T.L.

E
Drafting as defined…
— Technical drawing, drafting or drawing, is
the act and discipline of composing
drawings that visually communicate how
something functions or is constructed.
— Technical drawing is essential for
communicating ideas in industry and
engineering
— Most manufactured products and all
major buildings were first created on
drawing boards
Drafting Materials
— Drawing Paper–provides a smooth and durable
surface for precise drawings and designs, offering
various weights and textures to accommodate
different artistic needs including technical drawings.
Drafting Materials
— Cross-ruled paper –a paper that has
uniformly spaced lines running both
vertically and horizontally.
— The lines are commonly spaced at 1/8
inch or ¼ inch apart.
— Usually used for preliminary drawings
and helps the artist to make straight
lines vertically/ horizontally.
— Each unit of space represent an inch,
a foot or a fraction thereof, making it
easier to have the drawing in the
proper scale or proportion.
Drafting Materials
— Eraser–is used to clean the unwanted parts of a
drawing or remove dirt off the drawings.
— A softer eraser is used to remove smudges and pencil
marks, whereas a harder eraser is used for making
changes and correcting errors in the drawing.
Drafting Materials
— Masking tape - material used for fastening the
drawing paper on the drawing table to make it
more stable as drawing is being done.
— This tape is soft and doesn’t peel-off the surface
of the drawing paper.
Drafting Tools
— Drawing Pencil - is made of a much better grade of graphite,
commonly called lead which is used in drawing lines.
— The number and letter indicates the pencil’s lead grade which
determine how hard and dark the pencil is.
— The hardest drawing pencil is the 9H while the softest is 9B (9H, 8H,
7h, 6H, 5H, 4H, 3H, 2H, H,F, HB, B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8b and 9B).
— HB, 2B,6B and 9B are mainly used by artists in drawing/ sketching.
— 4H, 2H and H pencils are mostly used for engineering drawing (4H is
for layout of construction lines; 2H for general line work and H
pencil for lettering).

— H= Hardness
— B= Blackness
— HB= Hard Black
— F= Fine Point
Drafting Tools
— T square –instrument used in drawing horizontal
lines.
— It is also used in guiding triangles when drawing
vertical lines and perpendicular lines.
— Can be designed with a removable or fixed
head.
Drafting Tools
— Triangle – a three sided ruler which has typically
two equal sides meeting at 900.

Types
— 30 x 60 x 90 degrees and
— 45 x 45 x 90 degrees.
Drafting Tools
— Divider - is used to create equal distances,
transfer measurements and spacing points or
lines.
Drafting Tools
— Compass - is used to draw arcs and circles.
— Made of two legs (pen leg and a needle point
leg) being held together with a handle.
Drafting Tools
— Pencil Sharpener – is a mechanical tool used for
sharpening pencils especially when sharp tip is
necessary in making drawings.
Drafting Tools
— Triangular scale– a tool generally used when
reproducing a drawing in an enlarged or
reduced form to some regular position.
— Its primary function is to reproduce the
measurements of an object in full size, reduced
size and enlarged size.
Drafting Tools
— Erasing Shield - is a useful tool to protect the rest
of the drawing when clearing up smudges,
unnecessary pencil lines and other erasures.
Drafting Tools
— Protractor – a semi-circular tool divided into 180
equal parts, each called a degree.
— It is utilized to calculate graduations of the
degrees when measuring arcs, angles and
circles.
Drafting Equipment
— Drawing Table – is basically where a draftsman
does his drawing. The table top is usually
inclined for better drawing position.
Lettering
— For the lettering of subtitles 3/16 of an
inch is recommended.
— All titles should be lettered with capital
letters.
— When only capital letters are used, the
beginning letter of each sentence is
often made higher than the remaining
letters.
— When lower case letters are used,
capitals are used in the beginning letter
at the start of a sentence, and for
proper names,
Lettering
— Lettering is usually done freehand
— Either one of these two styles may be made;
— vertically or inclined.
— Italics is 67.5 degrees
Lettering (Free Hand)
— A good height of lettering for dimension and
notes on a working drawing is 1/8 of an inch.
Lettering (Guidelines)
— [1]Cap line – the uppermost line for uppercase
letters and for ascender.
— [2]Waist line – line between Cap and Base lines,
used to determine the height of the lower case
letters.
— [3]Base line – line where all the letters rest or
stand.
— [4]Drop line – a line for letters with strokes that
extend downward known as descender.

Day
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Drafting (Kinds of Letters)
— Gothic – all letters are composed of uniform width
elements
ABCDEF abcdef
— Roman – letters have strokes (accented), or made up
of thick and thin elements
ABCDEF abcdef
— Text – elements are made with style C or D speedball
pens. Old English, church text.
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting (Alphabet of Lines)
Drafting
— Freehand drawing or Sketching – the use of
pencil, paper and eraser only.
Drafting
— Mechanical drawing – describing the shapes of
objects completely and exactly with the aid of
drawing tools/ instruments and by the use of
orthographic projection.
Drafting
— Technical Drawing – used to show the material,
dimension (Width, Height, Depth) and shape of a
product.
Drafting
— Orthographic Drawing– representing the exact
shape of an object into 2 or more views on
planes, generally at right angle or 90 degrees.
Drafting
— Isometric drawing – the object is represented by three
sides seen at one time. It is made with a 30 x 60 x 90
degrees triangle.
— All principal edges of the object except the vertical
edge are drawn at 30 degrees to the horizontal.
Drafting
— Pictorial drawing – it shows object as it would
appear in a photograph. It shows more than one
side of the object.
Drafting (Isometric Drawing)
— It presents the object in 3 views, FV (Front View), TV (Top View)
and RSV (Right Side View).
— Three axes are needed to perform isometric drawing, the
vertical axis, left 300 axis and right 300 axis (a=1200 , b=1200 ,
c=1200 )
Drafting (Isometric Drawing)
— The drawing that has equal measure.
— The BOX method is the starting point of isometric drawings.
Drafting (Pictorial Drawing)
— Axonometric Drawing – the object turned so
that three faces are viewed simultaneously
— Oblique Drawing
— a pictorial drawing having one side parallel to
the picture plane. It maybe drawn at any
convenient angle.
Drafting (Pictorial Drawing)
— Types of Oblique drawing
— Cavalier –the width, depth and height is the true
length or size (Actual representation)
— Cabinet –the depth is reduced to one half. The
front is actual size, while the depth of top and
right side are drawn one half to the actual
Drafting (Pictorial Drawing)
— Perspective Drawing – the most realistic, the
object is drawn as it seen by the naked eye.
— One point drawing (Vanishing Point)
— Two points drawing

VP
Drafting (Perspective)
Sample Question 1

b c

— A.) Perspective a

— B.) Isometric
— C.) Orthographic
— D.) Technical
Sample Question 2
— This is a kind of letter in lettering where letters have
strokes (accented), or made up of thick and thin
elements
— ABCDEF abcdef

— A.) Gothic
— B.) Roman
— C.) Text
— D.) Old English
Sample Question 3
— This is a series of light dash line that represents
parts of a drawing that are not seen.

— A.) Dimension Line