THD sinusoidal form. The purpose of this analysis is to

THD is a quantitative measure used to assess the measure the extent to which harmonic components,
extent to which a signal deviates from its ideal which are frequencies that are integer multiples of the
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fundamental frequency, are present in the signal. The then for busbar 2, respectively. Every simulation was
calculation of THD commonly involves determining carried out at a frequency of 50 Hz in every element
the ratio between the root mean square amplitudes of and device. Three distinct capacitor banks have been
all harmonic components and the root mean square implemented (40-kilovolt ampere reactive (KVAR),
amplitude of the fundamental frequency [13]. 60 KVAR, and 80 KVAR), and all of the analyses
have been completed for each capacitor bank.
In Equation 1, where V1, V2, V3, and Vn are the
voltage amplitudes of the first, second, third, and nth Table 1 is provided, which contains the main
harmonics, respectively. components of D-STATCOM and HAPF. Table 1
√ does not give specifications for capacitor banks.
THD = (1) Figure 3 shows the D-STATCOM and HAPF
models, which are included in the D-STATCOM and
HAPF as a rectangle-shaped box. Which one has
4.Results shown better results between D-STATCOM, which is
Two different models have been implemented for the shown in Figure 3(a), and the HAPF, which is shown
comparative analysis, and one of them has shown in Figure 3(b), is analyzed in this study. The external
better results. A D-STATCOM and HAPF have been part is the main grid where these two models have
implemented on a power system with RESs. been implemented. The values of resistors, inductors,
and capacitors have been changed, but the results
4.1Simulation models were always indifferent to each value of the capacitor
This study aims to assess and compare the bank. This analysis is also important for the
performance of D-STATCOM [46] and a HAPF [47], simulation of these models.
which have been added in parallel to the power
system. The results have been taken for busbar 1 and

Table 1 The main components of the major blocks

Main Grid D-STATCOM HAPF
Source (11 kilovolts (KV)) Two DC voltage sources (500 V and One DC voltage source (160 V)
40 V)
1.
Two three-phase transformers Six diodes Six IGBTs
(11KV/132KV and 132KV/11KV)
One wind turbine induction generator Three resistors (1K ohm at each), Twelve resistors (5 ohms), twelve
(11KV and 12 MW) three capacitors (470 mF at each), and capacitors (47 uF), and twelve inductors
three inductors (200mH at each) (10 uH)
One capacitor bank - Three transformers
Two loads -

4.2Simulation results that the HAPF demonstrates enhanced voltage

The duration of voltage stability in each scenario, stability, which has significant implications for a
considering various capacitor banks, has been range of applications, such as the integration of RESs
modeled in this study. The present study examines and industrial operations. Gaining comprehension of
the THD values in relation to various capacitor banks the transitory dynamics of these technologies and the
and loads. The simulation outcomes are obtained corresponding duration of instability is crucial for
using the MATLAB/Simulink software. The making informed decisions.
simulation results of the three-phase voltage at busbar
1 are shown in Figures 4 to 6 for the main circuit The simulation results for the three-phase voltage at
with D-STATCOM, and the main circuit with HAPF busbar 2 are displayed in Figures 7 to 9. These
with different capacitor bank values. Figures 4 to 9 figures illustrate the basic model with D-STATCOM
clearly show that the D-STATCOM stabilizes after and the basic model with HAPF, each incorporating
0.5 seconds, and the HAPF achieves stability after different capacitor bank values.
0.1 seconds. The results in Figures 4 to 9 indicate

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(a)

(b)
Figure 3 Simulation models (a) the model including D-STATCOM (b) the model integrating a HAPF

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(a)

(b)
Figure 4 Simulation results for D-STATCOM and HAPF at busbar 1 (a) For D-STATCOM at 40 KVAR (b) For
HAPF at 40 KVAR

(a)

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(b)
Figure 5 Simulation results for D-STATCOM and HAPF at busbar 1 (a) For D-STATCOM at 60 KVAR (b) For
HAPF at 60 KVAR

(a)

(b)
Figure 6 Simulation results for D-STATCOM and HAPF at busbar 1 (a) For D-STATCOM at 80 KVAR (b) For
HAPF at 80 KVAR

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(a)

(b)
Figure 7 Simulation results for D-STATCOM and HAPF at busbar 2 (a) For D-STATCOM at 40 KVAR (b) For
HAPF at 40 KVAR

(a)

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(b)
Figure 8 Simulation results for D-STATCOM and HAPF at busbar 2 (a) For D-STATCOM at 60 KVAR (b) For
HAPF at 60 KVAR

(a)

(b)
Figure 9 Simulation results for D-STATCOM and HAPF at busbar 2 (a) For D-STATCOM at 80 KVAR (b) For
HAPF at 80 KVAR

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Nevertheless, it is imperative to recognize that any discussed. Various measurements offer a more
technology possesses inherent limitations. The D- holistic comprehension of the performance of various
STATCOM, despite its initial instability, ultimately technologies and their influence on the quality of
achieves voltage stabilization. Furthermore, as further power provision. Figure 10 displays the comparative
investigation of this topic, additional variables, bar chart of THD at busbar 1 and for 0.8 seconds
including the levels of THD and the 3rd and 5th between D-STATCOM and HAPF.
harmonics of each phase of voltages have been

Figure 10 Bar chart between D-STATCOM and HAPF of THD (%) of voltage at busbar 1 for 0.8 seconds

The THD values of the D-STATCOM model's does not have any noticeable influence on the models
voltages in Figure 10 are observed to be higher than under consideration. The THD values remained
those of the HAPF model, specifically for a specific consistent across different load variations for both D-
capacitor bank. Three capacitor banks were chosen STATCOM and HAPF. The last analysis has been
for the THD comparison of both models. The conducted with regard to the 3rd and 5th harmonics for
capacitor banks used in the analysis are 40 KVAR, 60 every phase. This analysis might also serve to
KVAR, and 80 KVAR for both busbars 1 and 2. The illustrate which model is superior. Figures 12 and 13
HAPF demonstrates the accepted THD of voltage at present bar charts illustrating the 3rd and 5th
busbar 1. The voltage of busbar 1 is 132 kV, and the harmonics observed at busbar 1 and busbar 2. Figure
voltage of busbar 2 is 11 KV. Nevertheless, the D- 12 and Figure 13 demonstrate that the D-STATCOM
STATCOM does not provide the accepted voltage model exhibits higher harmonics than the HAPF
THD values for individual capacitor banks. model. The voltage harmonics at busbar 1 exhibit
Therefore, it is crucial to implement the D- zero values, whereas at busbar 2, they do not exceed
STATCOM in a planned manner while also values bigger than 0.01 in the context of the HAPF
minimizing the potential risk associated with model. However, the D-STATCOM model has
unacceptable THD values in this grid. The repetition significantly higher values compared to the HAPF
of the conclusion stated in Figure 10 becomes almost model. Based on the present data, it is evident that
apparent in Figure 11. The HAPF has demonstrated HAPF has exhibited superior outcomes in
acceptable THD values, as opposed to the D- comparison to D-STATCOM. Based on the data, it is
STATCOM. The variations in voltage levels between evident that HAPF has exhibited more favorable
phases A, B, and C are large. In certain instances, this results in comparison to D-STATCOM.
occurrence can have negative consequences. Based
on an analysis of the voltage graph and the THD Numerous prior studies have been conducted.
values, it is evident that the HAPF outperforms the However, the methodology employed for comparison
D-STATCOM. Another analysis was conducted to in this particular study is unique. A concise overview
examine various load values. However, no noticeable of the THD and the fundamental model is provided to
modifications were observed in either the D- enhance comprehension. The simulation was
STATCOM or the HAPF. Based on the available performed using MATLAB/Simulink software, and
evidence, it can be assumed that the load variable the corresponding simulation models and results are
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presented. The practical implications of these bank and load in order to determine which
findings are examined. The output has been measured configuration yields superior results across multiple
and compared by varying the values of the capacitor criteria.

Figure 11 Bar chart between D-STATCOM and HAPF of THD (%) of voltage at busbar 2 for 0.8 seconds

(a)

(b)
Figure 12 Bar chart between D-STATCOM and HAPF of harmonics of voltage at busbar 1 for 0.8 seconds (a) Data
of 3rd harmonic (%) (b) Data of 5th harmonic (%)

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(a)

(b)
Figure 13 Bar chart between D-STATCOM and HAPF of harmonics of voltage at busbar 2 for 0.8 seconds (a) Data
of 3rd harmonic (%) (b) Data of 5th harmonic (%)

5.Discussion STATCOM does not meet the accepted voltage THD

The analysis presented in this input focuses on the values for individual capacitor banks. This highlights
performance comparison between the D-STATCOM the need for careful implementation of the D-
and HAPF technologies. Figures 4 to 9 provided the STATCOM to minimize the risk associated with
stability of both technologies over time, with the D- unacceptable THD values in the grid. Further
STATCOM achieving stability after 0.5 s and the analysis of load variations shows no noticeable
HAPF after 0.1 s. The results indicate that the HAPF modifications in either technology, indicating that
demonstrates enhanced voltage stability, which has load does not significantly influence their
significant implications for various applications, performance. Additionally, the analysis of the 3rd
including renewable energy integration and industrial and 5th harmonics demonstrates that the D-
operations. While the D-STATCOM initially STATCOM model exhibits higher harmonics
experiences instability, it eventually achieves voltage compared to the HAPF model. Based on these
stabilization. To gain a comprehensive understanding findings, it is evident that the HAPF outperforms the
of their performance, additional variables such as D-STATCOM in terms of THD and harmonics. The
THD and the 3rd and 5th harmonics of each phase of unique methodology employed in this study provides
voltages need to be examined. These measurements a concise overview of THD and the fundamental
provide a more holistic view of the technologies' model, utilizing MATLAB/Simulink software for
impact on power quality. The THD values simulation. The practical implications of the findings
comparison between the D-STATCOM and HAPF are also examined, considering variations in capacitor
models reveals that the HAPF consistently bank and load values to determine the superior
demonstrates acceptable THD values, while the D- configuration based on multiple criteria.
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The acquired output also references other studies that 5.1Limitations

have explored power quality improvement and The analysis was successful, but it only considered
voltage stability in hybrid AC-DC microgrids and the one power system that used renewable energy, wind
performance of D-STATCOM integrated with a grid- energy, in this instance. The study establishes the
tied solar photovoltaic array. The study by Nafeh et fixed specifications of this power system.
al. [48] covered topics related to improving power Experimenting with various types of wind generators,
quality and voltage stability in hybrid AC-DC solar energy generators, power systems, or
microgrids. The findings of the simulation are used in combinations of these can reveal what works best.
MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the microgrid that Another factor that can affect the stakeholders is the
was tested with two controllers based on fuzzy logic. lack of a cost analysis in this study. Therefore, future
When utilizing fuzzy logic proportional-integral- studies could benefit from analyzing various power
derivative, the performance of the dynamic system is systems and costs in order to put these models into
enhanced by 8.8%, while using fuzzy-PI improves it practice. However, it is important to acknowledge the
by 7.86%. Additionally, when comparing the limitations of this study, specifically regarding the
controlled and uncontrolled systems, the voltage disparity in THD and unstable time values between
fluctuation at the D-STATCOM is reduced by the voltages at busbar 1 and 2. This observation can
0.982% and 0.577%, respectively, and the provide valuable insights for future research works.
performance of the dynamic system is enhanced by The findings of this study are expected to have a
6.67% and 5.71%, thanks to the fuzzy logic substantial impact on future research and the practical
proportional-integral-derivative controller and fuzzy application of power systems. A complete list of
logic proportional-integral, respectively [48]. The abbreviations is listed in Appendix I.
work by Rastogi et al. [49] presents and investigates
the performance of a D-STATCOM that is based on a 6.Conclusion and future work
two-level, three-phase, reduced-switch, voltage This study conducts a comparative analysis between
source converter and integrated with a grid-tied solar a D-STATCOM and a HAPF. The findings of this
photovoltaic array. The size and cost of the converter analysis indicate that the HAPF has demonstrated
have been minimized by using a three-phase, two-leg superior performance compared to the D-STATCOM
reduced-switch count D-STATCOM. Additionally, in terms of stability, THD, and 3rd and 5th
reducing the number of switches lowers the switching harmonics. The stability of the graphs, the THD
and conduction losses. The switching losses are cut in values, and the 3rd and 5th harmonic values of the
half compared to the old-fashioned 3-phase,3-leg HAPF were found to be within the acceptable range,
voltage source inverter [49]. Compared to inductor- in contrast to the D-STATCOM. The motivation for
capacitor-inductor-capacitor coupling HAPF with conducting this study originated from the imperative
proportional-derivative, the data show that active to establish a secure and reliable infrastructure for a
damping improves the performance of the former in power system. In the event of power system
an analysis [50]. instability, there exists the potential for detrimental
effects on system components, with the most severe
Numerous studies have examined D-STATCOM and outcome being a complete system problem. Both D-
HAPF, but this study is the first to compare and STATCOM and HAPF have demonstrated
contrast the two. In addition, the 3rd and 5th outstanding performance in previous research studies.
harmonics of the THD are hardly considered in the However, this particular analysis has not been
little research on these two devices. The outcomes previously conducted. The utilization of renewable
have been outstanding and within the acceptable energy in a power system necessitates an examination
range. These studies highlight the benefits of using that can enhance comprehension regarding the
fuzzy logic controllers and reduced-switch converters appropriate selection and implementation of
to enhance system performance and reduce losses. compensators or filters.
Overall, this analysis contributes to the existing body
of research by comparing and contrasting the D- Acknowledgment
STATCOM and HAPF technologies, considering None.
various performance metrics such as stability, THD,
and harmonics. The outcomes suggest that the HAPF Conflicts of interest
exhibits more favorable results compared to the D- The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
STATCOM, emphasizing the importance of selecting
the appropriate technology for specific applications.
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 International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, Vol 11(114)

Data availability inverters with step modulation. IEEE Transactions on

None. Industrial Electronics. 2008; 56(2):285-93.
[14] Biswas PP, Suganthan PN, Amaratunga GA.
Minimizing harmonic distortion in power system with
Author’s contribution statement
optimal design of hybrid active power filter using
Bonolata Biswas Taya: Conceptualized, wrote, and edited
differential evolution. Applied Soft Computing. 2017;
the manuscript, conducted the study, and analyzed the
61:486-96.
results. Arif Ahammad: Conceptualized and revised the
[15] Ayadi F, Colak I, Garip I, Bulbul HI. Impacts of
paper, supervised the conducted study, and checked the
renewable energy resources in smart grid. In 8th
study results. Fahmida Islam Jahin: Conducted the study.
international conference on smart grid (icSmartGrid)
2020 (pp. 183-8). IEEE.
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Bonolata Biswas Taya received a Fahmida Islam Jahin has received her
B.Sc. degree in Electrical and B. Sc. Degree in Electrical and
Electronic Engineering from Shahjalal Electronic Engineering from Shahjalal
University of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology.
Sylhet, in 2023. Her research interests Her research interests are Power
include Power Systems, Systems and Renewable Energy.
Communication Technology, and Email: [email protected]
Biomedical Engineering.
Email: [email protected] Appendix I
S. No. Abbreviation Description
Arif Ahammad earned a B. Sc. in 1 AC Alternating Current
Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2 APFs Active Power Filters
from Chittagong University of 3 D-STATCOM Distribution Static Synchronous
Compensator
Engineering and Technology and an
4 DC Direct Current
M.S. in Renewable Energy Technology 5 HAPF Hybrid Active Power Filter
from Dhaka University's Institute of 6 KV Kilovolts
Energy. He is currently an Assistant 7 KVAR Kilovolt Ampere Reactive
Professor at Shahjalal University of 8 PFs Passive Filters
Science and Technology's Department of 9 PF Power Factor
Electrical and Electronic Engineering. His research 10 RESs Renewable Energy Sources
interests include Renewable Energy (Solar and Wind 11 STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator
Energy), Power Systems (Smart Grid / Micro Grid), Power 12 SVC Static Var Compensator
Electronics, and Electrical Machines. 13 THD Total Harmonic Distortion
Email: [email protected]

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