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Hve-Unit V

Humans values and ethics
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17 views27 pages

Hve-Unit V

Humans values and ethics
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIT V

SCIENTIFIC ETHICS
Transparency and Fairness in scientific pursuits – Scientific inventions for the
betterment of society - Unfair application of scientific inventions – Role and
Responsibility of Scientist in the modern society. Reading Text: Excerpt from
American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J.Robert Oppenheimer by
Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin.

5.1. SCIENTIFIC ETHICS

Scientific ethics calls for honesty and integrity in all stages of scientific
practice, from reporting results regardless to properly attributing collaborators.

This system of ethics guides the practice of science, from data collection to
publication and beyond.

5.1.1. ROLE OF SCIENTIFIC ETHICS

Ethics define right and wrong in our practices and decisions. Many professions
have a formalized system of ethical practices that help guide professionals in the
field.

For example, Engineers follow an ethical guide that states that they "hold
paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. And a breach of ethics
is considered very serious, punishable at least within the profession and
sometimes by the law as well.

This system of ethics guides the practice of science, from data collection to
publication and beyond. As in other professions, the scientific ethic is deeply
integrated into the way scientists work, and they are aware that the reliability of
their work and scientific knowledge in general depends upon adhering to that
ethic.

Many of the ethical principles in science relate to the production of unbiased


scientific knowledge, which is critical when others try to build upon or extend
research findings.
The open publication of data, peer review, replication, and collaboration
required by the scientific ethic all help to keep science moving forward by
validating research findings and confirming or raising questions about results.

Some breaches of the ethical standards, such as fabrication of data, are dealt
with by the scientific community through means similar to ethical breaches in
other disciplines -removal from a job, for example. But less obvious challenges
to the ethical standard occur more frequently, such as giving a scientific
competitor a negative peer review.

These incidents are more like parking in a no parking zone they are against the
rules and can be unfair, but they often go unpunished.

Sometimes scientists simply make mistakes that may appear to be ethical


breaches, such as improperly citing a source or giving a misleading reference.

5.1.2. KEY ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN SCIENCE

There are a number of ethical principles to note and follow when it comes to
conducting research.

(a) Respect for Autonomy:

Individuals have the right to make informed decisions about their participation
in scientific studies, and researchers must obtain explicit and understandable
consent from participants before proceeding with the study.

Beyond the initial consent process, respect for autonomy encompasses the
protection of participants' privacy.

(b) Beneficence and Non-Maleficence:

Beneficence expects that researchers will maximize the positive impacts of their
research while minimizing any potential risks.

On the other hand, non-maleficence underscores the imperative to do no harm.

Ethics in science encourages researchers to ensure that the benefits of the


research outweigh any potential negative outcomes.

(c) Research Integrity:


Upholding research integrity means avoiding any fabrication, falsification, and
plagiarism in the research process and results, thereby ensuring the authenticity
of scientific contributions.

The commitment to integrity includes clear and transparent communication with


peers, the public, and stakeholders.

(d) Objectivity in Research:

This lays emphasis on the impartial and unbiased pursuit of knowledge.

It requires researchers to approach their work without any preconceived notions,


personal biases, or external influences that could compromise their research
findings.

The goal is to observe and report the research without incorporating own beliefs
or influencing the results with preconceived notions.

5.1.3. ETHICAL STANDARDS IN SCIENCE

Scientists have long maintained an informal system of ethics and guidelines for
conducting research, but documented ethical guidelines did not develop until
the mid- twentieth century, after a series of well-publicized ethical breaches and
war crimes.

Scientific ethics now refers to a standard of conduct for scientists that is


generally delineated into two broad categories.

First, standards of methods and process address the design, procedures, data
analysis, interpretation, and reporting of research efforts.

Second, standards of topics and findings address the use of human and animal
subjects in research and the ethical implications of certain research findings.

Together, these ethical standards help guide scientific research and ensure that
research efforts abide by several core principle including:

1. Honesty in reporting of scientific data

2. Careful transcription and analysis of scientific results to avoid erroг

3. Independent analysis and interpretation of results that is based on data and


not on the influence of external sources
4. Open sharing of methods, data, and interpretations through publication and

Presentation

5. Sufficient validation of results through replication and collaboration with


peers

6. Proper crediting of sources of information, data, and ideas

7. Moral obligations to society in general, and, in some disciplines,


responsibility in weighing the rights of human and animal subjects.

5.1.4. IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC ETHICS

The importance of ethics in science cannot be overstated. Ethical standards


guide researchers in treating research participants, colleagues, stakeholders, the
broader community, and their work with respect and consideration.

Without ethical guidelines in place, there is a risk of erosion of public trust in


science and compromised integrity in the pursuit of knowledge.

Scientific ethics are essential for transparent reporting, rigorous methodology,


and responsible data handling in research. Transparent reporting compels
researchers to accurately communicate their methods, results, and conclusions,
allowing others to scrutinize and replicate the study.

Similarly, rigorous methodology ensures that research is conducted with


precision, minimizing biases and errors and ensuring replicability.

Furthermore, responsible data handling safeguards the privacy and


confidentiality of research participants.

Ethics promote the aims of scientific research including knowledge, truth, and
avoidance of error. Any kind of deviation of ethics in scientific research may
result in research misconduct including falsification, fabrications, and
plagiarism.

1. Honesty

2. Responsible publication

3. Carefulness

4. Objectivity
5. Integrity

6. Openness

7. Transparency

8. Accountability

9. Intellectual Property

10. Confidentiality

11. Non-Discrimination

12. Animal Care

13. Human subject's protection

14. Competence

15. Social responsibility

16. Responsible mentoring

17. Legality

18. Ethical peer-review

5.1.5. DO’S TO ENSURE ETHICS IN SCIENCE

In fostering ethical practices in science, it is imperative to embrace a culture of


transparency, integrity, and objectivity.

The following section outlines actions that promote responsible conduct,


contributing to the credibility and trustworthiness of scientific endeavours.

1. Maintain transparency:

The clarity of research results and methods is essential to ensure ethics in


science, as it enables other researchers to replicate and build upon past work.
Wherever possible, consider making data publicly accessible, encouraging a
culture of openness and collaboration.

2. Highlight collaborations:

Highlighting the efforts and contributions of collaborators extends beyond mere

acknowledgment.Scientific ethics requires proper attribution of authorship


based on each individual's contributions, which fosters a collaborative and
supportive environment.

3. Disclose conflicts of interest:

By openly acknowledging any potential conflicts of interest, researchers provide


a clear understanding of any circumstances that could influence the objectivity
or impartiality of their work.

Transparent disclosure is key to scientific ethics, allowing for an objective


evaluation of the research findings.

4. Follow policies and guidelines:

Take the time to thoroughly review the rules established by research institutions
and collaborators to ensure that adhering to everything correctly.

This guarantees a smooth research process without encountering problems or


ethical concerns in the future.

It's akin to ensuring on the right path from the beginning itself, preventing
issues with ethics in science down the road.

5.1.6. DON'TS TO ENSURE ETHICS IN SCIENCE

To maintain the integrity of scientific pursuits, researchers need to steer clear of


unethical practices.

This section serves as a guide for researchers to avoid compromising the values
and standards essential to the advancement of knowledge and the betterment of
society.

1. Don't manipulate research or research results:

Avoid altering or manipulating research methods, materials, or data presentation


to fit preferred conclusions.
Besides doing gross injustice to the progress of science, falsification is a major
form of scientific misconduct and carries severe professional and social
repercussions.

2. Don't plagiarize past research:

One of the most important ways to ensure ethics in science is to prevent


plagiarism by abstaining from using or reproducing findings from prior work
without appropriate attribution.

Plagiarism, a significant ethical breach, can result in severe consequences, so be


sure to cite sources for concepts, direct quotes, and data in research.

Even copying and presenting own previous work qualifies as plagiarism, so be


sure to use quotation marks where needed and cite correctly.

3. Don't shun contradictory evidence:

Failing to consider information that contradicts one's initial expectations can


undermine the scientific process, impeding the pursuit of impartial and precise
knowledge.

This includes withholding or concealing facts from the public and the scientific
community. Addressing contrary evidence openly, however, promotes
transparency and intellectual integrity, promoting a research outcome that is
more resilient and credible.

4. Don't artificially inflate research records:

While frequent citations and publications can be advantageous for some


researchers, it is crucial to steer clear of deliberately inflating academic record.

This involves refraining from excessively citing oneself and submitting


identical work to multiple journals without explicit permission.

Maintaining ethical practices in research and publication is essential for ethics


in science, preserving the credibility and integrity of academic achievements.
5.2. SCIENTIFIC PURSUITS

A method of investigation in which a problem is first identified and


observations, experiments, or other relevant data are then used to construct or
test hypotheses that purport to solve it.

Scientific pursuits involve activities related to scientific research or exploration


aimed at expanding knowledge in various fields.

This includes conducting experiments, making observations, analysing data, and


contributing to advancements in scientific understanding.

5.2. TRANSPARENCY AND FAIRNESS IN SCIENTIFIC PURSUITS

Transparency and fairness in scientific pursuits are critical components of


scientific ethics, ensuring the integrity, credibility and accountability of research
endeavours. Let’s delve into each aspect in detail:

1. Transparency:
a. Open communication: Transparency involves open and clear
communication of research methods, procedures, data and findings. Scientists
should provide comprehensive descriptions of their experimental protocols,
methodologies and analytical techniques, enabling other researchers to
understand and replicate their work.

b. Data sharing: Scientists should make their data openly available to the
scientific community, either through publication in peer-reviewed journals,
deposition in public repositories or other accessible platforms. Sharing raw data
facilitates validation, reproducibility and collaboration, enhancing the reliability
and robustness of scientific findings.

c. Conflict of interest disclosure: Researchers should disclose any potential


conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, that could influence their work or
the interpretation of results. Transparency regarding affiliations, funding
sources and competing interests helps maintain credibility and trust in scientific
research.

d. Publication transparency: Transparent reporting of research findings in


scientific publications is essential for peer evaluation and public understanding.
Authors should provide clear and accurate descriptions of study objectives,
methods, results and conclusions, as well as acknowledge limitations and
uncertainties. Transparent reporting promotes accountability and facilitates
critical evaluation of research outcomes.

2. Fairness:
a. Equal opportunity: Fairness in scientific pursuits entails providing equal
opportunities for participation, recognition and advancement within the
scientific community. All individuals, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity,
nationality or socioeconomic status, should have equitable access to resources,
funding, and mentorship and career opportunities.

b. Inclusive practices: Scientists should adopt inclusive practices that promote


diversity, equity and inclusion in research environments. This includes fostering
diverse research teams, promoting inclusive decision-making processes and
addressing systemic barriers that limit the participation of underrepresented
groups in science.

c. Ethical treatment of participants: Fair treatment of research participants is


paramount, encompassing informed consent, respect for autonomy, protection
of privacy and confidentiality and mitigation of risks or harms. Researchers
should ensure that all individuals involved in research studies are treated with
dignity, fairness and respect for their rights and welfare.

d. Ethical conduct in peer review: Fairness in peer review involves impartial


evaluation of research manuscripts based on scientific merit, regardless of
author’s identities, affiliations or prestige. Peer reviewers should adhere to
ethical standards, maintain confidentiality, provide constructive feedback and
avoid personal biases or conflicts of interest. Fair and rigorous peer review
ensures the quality and integrity of published research.

e. Responsible use of scientific knowledge: Scientists have a responsibility to


use scientific knowledge and technologies in ways that promote fairness, justice
and the public good. This involves considering the ethical, social and
environmental implications of research findings, advocating for equitable
distribution of benefits and risks and addressing disparities and injustices in
society.

5.2.1 BENEFITS OF TRANSPARENCY AND FAIRNESS:


• Strengthens scientific progress: Transparency allows for collaboration and
replication, which are crucial for building upon existing knowledge. Fairness
ensures a wider pool of talent can contribute, leading to richer scientific
discourse.

• Increases public trust: Openness fosters public confidence in science. When


the public understands how science works and the ethical principles guiding it,
they are more likely to embrace scientific advancements.

• Reduces bias and misconduct: Transparency discourages scientific


misconduct like data fabrication or plagiarism. Fairness helps to level the
playing field and reduce the potential for bias in research design and
interpretation.

5.2.2 CHALLENGES TO TRANSPARENCY AND FAIRNESS

• Competition for funding and recognition: The pressure to publish first or


secure funding can incentivize researchers to cut corners or downplay negative
results.

• Complexity of scientific communication: Making technical information


accessible to the public can be challenging. Scientists need to find effective
ways to bridge the gap between specialized knowledge and public
understanding.

• Unconscious bias: Unconscious biases based on factors like race or gender


can still creep into peer review and research design. Continued efforts are
needed to promote diversity and inclusion in science.

Transparency and fairness are fundamental principles that uphold the


credibility, integrity and societal impact of scientific research. By embracing
these principles, scientists can foster trust, collaboration and progress in the
pursuit of knowledge for the betterment of humanity.

5.2.3 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FAIRNESS AND TRANSPARENCY

Fairness

Fairness refers to treating people equally and fairly based on their status. The
principle of fairness requires organizations to ensure that their data collection
and processing activities do not discriminate against individuals.

For example, an online retailer must not discriminate against customers based
on their location, nationality, or other personal factors.
Transparency

Transparency refers to being open and honest about what do with people's
information.

The principle of transparency requires organizations to provide individuals with


clear and concise information about their data collection and processing
activities.This information must be easily accessible and easy to understand.

For example, an online retailer must provide customers with clear and concise
information about how it collects and processes their data, including the use of
cookies and other tracking technologies.

5.2.4 ADVANTAGES OF SCIENTIFIC PURSUITS

1. Systematic approach

2. Objectivity

3. Reproducibility

4. Rigorous Testing

5. Objective and impartial

6. Generates new knowledge

7. Allows for peer review and replication

5.2.5 DISADVANTAGES OF SCIENTIFIC PURSUITS

1. Time-consuming

2. Resource-intensive

3. Complexity:

4. Limited applicability

5. Limited by available technology


6. Reductionist

7. Limited to empirical evidence

5.3 SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS FOR THE BETTERMENT OF


SOCIETY

Scientific inventions have played a crucial role in driving societal progress and
improving the quality of life for people around the world. Here's an in-depth
look at how scientific inventions contribute to the betterment of society:

1. Wheel

The wheel was invented by Mesopotamians around 3500 B.C., to be used in the
creation of pottery. Wheels are omnipresent in our everyday life, facilitating our
transportation and commerce.

2.Optical lenses

From glasses to microscopes and telescopes, optical lenses have greatly


expanded the possibilities of our vision. Optical lenses were also instrumental
components in the creation of media technologies involved in photography, film
and television.

3. Paper

Invented about 100 BC in China, paper has been indispensable in allowing us to


write down and share our ideas.

4. Electricity

The 18th century American Renaissance man Benjamin Franklin is generally


credited with significantly furthering our understanding of electricity.The
invention of the light bulb, although a separate contribution, attributed to
Thomas Edison in 1879, is certainly a major extension of the ability to harness
electricity. It has profoundly changed the way we live, work as well as the look
and functioning of our cities.
5. Steam Engine

Invented between 1763 and 1775 by Scottish inventor James Watt and powered
trains, ships, factories and the Industrial Revolution as a whole.

6.Telephone

Alexander Graham Bell got the first patent for an electric telephone in 1876.
Certainly, this instrument has revolutionized our ability to communicate .

7.Airplane

Invented in 1903 by the American Wright brothers, planes brought the world
closer together, allowing us to travel quickly over great distances.

8. Semiconductors

They are at the foundation of electronic devices and the modern Digital Age.
The first device containing semiconductor material was demonstrated in 1947
by America's John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley of Bell
Labs.

9.Rockets

While the invention of early rockets is credited to the Ancient Chinese, the
modern rocket is a 20th century contribution to humanity, responsible for
transforming military capabilities and allowing human space exploration.

10.Nuclear fission

This process of splitting atoms to release a tremendous amount of energy led to


the creation of nuclear reactors and atomic bombs.

OTHER VALUABLE SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS IN VARIOUS FIELDS

1. MEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE:

 Vaccines: Inventions like vaccines have revolutionized public health by


preventing diseases such as polio, smallpox, measles and influenza.
Vaccination programs have saved millions of lives and contributed to the
eradication or near-eradication of deadly diseases.
 Antibiotics: Eg Penicillin:Discovered by the Scottish scientist
Alexander Fleming in 1928, this drug transformed medicine by its ability
to cure infectious bacterial diseases. It began the era of antibiotics.

 The discovery of antibiotics has , drastically reduce mortality rates from


diseases that were once considered fatal.

 Medical imaging: Technologies like X-rays, MRI (Magnetic Resonance


Imaging), CT (Computed Tomography) scans and ultrasound have
revolutionized diagnosis and treatment by providing non-invasive ways to
visualize internal structures, detect diseases and monitor treatment
progress.

2. COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:

 Internet: The invention of the internet has transformed communication,


commerce, education, and entertainment on a global scale. It has
connected people across continents, facilitated the exchange of
information and revolutionized industries such as e-commerce, social
media and online education.

 Mobile phones: Mobile phones have revolutionized communication by


enabling people to stay connected, access information and communicate
instantly from anywhere. Mobile technology has also facilitated access to
financial services, healthcare information and emergency assistance in
remote areas.

 Digital revolution: Advances in computing technology, software


development and data analytics have driven the digital revolution,
transforming how we work, learn and interact. Innovations like artificial
intelligence, cloud computing and big data analytics have led to
breakthroughs in diverse fields, from healthcare and finance to
transportation and entertainment.

3. ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY:

 Solar power: Solar energy technologies harness sunlight to generate


electricity, providing a clean, renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Solar
panels have become increasingly affordable and widely adopted,
contributing to the transition toward sustainable energy sources and
reducing carbon emissions.
 Wind power: Wind turbines harness wind energy to generate electricity,
offering another clean and renewable energy source. Wind power has
grown rapidly in recent years, providing a significant share of global
electricity generation and helping to mitigate climate change.

 Energy efficiency: Innovations in energy-efficient technologies and


green building design have led to reductions in energy consumption,
lower utility bills and reduced environmental impact. Energy-efficient
appliances, LED lighting and smart home systems contribute to
sustainable living and conservation of resources.

4. AGRICULTURAL ADVANCEMENTS:

 Green revolution: Scientific advancements in agriculture, such as high-


yield crop varieties, fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation techniques, have
led to dramatic increases in food production and helped alleviate hunger
and poverty in many parts of the world.

 Biotechnology: Genetic engineering and biotechnology innovations have


improved crop yields, enhanced disease resistance and reduced the
environmental impact of agriculture. Biotech crops like insect-resistant Bt
cotton and herbicide-tolerant soybeans have provided economic benefits
to farmers and contributed to sustainable agriculture practices.

5. Transportation and infrastructure:

 Automobiles: The invention of automobiles revolutionized


transportation, providing mobility, convenience and economic
opportunities. Advances in automotive technology, including electric
vehicles, autonomous driving systems and fuel-efficient engines, are
driving the transition toward sustainable transportation.

 Infrastructure development: Scientific innovations in civil engineering,


materials science, and urban planning have led to the construction of
bridges, highways, railways and public transportation systems that
connect communities, facilitate trade and enhance quality of life.

These are just a few examples of how scientific inventions have contributed to
the betterment of society. From healthcare and communication to renewable
energy and transportation, scientific advancements continue to drive progress
and improve the lives of people worldwide.
5.3.1. ADVANTAGES OF SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS FOR THE
BETTERMENT OF SOCIETY (SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY]

Science and inventions have many advantages as they are utilized in almost
every field and sector.

Some of them are:

1. Science and Inventions help in the Development

Every day, new technologies are introduced into the world. It improves or
completely changes the lifestyle of human beings.

In the old days, no one could have even imagined that one day there would be
the presence of mobile phones, computers, televisions, microwaves, or other
significant technologies. Every country is using the features of science and
advanced technologies to excel in major sectors like agriculture, medicine,
energy production, automobile, transportation, and others.

2. Science and Inventions help in Medicinal growth

It is impossible even to imagine the pain and torment that the people had to
endure when there was no medical assistance, and every wound or injury was
attended to just with the help of instincts.

The concept of childbirth was fatal, and in many instances, the woman giving
birth to the child used to die while doing it.

The developments in medical science and the introduction of technologies that


can operate on the intrinsic areas of the body have brought a revolution in the
world.

The injuries that look very dangerous can be cured easily and efficiently with
the help of the advancements made in medicines over time.

The science of medicine has always been an improving area of study, and many
exceptional minds in the world have contributed to its development.

3. Science and Inventions help in Understanding World

The concept of traveling and transportation has been prevalent in our society for
a very long, but it was never enough to explore the vastness of the planet that
live on. Unaware of many things about our world because of its vastness and
less exposure.

The advancements in science and technology lead to the invention of motor


engines and airplanes.

Science and technology concepts also helped humankind extract minerals and
energy resources like petrol, CNG, etc. In today's time, it is very easy to travel
around the world and explore a variety of things because of so many available
options with the help of the endeavors made in the field of transport technology.

Science and technology are also why access to the technologies of smartphones
and other smart gadgets, which help us find out everything about the world
(present or past).

The introduction of social media to the world is also because of advancements


in science and technology.

Social media is a go-to place for every individual in this present day and age,
and it offers a great variety of platforms that help in understanding the world
around us.

4. Science and Inventions help provide Better Education

Learning and academies are important parts of any thriving society.

Academics and science are very co-related, and scientists are considered great
academicians.

The modernization of the world has made everything more and more digital,
and with the breakout of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the whole way of receiving
and sending education has changed.

The change in all the teaching methods can be highly credited to how the nature
of science has developed.

It was also observed during the Pandemic when all the schools and other
academic institutions were forced to shut off how the forces of science and
technology could combine to be so beneficial.

5.3.2. DISADVANTAGES OF SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS FOR THE


BETTERMENT OF SOCIETY
Some of the disadvantages of science and technology are:

1. Science and Inventions can be Misused

The complete dependence of anyone to anything can lead to the misuse of


resources and time, which can be said in the case of science and technology
also.

The gadgets and the technologies present today are meant to be efficient for
everyone and save time, but it turns out that these technologies have become a
great distraction to everyone.

The availability of the internet is a very innovative feature present to the people
of our century. Still, many folks tend to use the features available on the internet
with bad intentions and get themselves and their families in huge trouble.

The misuse of technologies can also be seen in the case of televisions, mobile
phones, and computers. These gadgets are designed for entertainment purposes
and to also increase efficiency.

Still, it can be very commonly observed that the uses of these technologies are
made in bad things which are not appropriate for society. Such misuse of the
inventions of science and technology should be stopped.

2. Inventions in Science and Inventions can have a disturbing nature

Science and technology are utilized at every point of production and


manufacturing.

Various methods of science have brought significant changes to our world,


including industrialization. Technologies can be very beneficial for obtaining
raw materials and finding out the compositions of our earth.

Although it is important how science and its integrated technologies have


changed the world, it is also to be noted how nature has been constantly
depleted and exploited to reach scientific advancements.

The rapid increase in factories and thermal power plants exploits natural flora
and fauna.

The modernization of the world has made us completely unaware of our


surroundings and the earth.
For example, the birds that get killed by the propeller of an airplane, the land
that turns infertile because of the contamination caused by the factories, and the
air pollution caused by the gas emitted by vehicles and industrial plants.

The harm inflicted upon nature is real and should be controlled using any
technology. The air pollution index in our national capital (New Delhi) has
reached so low that the State Government had to install imported air filters to
maintain the air quality.

3. Science and inventions can be harmful because of the crazy experiments

Scientists are considered one of the most exceptional academicians in society,


and everyone looks upto them and their innovative scientific inventions.

The world has advanced slowly and slowly only because of the mind-blowing
inventions in science. It should also be mentioned that scientists are also
humans and tend to make mistakes like everyone else. In the modern world, the
competition in the field of science has risen tremendously, and there are a lot of
new inventions every world-changing day.

It puts a lot of unwanted pressure on scientists to make a certain breakthrough,


and they perform peculiar inventions in such cases.

These inventions can sometimes be very dangerous, as it is a well-known fact


that scientific experiments can be very dangerous.

If not performed carefully, they can also be fatal to human life and have serious
implications for nature. In 2010, a power plant in Japan was brought down by a
fire that erupted because of some unforeseen experiment inside the power plant.

This fire resulted in a huge loss of resources and many lives. There have been a
lot of such instances in many countries over the years where scientists have
gone out of their way to conduct crazy experiments and risked the well-being of
the people around them.

4. Science and inventions can harm animals and people

Science is a very vast concept, and it is impossible to explore it in its complete


essence.
Scientific technologies have facilitated a lot of things in the world, but they
have also created a harmful atmosphere for animals and people around such
technologies.

For example, the machinery used to extract oil and other essential minerals from
the earth's crust is a very advanced technology. It has facilitated millions of
people worldwide but has serious effects on nature.

The fish and the animals that live around such digging machinery cannot
survive and die. The workers working on such machines also get hazardous
diseases and suffer the consequences all their life.

The effect of science and technology on the lives of animals and other people is
irreversible. It is very permanent, and it leaves an individual very helpless.

Everyone has to utilize technology in today's world to cope or to get employed,


and by using such technologies, they are prone to the side effects that the use of
such technology will bring down.

5. New developments in Science and inventions can have unintended


consequences

It is the most common issue that is faced in the world of science and
technology. There are a lot of new inventions in the areas of science and new
forms of technologies come into light every day.

All these new technologies promise to facilitate human development, but


humans do not know the adverse effects of such technologies.

For example, when the internet was introduced to the world, it was intended to
serve as a tool for information sharing and networking. With time the internet
expanded, and it started having a lot of other features which were beneficial to
society at large.

It was all very well going in the field of the internet. The malicious activities
started commencing, and the new world of cybercrime and cybercriminals came
into the picture, which was completely unintended.
5.4 UNFAIR APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC INVENTIONS

The unfair application of scientific inventions refers to instances where


technological advancements are used in ways that result in unjust or
discriminatory outcomes, often exacerbating existing inequalities and injustices
within society. Here's a detailed exploration of this issue:

1. Weaponization and warfare:

• One of the most prominent examples of unfair application of scientific


inventions is the weaponization of technology for warfare. Nuclear, biological
and chemical weapons have been developed based on scientific knowledge,
resulting in devastating consequences for human lives and the environment. The
indiscriminate use of such weapons in conflicts disproportionately affects
civilian populations and can lead to long-term health effects and environmental
damage.

2. Surveillance and privacy:

• Advances in surveillance technology, such as CCTV cameras, facial


recognition systems and data analytics, have raised concerns about privacy
violations and civil liberties. Governments and corporations often deploy these
technologies without adequate safeguards, leading to mass surveillance,
profiling and the erosion of individual privacy rights. Certain communities, such
as marginalized groups and activists, may be disproportionately targeted and
subjected to surveillance, leading to unfair treatment and discrimination.

3. Biased algorithms and artificial intelligence:

• The use of algorithms and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in decision-making


processes can propagate existing biases and inequalities. Biased datasets, flawed
algorithms and opaque decision-making processes can result in discriminatory
outcomes in areas such as hiring, lending, criminal justice and healthcare. For
example, Al-driven predictive policing systems have been criticized for
disproportionately targeting minority communities, leading to unjustified
surveillance and harassment.

4. Environmental degradation and displacement:

• Scientific inventions and technological advancements have contributed to


environmental degradation and the displacement of communities, particularly in
vulnerable regions. Industrial activities, such as mining, deforestation and fossil
fuel extraction, often disproportionately impact marginalized communities and
indigenous peoples, leading to loss of land, livelihoods and cultural heritage.
The unequal distribution of environmental risks and benefits further exacerbates
existing socio- economic disparities.

5. Healthcare disparities:

• Despite medical advancements, disparities in access to healthcare and medical


technologies persist, resulting in unequal health outcomes among different
populations. Limited access to affordable healthcare, medications and medical
devices disproportionately affects marginalized communities, leading to
disparities in health outcomes, life expectancy and quality of life. Structural
barriers, such as systemic racism, poverty and discrimination, contribute to
these disparities and hinder equitable access to healthcare services and
technologies.

6. Digital Divide:

• The digital divide refers to the gap between those who have access to digital
technologies and the internet and those who do not. Unequal access to
technology exacerbates existing socio-economic inequalities, limiting
opportunities for education, employment and civic participation. Marginalized
communities, including rural areas, low-income households and people with
disabilities, often face barriers to accessing digital resources, exacerbating
disparities in education, employment and social inclusion.

7. Exploitation of vulnerable populations:

• Scientific inventions and technological advancements can be exploited to


exploit vulnerable populations for profit or unethical purposes. For example,
pharmaceutical companies may prioritize profits over public health by
marketing drugs with known risks to vulnerable populations, such as children or
the elderly. Similarly, the exploitation of labor in the production of
technological devices, such as smartphones and electronics, often involves
unethical labor practices and human rights abuses.

In summary, the unfair application of scientific inventions highlights the ethical


and social challenges associated with technological progress. Addressing these
issues requires a holistic approach that prioritizes equity, justice and human
rights in the development and deployment of technology. It also necessitates
greater accountability, transparency and ethical oversight to ensure that
scientific advancements are used for the benefit of all members of society.

Consequences of unfair application:

Widened inequality: Unequal access to scientific advancements can exacerbate


existing social and economic inequalities.

• Environmental degradation : Uncontrolled or unsustainable use of


technologies can have devastating environmental consequences.

• Erosion of trust: The misuse of science for destructive purposes can erode
public trust in scientific progress.

Promoting fair application:

• International cooperation: Collaboration between nations is crucial for


ensuring equitable access to scientific advancements and addressing global
challenges.

• Ethical guidelines and regulations: Developing ethical frameworks and


regulations for scientific research and technological development can help
mitigate potential harms.

• Public dialogue and education: Open discussions about the societal


implications of science and fostering scientific literacy are essential for
promoting responsible use of technology.

5.5. ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OF SCIENTIST IN THE MODERN


SOCIETY

Science generates solutions for everyday life and helps to answer the great
mysteries of the universe. It has a specific role, as well as a variety of functions
for the benefit of society: creating new knowledge, improving education, and
increasing the quality of lives.

Science must respond to societal needs and global challenges.

Primarily, the scientist must believe that their work is for the better society, that
they are making the world a better place. They contribute to solving problems in
areas such as healthcare, climate change, energy sustainability, food security,
and more.

The scientist must not use their knowledge to invent things knowingly that
would be harmful to the world.

Governments need to make decisions based on quality scientific information on


issues such as health and agriculture, and parliaments need to legislate on
societal issues which necessitate the latest scientific knowledge.

National governments need to understand the science behind major global


challenges such as climate change, ocean health, biodiversity loss and
freshwater security.

The role and responsibility of scientists in modern society are multifaceted and
encompass various ethical, social and professional considerations. Here's a
detailed exploration of their role and responsibilities:

1. Advancement of knowledge: Scientists play a pivotal role in advancing


human knowledge and understanding of the natural world through rigorous
research, experimentation and discovery.

Their pursuit of knowledge contributes to the development of new technologies,


innovations and solutions to complex challenges across diverse fields, including
medicine, engineering, environmental science and beyond.

2. Ethical conduct: Scientists have a responsibility to conduct their research


with integrity, honesty and adherence to ethical principles.

This involves upholding professional standards of conduct, avoiding plagiarism,


fabrication or falsification of data and disclosing conflicts of interest.

Ethical conduct is essential for maintaining the credibility and trustworthiness


of scientific research.

3. Transparency and openness: Scientists should strive to promote


transparency and openness in their research practices by sharing data, methods
and findings with the scientific community and the public.

Transparent research practices enhance the reproducibility and reliability of


scientific findings, foster collaboration and facilitate peer review and scrutiny.
4. Communication and public engagement: Scientists have a responsibility to
communicate their research findings, methodologies and implications to broader
audiences, including policymakers, stakeholders and the general public.

Effective science communication promotes public understanding of scientific


concepts, informs evidence-based decision-making and fosters public trust in
science.

5. Ethical use of technology: Scientists involved in the development of new


technologies have a responsibility to consider the ethical, social and
environmental implications of their work.

They should strive to ensure that technological advancements are used


responsibly and ethically, avoiding harm to individuals, communities and the
environment. This may involve ethical considerations in areas such as artificial
intelligence, biotechnology and cyber security.

6. Promotion of diversity and inclusion: Scientists should actively promote


diversity, equity and inclusion within the scientific community and in their
research endeavours.

Embracing diverse perspectives, backgrounds and experiences fosters creativity,


innovation and excellence in scientific research. Scientists should advocate for
equitable access to education, research opportunities and resources to address
systemic barriers and promote diversity in STEM fields.

7. Responsibility to society and the environment: Scientists have a broader


societal responsibility to address pressing challenges facing humanity, such as
climate change, public health crises and environmental degradation. On the
other hand, scientists must understand the problems and try to make the results
of their research relevant and understandable to society.

They should apply their expertise to develop evidence-based solutions, advocate


for science-informed policies and contribute to sustainable development and
environmental conservation efforts.

8. Ethical leadership and advocacy: Scientists have a role to play as ethical


leaders and advocates for the responsible use of scientific knowledge and
technology. They should engage in public discourse, policy advocacy and civic
engagement to promote ethical norms, scientific integrity and the use of
evidence-based approaches in decision-making processes.
In summary, the role and responsibility of scientists in modern society
encompass a range of ethical, professional and social considerations. By
upholding principles of integrity, transparency and accountability, scientists can
contribute to the advancement of knowledge; promote ethical conduct in
research and technology development and address societal challenges for the
betterment of humanity and the planet.

Additionally, they can also engage in public outreach and education to promote
scientific literacy and critical thinking, empowering individuals to make
informed choices in an increasingly complex world.

5.5.1. TYPES OF SCIENTISTS IN MODERN SOCIETY

(1) Business scientist

The Business Scientist underpins excellent management and business skills with
scientific knowledge, supporting evidence-led decision-making within
companies and other enterprises.

This type of scientist has the scientific and technical knowledge to be credible
with both colleagues and competitors, as well as confidence in a business
environment.

(ii) Communicator scientist

The Communicator Scientist combines their science and technological


knowledge how with an ability to communicate.

They enthuse, inform and get their message across through an empathy and
understanding of the needs of the audience, expertise in how media and other
communication channels work and, of course a deep knowledge of the science
involved.

Science communicators are found across TV and radio, advertising and


promotion, regulation and public affairs as well as social media. They may also
have a full-time job as another type of scientist.

(iii) Developer scientist

The Developer, or translational, Scientist uses the knowledge generated by


others and transforms it into something that society can use.
They might be developing products or services, ideas that change behaviour,
improvements in health care and medicines, or the application of existing
technology in new settings.

They are found in research environments and may be working with


Entrepreneur and Business scientists to help bring their ideas to market.

(iv) Entrepreneur scientist

The Entrepreneur Scientist makes innovation happen. Their scientific


knowledge and connections are deep enough to be able to see opportunities for
innovation - not just in business, but also in the public sector and other sectors
of society.

They blend their science knowledge and credibility with people management
skills, entrepreneurial flair and a strong understanding of business and finance,
to start their own businesses or help grow existing companies.

(v) Explorer scientist

The Explorer Scientist is someone who, like the crew of the Enterprise, is on a
journey of discovery "to boldly go where no one has gone before".

They rarely focus on a specific outcome or impact, rather they want to know the
next piece of the jigsaw of scientific understanding and knowledge.

They are likely to be found in a university or research centre, or in Research &


Development (R&D) at an organisation, and are likely to be working alone.

(vi) Investigator scientist

The Investigator Scientist digs into the unknown observing, mapping,


understanding and piecing together in-depth knowledge and data, setting out the
landscape for others to translate and develop.

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