Fall 2024 Name (in English):

PSIR_EUR Mid-Term Year:

(A Sample)
※ I sign this mid-term evaluation paper knowing that my work is original and completed with pride: Date Signature
Please answer the questions in English. Grammatical context of your answers is NOT subject to evaluation.

Part I. Choose the best description of the following facts from the box below. If your answer is an acronym, provide the full expression for it.

a) Europa b) The Persian Wars c) Peloponnesian War d) Punic Wars e) Macedonia f) Hellenism g) Dardanelles h) Occident i) Byzantine Empire j) Constantine
k) Battle of Tours l) Charlemagne m) Treaty of Verdun n) Holy Roman Empire o) Otto I p) The sack of Constantinople q) One Hundred Years War r) Great
Schism s) the continental breakfast t) The Reformation u) Defenestration of Prague x) Thirty Years’ War y) Mitteleuropa z) Oder-Neisse line α) BRD β) DDR
γ) German Question δ) Schuman Plan ε) Treaty of Paris ζ) PTA η) FTA θ) customs union ι) common market κ) economic union λ) Winston Churchill μ) EFTA
ν) BREXIT

1. Under this system, member countries agree to erect lower barriers to trade within the group than to trade with nonmember countries.
_________________________
2. This means common, group-determined economic policies as well as a common currency or unit of money_________________________
3. A Phoenician princess abducted by Zeus and bore three sons one of which was King Minos_________________________
4. the religious revolution that took place in the Western church in the 16th century. Its greatest leaders undoubtedly were Martin Luther and John Calvin.
_________________________
5. Charles Martel, Frankish ruler, grandfather of Charlemagne defeated the Spanish Muslims and began the military campaigns that reestablished the Franks as
the rulers of Gaul…_________________________.
6. It involves eliminating all barriers to intra-group trade while allowing each country to maintain its own nationally determined barriers to trade with
nonmembers. _________________________
7. In 219 B.C., Hannibal of Carthage marched his massive army across the Pyrenees and Alps into central Italy in what would be remembered as one of the
most famous campaigns in history. _________________________
8. A series of conflicts fought between Greek states and the Persian Empire. On the coast of Asia Minor were a few Greek city-states, and these revolted
(c.500) against Darius' despotic rule. Darius decided to punish Athens and Eretria and to add Greece to his vast empire. The Athenians who were heavily
outnumbered had sought the help of Sparta, by way of the Athenian courier Pheidippides, who covered the distance (c.150 mi; 241 km) from Athens to
Sparta within two days. The Spartan forces, however, failed to reach Marathon until the day after the battle. At the conclusion of the battle, he ran the 22 mi
(35 km) back to Athens, where he reportedly shouted "Rejoice! We conquer!" and then died of exhaustion. _________________________
https://www.worldhistory.org/Persian_Wars/
9. It became how to maximize the economic and military potential of the FRG for the benefit of the West while allaying the understandable concerns of
Germany’s neighbors, especially France. _________________________
10. France came up with a novel idea to reconcile Franco-German interests [or the German question] by pooling coal and steel resources (which are the two
most important means of conducting a war at the time) under a supranational High Authority. _________________________
11. It is not just a geographical expression referring to the ever changing region which could be described as lying east of western Europe and west of eastern
Europe; it is also political ideology connected with identity-building projects. _________________________

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 12. A vital transportation bridge between the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea, is a narrow channel of water that connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of
Marmara. It separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey, thus it also separates the two continents. _________________________
13. It spreads Greek ideas and culture from the Eastern Mediterranean to Asia. It lasted from the death of Alexander in 323 B.C. until 31 B.C., when Roman
troops conquered the last of the territories that the Macedonian king had once ruled. _________________________
https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece/hellenistic-greece
14. Established in 1945 between Germany and Poland; it followed rivers from the Baltic Sea to the Czechoslovak border desired by most Poles at the expense of
Germany, came about as a result of agreements between the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and the United States at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences in
1945. _________________________
15. Alexander the Great was an ancient ruler of this and one of history’s greatest military minds who—as King of this and Persia—established the largest empire
the ancient world had ever seen. _________________________
16. The Federal Republic of Germany , or West Germany, for the period between its' formation in May 1949 to German reunification in October 1990. The FRG
was organized from the initially 12 states formed in the three Western Zones or Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom,
and France. Bonn was selected as its provisional capital city…_________________________
17. the split in Latin Christendom that occurred between 1378 and 1417. From 1378 to 1409, there were two rival popes, one in Rome and one in Avignon,
France, and each claimed to be the one true pope. _________________________
18. A hotel breakfast that may include sliced bread with butter/jam/honey, cheese, meat, croissants, pastries, rolls, fruit juice and various hot beverages. It is
served
commonly in Europe. _________________________
19. This partitioned Charlemagne's empire among three sons of Louis I , emperor of the West. Louis the German received the eastern portion (later Germany);
Charles II (Charles the Bald) became king of the western portion (later France); Lothair I received the central portion (Low Countries, Lorraine, Alsace,
Burgundy, Provence, and most of Italy) and also kept the imperial title. It represented the beginning of dissolution of Charlemagne's empire into political
units that foreshadowed the nations of Western Europe…_________________________
20. On May 23, 1618, an assembly of Protestants tried two Imperial governors for violating the Letter of Majesty (Right of Freedom of Religion), found them
guilty, and threw them, together with their scribe out of the windows of the Bohemian Chancellery. They fell 30 meters and landed on a large pile of manure

21. The first Christian Roman emperor, known as ‘the Great’ and promoted Christianity financially, legally, and theologically, being baptized on his death ‐bed
in a dry moat and survived. This incident led to the Thirty Years Wars. _________________________

in 337._________________________.
22. The German Democratic Republic (GDR) was a Communist state that originated from the Soviet Zone of occupied Germany and the Soviet sector of
occupied Berlin. The GDR existed from 7 October 1949 until 3 October 1990, when its re-established states acceded to the adjacent Federal Republic of
Germany…_________________________
23. As of March 29, 2017, the UK was set on a course to leave the EU by March 29, 2019. The PM, Theresa May, sent an official letter invoking Article 50
which was delivered to Donald Tusk. The Lords had earlier defied the PM by adding two changes to the bill which would guarantee the rights of EU citizens
and ensure Parliament has a vote on the final deal - but the Commons threw out these conditions. _________________________
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-32810887
https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eu-relations-with-the-united-kingdom/the-eu-uk-withdrawal-agreement/timeline-eu-uk-withdrawal-agreement/
24. With this arrangement, intra-group trade faces no barriers and members maintain a common external tariff (CET) on trade with nonmembers.
_________________________

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 25. It extends free trade among members to factors of production (labor migration and capital flows) as well as to goods and services.
_______________________
26. Following the assassination of Berengar of Friuli in 924, the imperial title had lain vacant for nearly forty years. On 2 February 962, he was crowned
Emperor of what would later become the Holy Roman Empire…_________________________
27. The High Contracting Parties establish among themselves a European Coal and Steel Community, founded upon a common market, common objectives and
institutions. _________________________
28. “We have our own dream and our own task. We are with Europe, but not of it. We are linked, but not comprised. We are interested and associated, but not
absorbed.” _________________________
https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/churchill-bulletin/bulletin-118-apr-2018/churchill-and-europe/
29. It began when Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia attempted to curtail the religious activities of his subjects, sparking rebellion among
Protestants. This war consisted of a series of declared and undeclared wars which raged for a long period time during which the Habsburgs were opposed by
various international opponents of House of Austria, the Danish and, above all, France and Sweden.
__________________________________________________
30. It embodied the ideal that Europe was a single pacific Christian order upheld by the emperor as pre-eminent monarch and guardian of the papacy.
_________________________ https://www.scribd.com/document/544647116/THE-HOLY-ROMAN-EMPIRE
31. It was established on 3 May 1960 as a trade block-alternative for European states who were either unable to, or chose not to, join the EEC. The convention
was signed on 4 January 1960 in Stockholm by seven states. _________________________
32. The king of the Franks, 768-814, and emperor of the West, 800-814. He founded the Holy Roman Empire, stimulated European economic and political life,
and fostered the cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance. _________________________
33. an intermittent struggle between England and France in the 14th–15th century over a series of disputes, including the question of the legitimate succession
to the French crown. _________________________
34. the continuation of the Roman Empire in the Greek-speaking, eastern part of the Mediterranean. Christian in nature, it was perennially at war with the
Muslims, flourishing during the reign of the Macedonian emperors, its demise was the consequence of attacks by Seljuk Turks, Crusaders, and Ottoman
Turks. _________________________
35. This predates the usage of the notion of Europe, was in fact, like the early idea of Europe, what we today would call the Orient. Troy, the cradle of this, for
instance, was east of the Dardanelles. _________________________
36. In 1204 CE (Common Era) the city was brutally invaded by the western Christian army of the Fourth Crusade, which divided Europe internally as much as
externally. _________________________
37. It is a decisive struggle in ancient Greece between Athens and Sparta . It ruined Athens, at least for a time. The rivalry between Athens' maritime domain and
Sparta's land empire was of long standing. _________________________

Part II. Tell us if each of the following claims is true (T) or false (F). If the statement is accurate, give more details. If incorrect, underline the incorrect
part(s) and discuss.

1. With the demise of classical Greek civilisation, the concept of Europe first came into being. The Greek city states were weakened by internal conflict following
the Persian Wars (500–449 BCE), and the accompanying the Peloponnesian Wars (431–404 BCE) between Sparta and Athens cleared the ground for Macedonia's
dominance in 338 B.C. After Macedonia seized Greece and vanquished the Persians in 331 BCE, the center of Greek civilisation shifted toward Asia Minor under
Alexander the Great. The concept of Europe, which started to assume a proto-political shape in the Age of Alexander, helped to obscure the Macedonian

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conquests' boundaries by giving them the identity of a unique geographical entity. For Antiquity, the idea of the Occident was subordinated to the notion of
Europe. The notion of the Occident first referred to the eastern Mediterranean world and was identical to the idea of Europe, which had less meaning as a cultural
idea. It was a Hellenic Occident.

2. After a brief period of reunification, Constantine moved the capital to Constantinople in 330, and in 395, the Eastern and Western Empires were officially
separated into two. The city of Constantinople, which was built as a link between the West and the East, was known as the New Rome or Second Rome, and its
inhabitants referred to themselves as Romans. It was established as a political ploy (tactic) to defend the empire from Persian assaults. Following its founding,
Constantinople evolved into the same culture by becoming more occidental and utilizing Latin rather than Greek as its primary language. Later, the idea of the
Empire came to relate to the Byzantine west, or the Occident, while the idea of Europe came to refer to the eastern part. From then on the greater division between
West and East took on the character of a moral-religious divide with the Occident signifying barbarity and evil and the Orient, civilization and goodness. The
identity of Europe was constructed out of a sense of spiritual superiority in the disavowal of its own very origin in the Orient. Without the image of hospitality
afforded by Islam, the Christian West would have been unable to attain a single and high culture capable of unifying the diverse elements of European society.

3. Since Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans on Christmas Day in 800, the idea of a Christian king has been closely connected to
imperial authority. Gregory the Great linked the Roman Church to the concept of Europe by establishing the papacy as the focal point of European gravity.
During the Middle Ages, German rulers vied for dominance in Europe through the creation of the Holy Roman Empire. The proximity between East and West
grew as the Holy Roman Rulers were seen by the eastern emperors as mere usurpers. Europe's boundaries grew more distinct with the rise of the German empire.
This had long-lasting implications since it indicated how tightly German national identity would be connected to the concept of Europe. The tension seen in the
infamous work of political truth as the "Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation" serves as the best illustration of this. The second component of the equation
effectively linked Europe to the "German Nation," with the first portion of the equation including the implicit association of the empire with Christendom.

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4. The advent of the map and the coming of the book made Europe tangible, a visible configuration: the Continent had finally arrived. In the period of old polarity
of Orient and Europe began to be replaced by a new one, Europe and the ‘Orient’. New categories of differentiation emerged. We thus find the emergence of a
new discourse of otherness. With the decline in Turkish supremacy after Lepanto in 1571 and the completion of the conversion of Europe to Christianity, the idea
of Europe tended to lose its strictly religious meaning and acquired a secular resonance. The term ‘infidel’, for instance, rather than ‘barbarian’ tended to be
increasingly applied to the inhabitants of the European parts of the world. The Christian myth was simply transferred from the eastern frontier to the western in
the substitution of the Islamic ‘infidel’ with the new construct the ‘savage’. The idea of ‘Christendom’ became associated with Europe, which gradually began to
replace civilization and became an absolute value.

5. The universalist ideas of the French Revolution permanently gave a feeling of a common European identity. For at least three reasons, the Revolution was able
to provide the groundwork for a durable European identity. First, by 1793, the Revolution had transformed into a French imperialist program, as it had before.
Adherence to the tenets of 1789 came to be considered as a symbol of French loyalty when Napoleon was crowned Emperor of France in 1804. Second, the
revolutionary wars begun in 1793 led to a major conflict between western and eastern Europe. Third, the spirit of the Revolution had unleashed new ideas of
territorial nationalism. These ideas, however, did not develop into the direction of secessionist nationalism until much later, but the foundation of a European
order based on nation-states had already been laid. the idea of Europe began to enter the discourse of international politics precisely as a result of the unity of
Europe as a geo-political framework and a Europe of restored monarchies replaced the revolutionary project of republicanism. The success of republicanism
became an essential condition of the subsequent history of the European idea, which became in the post-revolutionary period more associated with the revived
New Order.

6. Mitteleuropa merely refers to a geographical area, roughly east of Western Europe and west of Eastern Europe, and not a political ideology associated with
projects aimed at identity-building projects. It is possible to say that Mitteleuropa originated as a political construction in opposition to Napoleon's Europe and as
a sort of anti-Europe. In actuality, the Vienna Congress' expanded Prussia was intended to be a revolutionary bloc between France and Prussia. While the political
culture of Mitteleuropa remained one of the major strongholds of the restored Old Order, Napoleonic Europe was founded on the revolutionary principles of
republican nationalism. The national awakening of Germany in late nineteenth century involved a sense of historical mission which invoked the spirit of
Charlemagne’s Europe. Many German nationalists saw Europe as an expression of Deutschtum, or Germanness, so the specter of a unified Europe after 1890
carried with it the vision of German contraction.
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7. After the war, the underlying duality of West versus East that served as the foundation for European culture was not dramatically transformed. This ushered in
the American Age and a new culture that had little to do with Mitteleuropa's past in western Europe. In actuality, Europe had evolved into America's western
frontier. The Second World War's aftermath led to the separation of Europe during the Cold War into two hostile camps: the liberal democracies of the West and,
on the other side, the communist governments of eastern Europe. The idea of ‘Western Europe’ took on an enhanced significance in the formation of a new
western frontier. Poland, which had lost about one fifth of its population during the Second World War, was moved physically eastwards by several hundred
kilometers, having acquired what had been previously German territory, and in the process having lost territory to the east. The new German-Polish frontier made
Silesia a part of Germany.

Part III. Give a brief overview of the items depicted in the thumbnail concerning the European Idea and related each item with a relevant explanation of
its impact on the evolvement of the European Idea, assuming it exists. You must select one of the explanations listed in the box. An example is given.

1. Example
Europa is a figure from Greek mythology who later gave her name to the continent of Europe. In one popular version of her story Europa was
a Phoenician princess who was abducted by Zeus and whisked off to Crete; King Minos, he of the labyrinth and Minotaur fame, would be one
of the results of Zeus' rape. According to Greek mythology, the constellation Taurus commemorates the god Zeus. That’s because Zeus changed
himself into a beautiful white Bull to win the affections of the Phoenician princess Europa.

https://www.worldhistory.org/Europa/
https://earthsky.org/constellations/taurus-heres-your-constellation/#:~:text=According%20to%20Greek%20mythology%2C%20the,of%20the%20Phoenician
%20princess%20Europa.

[a]

2.

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3.

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4.

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5.

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6.

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7
7.

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8.

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9.

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10.

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a. The idea of Europe had little meaning for the Ancients. Long before it became even a geographical expression the idea of Europe belonged more to the realm
of myth than of science and politics. That Europe was an eastern import did not worry the Greeks as they did not have a strong sense of division between a
western territory extending beyond Greece, but to which Greece belonged, and an eastern or southern continent alien to Hellas.

b. The state was thus set for the emergence of the idea of Europe as an orientation for secular identity. In the period from the Renaissance to the American and
French Revolutions the idea of Europe consolidated as the cultural model of the West and became increasingly important as its political identity. The crucial
point of convergence was the notion of the West. When the idea of Europe replaced Christendom as the dominant cultural model, the notion of the Occident
was retained as its referent. In this way the idea of Europe became a secular surrogate for Christendom.

c. After the Fourth Crusade ended with the pillage of Constantinople, the Byzantine Empire never really recovered its former glory. The hostility of the eastern
empire to Christendom was enhanced by the crusades. The Byzantines regarded the crusades, not as a Christian counterforce against Islam, but as a formidable
power which threatened their own existence. It was this divide that outlived the crusades which had effectively divided Europe internally as much as externally.

d. Europeanism, then, did not always mean religious unity but a whole range of other factors as well as a long heretical tradition. The great European
architectural styles — Romanesque, Gothic — could also be said to have given Europe a distinct form. So, if we are to speak of the unity of Europe it must be
a cultural Europe rather than a political Europe that we are referring to.

e. The idea of ‘Western Europe’ took on an enhanced significance in the formation of a new eastern frontier. Poland, which had lost about one fifth of its
population during the Second World War, was moved physically westwards by several hundred kilometers, having acquired what had been previously German
territory, and in the process having lost territory to the east. The new German-Polish frontier became the Order-Neisse line.

f. The wars Charlemagne fought were in the name of Christianity. The most significant of these were the wars against the Muslims in Spain which, like the
crusades that were to follow, were conceived of as Holy Wars against the infidel. We can thus see how the contours of Europe became visible with the
consolidation of two centers of power: the domains of Frankish emperors and the Byzantine emperor. Europe slowly ceased to be merely a geographical
expression and came to denote a cultural unity that referred to the territories under Carolingian rule as opposed to those under Byzantine authority.

g. The Christian myth was simply transferred from the eastern frontier to the western in the substitution of the Islamic ‘infidel’ with the new construct the
‘savage’. The idea of ‘civilization’ became associated with Europe, which gradually began to replace Christendom and became an absolute value.

h. The idea of Greek superiority against the ‘barbarians’ of Europe diminished and a broader concept of Europe emerged and came increasingly to refer to what
is essentially Asia Minor and included Greece, but with Asia still being the focal point of Otherness. Asia was in effect pushed eastwards beyond Persia after
the conquests of Alexander.

i. The centre of gravity in Europe shifted to Germany following the Prussian wars against Denmark in 1864 and Austria in 1866, and the unification of
Germany in 1871 after the Prussian war with France. Europe became closely identified with Mitteleuropa and everything associated with German expansion:

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 Ostpolitik (the eastern policy) the Drang nach Osten (expansion eastwards) and Lebensraum (living space). By the time of the foundation of the Second
German Empire under the leadership of Prussia in 1871, a major division had evolved in the identity of Europe.

j. Had the Muslims not been defeated it is not inconceivable that Christianity would have been wiped out in Europe. Whether this is true or not, the symbolic
significance of the battle, as opposed to its possible military implications, is of greater importance in that it underlies the emergence of an adversarial identity in
the West. Above all, it heralded the arrival of Europe as a proto-cultural idea. Under the signs of the crucifix and the crescent, the clash of Christianity and
Islam was crucial in the formation of the Eurocentric world-view.

Part IV. Please answer the following questions regarding the key founding treaty of the European Union. Explain the meaning of the underlined parts.
Also fill in the blanks.

(I) a)

b)

Treaty Formal Name Sign when & where Which country signed?
I

– The End –

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